Direct Violation Research Articles

Prediction-based false memory: Unconfirmed prediction can result in robust false memories

A growing body of literature suggests a powerful role of predictions on memory through prediction violation and prediction confirmation. Violation appears to enhance memory for the event violating the prediction, meanwhile, confirmation boosts memory for the predicted event instead. Crucially, however, the effect of prediction by itself has not been identified as it has typically been studied with its violation or confirmation. Here, we demonstrate the power of explicit predictions on memory by isolating it from its direct violation and confirmation. In a series of experiments, participants were presented with a real-world object along with three characters and they predicted which character the object belonged to. Upon prediction, participants received either visual confirmation (predicted character showing the item), visual rebuttal (another character showing the item) or no feedback (none of the characters showing the item) with regard to their prediction. When their memory was tested, participants were more likely to falsely remember that their predicted character showed them the item than the other characters did, even when no feedback was provided. This false memory was not eliminated by visual rebuttal and it was not weakened when participants had a strong item memory. Experiments 2–4 eliminated action (selecting a predicted character) as an alternative explanation and demonstrated that this prediction-based false memory could be modulated through indirect prediction confirmation and rebuttal. Taken together, our findings show that explicit predictions can be sufficient to induce false memory of predicted events that are robust enough to withstand its direct rebuttal.

Selected victim protection measures in ordinary criminal proceedings

The victim becomes a participant in the criminal proceedings not because he or she has consciously made such a decision. It is almost always that the victim becomes a participant against their will, which is caused by a direct violation or threat to its legal interest by a criminal offence. This is reflected in the legal definition of the victim contained in Article 49 § 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code (hereinafter CPC) . Cezary Kulesza notes that this definition contains the following elements: subjective (natural or juridical person) and objective, relating to the legal interest infringed by the criminal offence to the extent defined by that provision, but also a provision of substantive criminal law (Kulesza, 1995, p. 17–18). The victim's participation in criminal proceedings makes the victim a participant in those proceedings, whether natural or juridical person, and that participation is limited to fulfilling the role assigned to them by the criminal procedural law (Tylman, 2003, p. 47). The legislature attributes three roles to the victim: in the pre-trial proceedings, the victim is a party (Article 299 § 1 CPC), in the judicial proceedings, the victim may be an auxiliary prosecutor (Article 53 CPC), incidental or subsidiary, and in the course of the entire criminal proceeding, also a testimonial evidence source (Article 177 § 1 CPC, Article 185a § 1 CPC, Article 185c CPC). The status of a party to pre-trial proceedings is acquired by operation of law and does not require the victim to take any action. The situation is different in judicial proceedings, where acquiring the status of auxiliary prosecutor requires a certain effort to by the victim, namely expressing the will to act in that capacity.

Ensuring that the prosecutor implements the principle of legality during the notification of suspicion

The article establishes that in criminal proceedings granting a person the procedural status of a suspect in committing a criminal offense is an important decision that requires the validity of the suspicion and control over the legality of its adoption. The problematic issues of ensuring the implementation of the principle of legality by the prosecutor during the notification of suspicion have been studied. It has been established that the prosecutor’s provision of legality during the notification of suspicion consists in: strict observance of the procedure established by law; ensuring the legal subject conducting the criminal process and reporting the suspicion; in getting to know the rights of the participants in the proceedings and ensuring their realization of these rights; as well as compliance with legal requirements regarding procedural terms. It was established that criminal prosecution before the decision to notify a person of suspicion is a direct violation of the implementation of the principle of legality, since the person has not acquired the criminal procedural status of a participant, which he actually is at the time of the proceedings, not in form, but in essence, according to the criminal procedural law. It was noted that a person who has not acquired the legal status of a participant in criminal proceedings cannot exercise his «legal» rights, in particular the fundamental right to defense. Attention is drawn to the fact that a general violation of the principle of the legality of criminal proceedings, with the acquisition of relevant grounds and notification to the person of suspicion, the criminal process must comply with another procedure established by law, which is manifested in a clear outline of the legal position of the defense party in criminal proceedings, counting of established procedural terms, etc. It was concluded that the prosecutor, who is the procedural head in a specific criminal proceeding, can supervise the observance of laws during the notification of suspicion, in the form of: a preliminary prosecutor’s counter, by approving the notification of suspicion, revision of previous procedural decisions of the investigator, inquirer, checking at the same time, the validity of the notification of suspicion; personal making of legal decisions at the pre-trial investigation, in particular in the form of notification of suspicion personally by the prosecutor. It was proposed and argued that it would be appropriate to set the time limit for preparation for the defense after notification of suspicion at least 14 days before the completion of the pre-trial investigation in one of the forms provided for by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.

