Direct Test Method Research Articles

Peningkatan Kemampuan Analisis Fakta dan Opini Peserta Didik Kelas XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya dengan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif

This study aims to describe the improvement of the ability to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text of students of class XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya, as well as to describe the effectiveness of cooperative learning model in class XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya. This type of research is a class action research (PTK). This class action research was conducted in class XI TEK 2 of SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya in semester 1 of 2024/2025 academic year. The subjects of this study were students of class XI TEK 2 consisting of 31 students; 24 male students and 7 female students. Data collection techniques using direct observation and test methods. Based on the results and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) There was an increase in the learning outcomes of students in class XI TEK 2 in learning to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text. The increase in student learning outcomes was 37.5. In addition, the increase in learning outcomes did not only occur in students who had not met the minimum score in cycle I, but also in 4 groups at once. Even as many as three groups achieved maximum learning outcomes. (2) Cooperative learning model is effective in learning to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text. The cooperative learning model encourages learners to actively discuss to determine facts and opinions in argumentation text in groups.

Potential of Current Direct Mechanical Testing Methods in Assessing Intraoperative Samples of Aortic Aneurysm Caused by Uncontrolled Arterial Hypertension

Potential of Current Direct Mechanical Testing Methods in Assessing Intraoperative Samples of Aortic Aneurysm Caused by Uncontrolled Arterial Hypertension

Prospective evaluation of thin-layer agar colour test in routine diagnosis of multidrug-resistant TB.

<sec><title>BACKGROUND</title>This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of the thin-layer agar MDR/XDR-TB Colour Test (CT), a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) detection and direct drug susceptibility testing (DST) method with routine sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid specimen.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>In a prospective study, the time and rate of MTBC detection were compared between CT, Löwenstein-Jensen, and MGIT media. Times until DST result, sensitivities, and specificities were evaluated between CT and MGIT 960 indirect DST.</sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title>The cultivation of 177 pulmonary specimens resulted in 83 MTBC-positive cultures. The sensitivity of CT for MTBC detection was 81.3% with a median time of 20 days compared to 13 days and 93.5% for MGIT. The sensitivity of CT for DST results was 100% for isoniazid and levofloxacin and 94.7% for rifampicin. The specificities for isoniazid and rifampicin DST were 97.3% and 98.0% for levofloxacin. The median time until a DST result was significantly shorter with CT than the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, 20 and 27 days, respectively, independent of the specimen type used.</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title>The CT is a highly accurate and fast initial diagnostic test for high-incidence settings and could also be used as a first culture and direct DST in peripheral settings.</sec>.

An update on the status of direct testing for Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum for the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis in Canada

Background: In Canada, the recent resurgence of infectious syphilis and rising rates of congenital syphilis have renewed interest in direct detection methods for the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. The Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network (CPHLN) has previously published a series of guidelines for the diagnosis of syphilis in Canada, including the use of direct tests. In the decade since those guidelines were published, laboratory practice has changed. Methods: This systematized review combined a literature search (MEDLINE) of methods for direct detection of Treponema pallidum with an informal survey of current testing practices in Canadian public health laboratories. Results: Direct testing methods have favourable performance characteristics for detection of early syphilis and congenital cases. Although no government licensed commercial nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for syphilis is available in Canada, laboratory-developed tests have been implemented in multiple Canadian jurisdictions. Clinical specimens with the highest yield of positive NAAT results for syphilis include genital ulcers, skin lesions, and oral swabs from primary and secondary syphilis patients. For investigation of congenital syphilis, nasopharyngeal, placenta, umbilical cord, blood, and skin lesions are specimens of choice for direct detection of T. pallidum by NAAT. Conclusions: This update on the status of direct testing highlights the importance of NAAT for the detection of T. pallidum, the reduced role of microscopy-based methods, and the emergence of DNA and genome sequencing as tools for phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology.