Perusakan Komponen Kendaraan Rental: Wanprestasi Dalam Kontrak Sewa Kendaraan

A stipulation born between two or more parties that is legally guaranteed and creates specific rights and obligations for each individual is the definition of a contract. In the law of obligations, a contract is considered a fundamental instrument that allows individuals or entities to manage their relationships with each other. However, in practice, breaches or non-compliances with what has been agreed upon, known as "default", are not uncommon. Default occurs when someone bound by an agreement does not fulfill their obligations in accordance with the content agreed upon in a contract, whether in the form of a direct violation or not taking the necessary actions. The impact of a default can be in the form of material losses, immaterial losses, or both. Resolving defaults typically involves negotiations between parties, mediation, arbitration, or even formal legal routes through the courts. It is important for contracting parties to understand their rights and obligations to prevent defaults and reduce the risk of disputes in the future.

A Map of Students' Language Impoliteness: A Phenomenological Study

Recently, researchers have witnessed an alarming phenomenon related to the violation of language politeness among students. This study aims to describe the map of students' language impoliteness in Indonesia. The research data is in the form of students' speech. The focus of this research is unmannerly speech which is studied by phenomenological study by using Culpeper's impoliteness strategy. The phenomenological steps taken are observation of the phenomenon of impoliteness, formulating problems, collecting data, analyzing data, and preparing reports. The research findings show that students use three politeness violation strategies, namely direct politeness violation, positive politeness violation, and negative politeness violation. The phenomenon found is the strategy of impoliteness by using four forms, namely delivering impolite speech directly, speech uttered based on consideration of the interlocutor, considering the location, and the situation of the conversation between the speaker and the interlocutor. This research can contribute to education, especially for teachers to always educate and guide students to speak politely. With a better understanding of the phenomenon of violations of students' language politeness, it is hoped that appropriate preventive and intervention measures can be taken to minimize the forms of language impoliteness that can be carried out by a teacher or parent.

The role of non-governmental human rights organizations in ensuring the collection of evidence for the international criminal court in the context of the war in Ukraine

In Ukraine, starting from February 2022, every day servicemen of the Russian army commit crimes that are a direct violation of international humanitarian law, not only on the front line, but also in the depths of the country, in the central and western regions. The author of the article analyzes the procedure for pre-trial investigation of international criminal crimes and the role of non-governmental public human rights organizations in this process. In addition, the new functions assigned to NGOs as separate non-governmental human rights organizations that have been operating on the territory of Ukraine since the beginning of the full-scale invasion were considered. The legal mechanisms for the involvement of NGOs in the collection of evidence on the ground, as well as the possibility of taking into account the collected information by international justice bodies, were studied. Specific examples and initiatives of the public sector, within the scope of the issue being studied, are given, and the functions, competences, and opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of NGO activity in the conditions of war are defined.
 It was concluded that non-governmental organizations, including human rights organizations, during the war in Ukraine discovered new areas of work and expanded the possibility of cooperation with state bodies. In turn, law enforcement agencies have provided access to limited information for the NGOs themselves by internal orders, which together increases the effectiveness of the pre-trial investigation of committed crimes. Thanks to this, feedback has been established. Special attention should be paid to the work of foreign NGOs and volunteers, which contributes to the recording of war crimes and crimes against humanity, which current Ukrainian refugees witnessed or became victims of.
 It was concluded that the main areas of evidence-gathering NGO activity are the following: 1) dissemination of information in the mass media about the condition of refugees who suffered as a result of the crimes of the Russian military, documenting the stories of witnesses of such offenses. In particular, the facts of torture and sexual violence (from the testimonies of refugees from Ukraine) were reported by the mass media in many European countries and beyond; 2) provision of advisory assistance regarding high-quality recording of episodes of criminal acts in order to recognize such evidence as appropriate; 3) peaceful gatherings and protests of public organizations, the active public against Russia’s war crimes in Ukraine, which, of course, is of great importance for the international community to recognize their severity and massiveness.
 It was concluded that the wide international recognition of the war crimes of the Russian Federation creates opportunities for the successful initiation of the International Tribunal or other judicial formats (such as the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chamber) to bring the perpetrators to justice. All international actors collect evidence according to the clear requirements and standards of the International Criminal Court, and subsequently either transfer it to it or accumulate it in the prosecutor’s offices of certain countries for further referral to a designated responsible judicial body.