Assessment of select direct and indirect pozzolanic reactivity test outcomes with robust regression and ranking analysis

The use of pozzolanic materials as a sustainable partial replacement option for portland cement in concrete has been extensively studied over the last few decades. This study aimed to assess the pozzolanic reactivity of seven different powdered materials: pottery cull, brick powder, lightweight aggregate fines, class C fly ash, silica fume, glass powder, and dolostone. Pozzolanic reactivity was evaluated using seven different direct and indirect methods, including the Frattini test, strength activity index (SAI), ultrasound pulse velocity index (UPVI), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), calorimetry, electrical conductivity, and pH. Robust correlations and a ranking analysis were performed to evaluate the relationship and efficiency between various direct and indirect test methods. Results of the robust regression analyses showed that Frattini and TGA, SAI and electrical conductivity, SAI and calorimetry, and UPVI and calorimetry were well correlated, suggesting that these methods may be suitable alternatives to each other. According to the ranking method, electrical conductivity and calorimetry are the most rapid and efficient methods for the assessment of different pozzolans in comparison to other longer-duration test methods examined in this study.

Testing of spherical mirrors with extremely large R numbers using a quasi-autocollimation method

Spherical mirrors with large R numbers have extreme advantages in optical systems with large apertures and long focus lengths for improving imaging resolution and field of view. Their manufacturing and testing accuracy directly affects the final wavefront aberration of the systems. However, due to the influence of airflow disturbance in the long optical path, testing large R number spherical mirrors with high precision is difficult for the direct testing method. In this paper, a quasi-autocollimation test (QACT) method is proposed based on the consistency and reverse compensation between sphere and paraboloid with large R numbers. In QACT, the length of the testing path is reduced to half, and the test sensitivity of the surface figure error is doubled. According to the Kolmogorov turbulence theory, the suppressed degree of QACT to airflow disturbance is quantitatively evaluated, and QACT can suppress the random error in test to 35%. A comparative experiment between direct test and QACT method is carried out on a ∅100 spherical mirror with 8-meter radius of curvature. Airflow disturbance in the testing environment is calculated by mathematical fitting and the repeated accuracy is improved from 4 nm to 1.4 nm in a single test using the QACT method, which is consistent with theoretical analysis. The research results will provide a new strategy for ultra-precision and efficiency tests of large R number spherical mirrors.

Effect of variation concentrations of cajuput oil and magnets on engine performance and flue gas emissions

This studies proposes the effect of variations concentration of cajupuut oil and magnetic field of attraction on internal combustion engine performance and flue gas emissions. The increasing demand for petroleum energy is increasing, in line with the rising levels of flue gas emissions produced using transportation and the industrial world. Therefore, environmentally friendly alternative fuels are needed. Because the availability of fossil fuels cannot be renewed and their existence is increasingly depleting. This problems can overcome by saving fuels consumption. One way to save fuels are by adding bio-additives from cajupuut oil and a magnetic field to the fuel line. This research uses a direct test method using tools like a chassis dynamometer and gas analyzer. Pertalite fuel is mixed with various concentrations of cajupuut oil, six cc, eight cc, and ten cc and with addition of a magnetic fields strength of 10,000 Gauss of the genio motorcycle fuel line. This research has found that influence of variation of concentration in cajupuut oil and the magnetic field of attraction significantly impact engine performance and flue gas emissions. A mixture of eucalyptus ten ml with a magnetic field of attraction produces the highest maximum power and torque of 8.35 Hp and 11.77 Nm, respectively. Meanwhile, CO emissions have a level of 0.1%, but the highest CO2 level is 9.6% compared to other concentrations.

Assessment of Axial Resistance of Piles Considering Consolidation Setup and Aging Setup Using Direct Pile Cone Penetration Test Methods