Procedurally just policing and persons in behavioral crises: investigating public perceptions, stigma and emotion

PurposeThe police often respond to persons who are not in direct violation of the law, but are rather undergoing behavioral crises due to mental illness or substance abuse disorders. The purpose of this study is to examine how police behavior influences civilian bystanders' emotional responses and perceptions of procedural justice (PPJ) when officers interact with these populations, which traditionally have been stigmatized in American culture.Design/methodology/approachUsing a factorial vignette approach, the authors investigate whether perceived public stigma moderates the relationship between police behaviors (i.e. CIT tactics, use of force) and PPJ. The authors also investigate whether emotional reactions mediate the relationship between police behaviors and PPJ.FindingsRegardless of suspect population (mental illness, substance use), use of force decreased participants' PPJ, and use of CIT tactics increased PPJ. These effects were consistently mediated by anger, but not by fear. Interactive effects of police behavior and perceived public stigma on PPJ were mixed.Originality/valueFear and anger may operate differently as antecedents to PPJ. Officers should note using force on persons in behavioral crisis, even if legally justifiable, seems to decrease PPJ. They should weigh this cost pragmatically, alongside other circumstances, when making discretionary decisions about physically engaging with a person in crisis.

Possibilities and Approaches of European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice of the European Union in Fundamental Rights Protection in the Context of Environmental Litigation

Two judicial bodies, but both without right to protect the environment established. This is also how the coexistence of the two important judicial bodies located in the European area could be briefly characterized. The European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union were created for different purposes, but their jurisprudence in the area of environmental protection and the protection of people's lives and health from the negative consequences of climate change overlap more than it might seem at first sight. We find certain similarities in terms of ensuring a certain degree of protection of fundamental rights in the context of the environment. The European Court of Human Rights has a priority in terms of the protection of fundamental rights in Europe, but in the field of the environment it faces several problems. Especially when we are talking about the protection of rights for future generations, where there is no direct victim or direct violation of fundamental rights, only a very high risk of their violation. On the other hand, the Court of Justice of the European Union has a much greater assumption of effectiveness, which has the potential to change the legislation of the member states and thereby indirectly ensure the protection of people's lives and health. Recently, the activity of the European Commission has been increasing in the interest of achieving climate neutrality, and this also means greater pressure on the states in the interest of the complete and correct transposition of European regulations in the field of the environment. In case of deficiencies, the European Commission can intervene by filing a lawsuit according to Article 258 of the TFEU, and achieve the required remedy. Although, such a procedure is not primarily aimed at the protection of fundamental rights, the positive impact on their protection cannot be neglected.

Mapping the Common Law Development of Physician- Administered Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide against the Background of the Application of the Bill of Rights

The Pretoria High Court is considering whether to recognise a right to physician-assisted death. This is a right to request a physician to administer a lethal prescription which a terminally ill patient can use to end their lives or to be allowed to obtain a lethal prescription which they will self-administer. In deciding the matter, the court will have to determine whether it should remove the common law prohibition on both ways of bringing about a quick and painless death. The question that will have to be answered is whether the common law prohibition is consistent with the Constitution. If it is not, the court will either develop the common law or leave it to Parliament to remove the inconsistency. However, before the court can begin this work it would have to decide on the correct approach to the application of the Bill of Rights to the common law principles of murder and culpable homicide. In effect it would have to decide how sections 8(1), 8(3) and or section 39(2) of the Constitution apply to the dispute. This research explores how these operational provisions should apply when assessing the constitutionality of the right to physician-assisted death. In effect it argues that during this process the court must always have regard to section 39(2), irrespective of whether there is a direct application or an indirect application of the Bill of Rights to the common law. Its application arises under section 8(1), where the court is asked to declare the common law invalid on the basis of being in direct violation of a constitutional right. It also applies in situations where the court is asked to develop the common law under section 8(3). Lastly, it is applicable where the common law is challenged for being in indirect conflict with the spirit, purport and object of the Constitution. Having established the role of section 39(2) in both the direct and indirect application of the Bill of Rights, the paper concludes by critically analysing the remedies that attend each of the operational provisions in relation to the common law prohibition on physician-assisted death.

THE UN AND UKRAINIAN DIPLOMACY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article highlights the activities of the United Nations and the UN Security Council during the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2023 and the activity of Ukrainian diplomacy in defending Ukraine's independence and territorial integrity. The author analyses, in particular, the voting processes at the UN General Assembly and Security Council meetings on issues related to the Russian aggression against Ukraine and points out their ineffectiveness. The author emphasises the need to reform all UN activities in accordance with the current challenges of the global world in the context of the formation of a new, multipolar system of international relations. Particular attention is paid to the acute problem of transforming the most influential body of the United Nations - the Security Council, its structure and decision-making mechanisms, which have been based on the principle of division into permanent and non-permanent members since 1945. The principle of division into permanent and non-permanent members and veto power for the former - the United States, the USSR (and today its illegal successor, the Russian Federation), the People's Republic of China, France and the United Kingdom - no longer corresponds to current realities, as the exclusive possession of veto power by the leading players in world politics is a direct violation of the principle of equality of UN member states. The article also examines the active work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine during the Russian war against Ukraine. It is not only about the realisation of the complex current tasks of expanding an effective pro-Ukrainian coalition in the world, restoring universal respect for the UN Charter and the equal rights of independent states and peoples, but also about the prospects for post-war arrangements in Europe and the world with Ukraine's active participation. It is concluded that Ukrainian diplomacy, in the difficult conditions of martial law and the crisis of the UN and the entire international security system, is quite adequately fulfilling its responsible mission of protecting Ukraine's national interests in the modern global world.

A Child Rights Perspective on Babies Behind Bars: An analysis of two different narratives and their outcomes

Abstract:
 This comic represents two narrative outcomes of the Mother-Child Program for Federally Incarcerated Women in Canada resulting in child rights concerns for this growing population of children. The Mother-Child Program has stringent policies related to corresponding documents that those who are wanting to participate in the Mother-Child Program must adhere to. Those who are requesting the Mother-Child Program rely on other service providers to submit their paperwork within tight timeframes, in order to be considered. The comic illustration represents the detrimental result of the failure of a social worker not presenting their mandatory documents in the time frame allowed, which denies the applicants submission to the Mother-Child Program. The stringent policies of the Mother-Child Program and its' consequences are outlined throughout the adverse childhood effects that parental incarceration has on a child and the difficulties those incarcerated face in maintaining a strong attachment to their child due to policy barriers. The lack of sense of identity and belonging for this population of children is reflected in the narratives of the comic and growing discrimination for this population of children is evidenced through the analysis that follows the comic illustration.
 The second comic represents a mother and child who are accepted into the Mother-Child Program and the positive effects that the Mother-Child Program has on the bond within mother and child. It is important to note that the Mother-Child Program is a voluntary program for applicants and for some mothers, who meet the criteria, a suitable program. Not all mothers are given this program as an option due to the various natures of criminal charges. The intent of this comic is to represent the difficulties that policy barriers place on those wishing to access a program that they are suitable for and the devastating consequences when an application is denied due to policy implementation. The narratives included in this comic are assumed conversations reflecting the evidence of positive outcomes for those who experienced the Mother-Child program as well as the negative consequences of those who are denied access to the program through literature review. The calls to action and advocacy required for this group of children falling into systemic invisibility due to the inaction of systemic government programs are direct violations of children’s rights. In order for a better world fit for children, action, advocacy and systemic change are required to address the injustices this group of children face.
 Key terms: Children of Incarcerated Parents, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Attachment, Canadian Policy, Child Rights