This paper focuses on evaluating the increase in axial pile resistance subjected to both consolidation and aging setups. Consolidation and aging setup models were first developed to estimate the setup parameters based on databases collected from literature, which include 10 instrumented piles for consolidation setup and 26 test piles for long-term aging. The eight top-performing pile cone penetration test (CPT) methods that were evaluated in a previous study were used to estimate the side resistance of soil layers at 14 days after pile driving. The developed consolidation and aging setup models were then used to extrapolate the results to evaluate the side resistance of each soil layer at the end of consolidation and for long-term aging. The estimated side and total resistances were compared with the measurements from pile load tests considering both consolidation and aging setups. The resistances estimated before and after completion of excess pore water pressure dissipation indicates that significant aging takes place after consolidation setup. The value of consolidation setup parameter ( Ac) was 0.53, and, for aging, the setup parameter ( Ag) was 0.23 in clay and 0.16 in sand. The results show that all pile CPT methods with/without using a consolidation setup model tend to underestimate the unit side resistance of clay soil layers. The use of pile CPT methods in combination with an aging model improved the accuracy of pile CPT methods, and this was verified using load test results for five piles subjected to aging. The Philipponnat and University of Florida (UF) methods showed the best performance on estimating the total resistance of piles subjected to aging.

EFFECT OF MIXTURE EUCALYPTUS OIL AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ON DROPLETS COMBUSTION PALM OIL ON FLAME BEHAVIOURS AND FLUE GAS EMISSIONS

This research has the purpose to determine and understand the role of repelling magnetic field and the variation of eucalyptus oil bio-additives on flame evolution and exhaust emissions in burning palm oil droplets. Presently, the requirement for energy is increasing, so people must look for alternative energy of fuels. Because the availability of fossil fuels cannot be renewed and their existence is increasingly depleting. This situation really forces us to develop vegetable oil as a new energy source, one of which is palm oil. This research method uses a direct testing method on palm oil which is given a variation of a mixture of eucalyptus oil bio-additives a droplet diameter of 0.3-0.4 mm at a thermocouple diameter of 0.12 mm with magnetic field strength of 10,000 Gauss and heated by heater component. This research has found that the role of repelling magnetic field N-N (north-north) and variations in eucalyptus oil bio-additives have a major influence on the evolution time of the flame. The mixture of 10% bio-additive produces the shortest flame time of 1600 milliseconds, the lowest flame height with a value of 5.74 mm, and the highest temperature of 894.25oC compared to other bio-additive variations. CO exhaust gas at 6% bio-additive produces the lowest value of 33 ppm while NOx exhaust gas at 10% bio-additive produces the lowest value of 545 ppm.

Survey of Common Infectious Diseases in Urban Foxes (Vulpes spp.) in Southeastern Iran.

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is one of the most common species of wild Canidae and is relatively abundant in Iran. Foxes (Vulpes spp.) transmit many zoonotic diseases, the most important of which are visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, hydatidosis, toxocariasis, and trichinellosis. In this study, visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, ectoparasites, canine gastrointestinal helminths, dermatophytosis, distemper, parvovirus infection, and heartworm infections were evaluated among live-trapped and rescued foxes injured by traffic road accidents referred to the teaching hospital of Kerman, Iran, veterinary faculty. Skin scraping and direct microscopic examination were used to detect ectoparasites and dermatophytosis. Immunochromatography rapid kits were used to detect dirofilariasis, parvovirus infection, and distemper. Necropsy was used to check for gastrointestinal parasites. Rabies and visceral leishmaniosis were screened for with direct fluorescent antibody test and ELISA methods, respectively. Gastrointestinal helminth infections, including Toxocara canis, Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoids, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia hydatigena, Echinococcus granulosus, Rictolaria spp., Oxynema spp., Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, and Physaloptera spp., were detected. Skin scrapings showed dermatophytosis and various ectoparasites, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis, and Sarcoptes scabiei, in foxes with dermal lesions. Distemper and parvovirus infection (26.66%) were the common viral diseases, and rabies infection rate was quite high (16.66%). Dirofilariasis and leishmaniasis were detected in 10% of the population. This study showed that urban foxes which often cohabit with humans and domestic animals are carriers of many different pathogens. This interaction may facilitate indirect cross-species transmission of zoonotic disease. Periodic health monitoring and multidisciplinary cooperation for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of these zoonoses is highly recommended.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN DUA NOZZLE TERHADAP DAYA OUTPUT LISTRIK PADA PROTOTYPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA PIKOHIDRO DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TURBIN TURGO

This study uses two nozzles on the PLTPH prototype with a turgo turbine because this research wants to apply the use of two nozzles in a pelton turbine. This study aims to determine the effect of using two nozzles on the output power produced by the PLTPH prototype with the direct test method on the prototype made. This two-nozzle PLTPH prototype with a turgo turbine can produce higher turbine rotation than the existing conditions. The final result is the highest rotation on the turbine using 2 nozzles where the A nozzle angle is 70° based on the x axis and the B nozzle angle is 60° based on the y axis of 752.2 rpm. In the 4:1 gear ratio transmission test, the results obtained were 504.4 rpm turbine rotation, 2114.9 rpm generator rotation, 10.99 volt voltage, 4.43 amperes current, and 48.70 watt power.