Urban land policy and urban land use efficiency: An analysis based on remote sensing and institutional credibility thesis

Ethiopia has an urban land lease policy in place to facilitate the transfer of land for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. Because of the lease policy, many cities have experienced significant expansion through massive conversion of agricultural land. Although the lease policy has been in place for nearly three decades, little is known about its effectiveness in promoting sustainable urban land use. This paper examines the effects of the lease policies on urban land use efficiency (ULUE). Building on the institutional credibility thesis, this paper investigated the performance of land institutions using the urban land use efficiency approach. Remote sensing data was used to investigate urban land use efficiency through spatiotemporal analysis of land use change. Analysis of satellite imagery was performed using ArcGIS. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources were studied. The study findings show that in almost all study areas, urban land use efficiency is low, which is mainly reflected in the forms of land hoarding, land banking, illegal land grabbing, informal settlement, land use fragmentation and urban sprawl. A significant portion of the land transferred for various urban uses has remained vacant or underutilised for years, in direct violation of the provisions of the lease policy. This means that the lease policy has hardly been enforced to ensure efficient urban land utilization. This demonstrates the ineffectiveness (dysfunctionality) of the existing land institutions. It is concluded that some elements of the lease policy have evolved into an empty institution, i.e., a symbolic institutional arrangement that is largely ignored by socioeconomic and political actors.

Emergency medical and legal assistance for victims of war-time rape

The relevance of the problem of crimes against sexual freedom (rapes), committed by the military men of the aggressor country in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, is determined as a direct violation of domestic legislation and international norms of humanitarian law.
 The essence of the crime against sexual freedom and human inviolability as a socio-legal problem and a personal tragedy in the conditions of war is revealed. Attention is paid to the provision of psychological and pre-medical assistance to victims of sexual violence. The organizational and legal response measures of law enforcement agencies and other social institutions of the state to rapes, committed by the occupiers, are revealed, the procedure for investigation and documentation by a special mobile police group of facts of sexual violence by the occupiers is characterised. Recommendations for overcoming agraphobia are given.
 In order to provide effective emergency medical and legal assistance to victims of rape in wartime, prevention of agraphobia, it is advisable to take into account a set of conditions: 1) in order to minimize the victim's destructive experiences of rape, it is advisable to use the technique of self-meditation and dissociation, to promote conviction about the guilt of the rapist-occupier; 2) pay attention to medical self-help, taking into account the existing contraindications to the use of available medical products, if possible, contact a gynecologist for a medical examination (avoidance of unwanted pregnancy); 3) provide operational information to law enforcement agencies about the facts of committed crimes, the location of victims, etc., to increase the efficiency of the investigation; 4) to conduct active monitoring of the specified problem by police units in the liberated territories; 5) to carry out mandatory documentation of the fact of the crime in accordance with legal requirements; 6) to take into account certain limitations in the attitude/communication with the injured person in order to avoid further psychological injury

Taliban's war on educating girls and women must end now: A call for global actions

Taliban's war on educating girls and women must end now: A call for global actions

Legal characteristics of aggressive tax planning

The article studies the problems of legal characteristics of tax planning. It is emphasized that there is no single approach to determining the balance of private and public interests in the field of taxation. This especially concerns situations where taxpayers try to optimize tax payments in a way that does not involve a direct violation of the law, but has signs of abuse of the right, which is characteristic of an aggressive tax planning. It is argued that the solution to this problem is important, since abuse of rights by taxpayers, using the imperfections of legislation, manipulation of differences in tax regulations of different states, as well as active use of low-tax jurisdictions in business schemes leads to huge losses in the budgets of many countries. It is pointed out that aggressive tax planning is not direct violation of the law, otherwise such actions would be qualified as tax offense. The positions of scientists regarding the definition of such a category as “aggressive tax planning” are presented in the article, as well as the author's position on this issue is highlighted. It is noted that the widest toolkit of tax optimization can be used in the implementation of international tax planning. In the past, one of the main, most common and effective methods of aggressive tax planning was the use of low-tax jurisdictions. However, the influence of this factor has been efficiently reduced by modern trends to counteract this phenomenon, in particular, the widespread introduction of anti-BEPS measures and automatic exchange of tax information. Other common tools of aggressive tax planning are listed, including transfer pricing. The negative consequences of aggressive tax planning for the state are described, related to the reduction of tax revenues to the budget, as well as the creation of an anti-competitive environment due to receiving unfair tax advantages. The main methods of combating aggressive tax planning both at the international and domestic level are disclosed. The main signs of aggressive tax planning are identified and the conclusion is drawn that in each specific case, the behavior of the taxpayer, which has signs of aggressive tax planning, should be evaluated for the presence of abuse of the law, which will allow the application of appropriate legal consequences for the purpose of protecting state and public interests.

Risks of human rights violations while ensuring the working conditions of employees at the enterprise

The risks of human rights violations are increasingly becoming an object of close attention on the part of society, the state, and enterprises. The analysis showed that the right to work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene is one of the most important for the worker. The state has formed a mechanism to ensure this right. However, it is not uncommon for businesses to fail to meet the requirements of health and safety standards. In this aspect, there are both direct and indirect violations, as well as violations in the supply chain due to the connivance of the actions of partners. In world practice, more and more attention is paid to the due diligence of companies in matters of human rights. At present, the business itself has become interested in reducing such violations, as this is fraught with risks, and therefore with consequences. Russian companies do not stand aside. Corporate responsibility reports increasingly contain information on the risks of human rights violations and the company's actions in this direction — ensuring human rights in business. Observance and respect for human rights is becoming an important indicator of the level of development of society and business. As a result of the study, the authors present the risks of violation of the employee's rights to decent working conditions and consider the positive consequences of the absence of these violations. It should be noted that the article attempts to develop indicators of the risks of violation of working conditions, as well as to determine target values for indicators within the framework of the activities of an individual enterprise.

Cognitively Loaded: An Investigation of Educational Chemistry YouTube Videos’ Adherence to Mayer’s Multimedia Principles

In an increasingly online world, multimedia content for instructional use in chemistry is abundant. It can be difficult to discern a good resource from a poor one, even if the chemistry content in the video is accurate (which it may not be). Sound chemistry content alone does not guarantee that the videos were made with best principles in mind according to evidence-based research. Multiple authors have proposed guidelines for multimedia use and learning which are supported by research in cognitive and educational psychology. Herein we used Mayer’s Multimedia Principles (MMP) to evaluate instructional chemistry videos across three topics (Chemical Bonding, Acids and Bases, and Intermolecular Forces) from multiple YouTube content creators (51 in total). We found that most videos included extraneous images and sounds which may be distracting to the viewer, in direct violation of Mayer’s Coherence principle. For the three chemistry topics under study, no statistical differences were found in their adherence to MMP. However, there were significant differences regarding the use of extraneous images and sounds when disaggregated by content creator. This work has implications for both teachers and learners of chemistry in selecting multimedia that is cognitively supportive to learning.

ФАКТОРЫ РОСТА КРИМИНАЛИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

Russia, due to its advantageous territorial position, the presence of a large and diverse resource potential, historical features, has competitive advantages, which makes it possible for the development of the economy and society. The resource attractiveness of the country attracts the attention of not only responsible businesses and the population, but also criminals who are trying to get unjustified benefits through illegal actions, i.e. direct violations or schemes of shadow circumvention of legislative norms. Such activity creates criminal income, which is the starting point in criminal crime schemes. Despite the growth of economic crime, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, in his Message to the Federal Assembly, pointed out the need to decriminalize responsibility for a number of economic crimes, which the state should control what is happening in this area, "but there is no need to overdo it." Such innovations in the field of decriminalization of economic crimes will make it possible to mitigate the punishment, first of all, for those entrepreneurs who have committed economic crimes, the punishment for which may be in the form of damages. If an entrepreneur conducted business effectively, then he will be able to continue his activities, since his business created jobs, brought income to the state, and satisfied the needs of society. But such a business will be under tighter control from the state for several years. Such methods of decriminalization of the economy will not lead to tougher criminal penalties and liquidation of business, but to the withdrawal of business from the shadows and its further development. Obviously, these measures are effective and correct. However, every crime of an economic nature entails damage to the state. Therefore, measures are needed both to weaken the punishment and to toughen it, but on the basis of the most in-depth analysis of the impact on the economy and society. The level of economic crime is influenced by a complex set of factors, among which the most significant are political, economic and legal. There are also such factors as organizational, psychological, medical and technical. All these factors require serious study and analysis, as well as the development of appropriate measures to counter the criminalization of the country's economy.

DYNAMICS OF THE PUNCTUATION NORM IN THE EDUCATIONAL MEDIA DISCOURSE: COLON FACES

The article is devoted to the problem of practical implementation of the punctuation norm regarding the use of the colon. Attention is drawn to the dynamics of changes in spelling codes of the 20th century. regarding the implementation of the specified norm. Changes in the relevant wording of the current spelling have been updated. The research material was the texts of educational projects, platforms that became the basis for the organization of training or professional development in real time, such as “Na uroko”, “Vseosvita”, “Prometheus”, “Umity'”. Features of the implementation of the specified punctuation norm were observed in the specific language material, which may affect the correction of the current norms of “Ukrainian Spelling” (2019), since systematic deviations from the norm were found in the practice of using colons in the titles of articles, educational materials, in the design of text rubrics, presentation of quotations, direct speech. Therefore, attention to the language of educational, educational projects, platforms reveals contempt for codification principles and chaos in the humanitarian sphere of everyday culture. Although these areas of language practice should perform educational and regulatory functions, providing examples of the use of modern Ukrainian literary language. Linguistic practice demonstrates a number of deviations regarding the use of the colon, which are not recorded by the current “Ukrainian orthography”. Among them, we qualify some as trends that should be considered, discussed in professional circles and adjusted as rules. Others are a direct violation of the punctuation rule, which is ignored.

SPECIFICS AND TRENDS OF COVERAGE OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE MEDIA ENVIRONMENT

Introduction. In times of great upheaval, people feel an urgent need to see a measured and balanced picture of events. It soothes, gives a sense of control over one’s life. In Ukrainian society, there is an increased interest in the topic of religion, because two-thirds of citizens consider themselves believers. Considering such a high percentage of believers in Ukraine, representatives of the mass media sector cannot and should not avoid the topic of religion, especially when it comes to conflict situations. Relevance of the study. Since the war waged by Russia against Ukraine also has a pronounced religious aspect, it is relevant to investigate how the approach of domestic regional media to covering the specified topic changed before and during the large-scale war. Methodology. The research used such methods as content analysis, the comparison method, the systematic approach, and the generalization method. To achieve the results, the content of the publications of the Sumy, Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk regions, namely the Internet resources “Panorama”, “Slobidskyi kray”, “Pervaya polosa” and “62.ua” were analyzed. Monitoring was carried out from 01.01.2022 to 06.30.2022. Results. Analysis of the content of online publications of the North-Eastern region revealed that on the eve of a full-scale war, materials on religious topics were mostly informative and entertaining in nature. During a full-scale war, the choice of genres shifted exclusively to news. Journalists did not use new formats that would interest young people, either before or during the war. During the large-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine, the degree of tension in publications on the specified topic increased significantly. Hate speech, emotionalism and irrevocability appeared in the materials. The tonality of the headlines and quotes of the headlines and quotes in the news speaks of the aggravation of the religious conflict between representatives of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. There are cases when journalists use unverified information, which is a direct violation of journalistic standards. There is a noticeable tendency to ignore important religious topics. Conclusions. A promising direction for further research can be a comparative analysis of coverage of religious topics in other regions of Ukraine. It will help to form a general picture of its presentation before and during the full-scale war in Ukraine. Based on the results of these studies, it is possible to formulate basic recommendations for journalists.