INVESTIGATION DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL (THE DAMPING RATIO AND SHEAR MODULUS) FOR RESISTANCE DESIGN AT THE LNG BAC LIEU GAS PIPELINE PROJECT BY CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TEST

The LNG Bac Lieu gas pipeline project is part of the 3.200MW LNG power plant complex in Bac Lieu province. The entire pipeline will be designed underground at the sea floor to be directly subjected to dynamic loads (earthquakes, waves ...). Soil response to dynamic loads is measured by the soil's dynamic properties such as dynamic strength, shear modulus and damping ratio. These soil parameters are very significant to study the movement of the ground as well as the local reaction of soil sediments under the effect of loads and cyclic soil structure. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the earth's dynamic properties (dynamic strength, damping ratio and shear modulus) to design seismic resistance for this project. From the relevant literature, it is known that the dynamic properties of the soil are influenced by the soil type and the position of the soil structure. 6 soil samples were examined randomly at different depths to determine soil properties. When studying dynamic strength, people often use direct test methods such as torsion cutting, cyclic flat cutting and cyclic triaxial test to determine the dynamic strength (dynamic resistance) of the soil. In which, the cyclic triaxial test method allows the simulation of real-world conditions to be easily simulated. The results of applying this method to soft clay and clay phases show that the damping ratio is 0.117-0.162D, the average is 0.136D, the shear module is 1650-2632kPa, the average is 2141kPa.

Formulation and antibacterial properties of lollipops containing of chitosan- zinc oxide nano particles on planktonic and biofilm forms of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus

This study aimed to formulate and characterize the experimental lollipops containing chitosan- zinc oxide nanoparticles (CH-ZnO NPs) and investigate their antimicrobial effects against some cariogenic bacteria. The CH-ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, four groups were made, including lollipops coated with 2 and 4 ml of CH-ZnO NPs, 0.7 ml CH-ZnO NPs incorporated lollipops, and those with no CH-ZnO NPs. Their antibacterial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was evaluated by direct contact test and tissue culture plate method in planktonic and biofilm phases, respectively. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (CHX) was used as a positive control group. In the planktonic phase, the antibacterial properties of both groups coated with CH-ZnO NPs were comparable and significantly higher than incorporated ones. There was no significant difference between CHX and the lollipops coated with 4 ml of NPs against S. mutans and CHX and two coated groups against L. acidophilus. None of the experimental lollipops in the biofilm phase could reduce both bacteria counts. The experimental lollipops coated with 2 and 4 ml of CH-ZnO NPs could reveal favorable antimicrobial properties against two cariogenic bacteria in the planktonic phase.

Comprehensive Review of Direct and Indirect Pozzolanic Reactivity Testing Methods

The production of portland cement is among the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions that adversely affect the environment. Identifying sustainable materials to partially replace portland cement in concrete, such as pozzolanic materials, is crucial in addressing this issue. These materials mainly consist of silica and alumina that react with the available calcium hydroxide to form strength-bearing phases such as calcium silicate hydrates. Understanding the degree of pozzolanic reactivity of materials using efficient reactivity test methods is an important consideration. The paper thoroughly reviews the available literature related to direct and indirect pozzolanic reactivity test methods that have been utilized over the years. Direct methods quantify the amount of consumed calcium hydroxide, whereas indirect methods assess changes in the physical properties of the specimen due to pozzolanic reactions. The aim of this paper is to identify affordable, time-saving, and effective direct and indirect methods. Based on this study, the Frattini, electrical conductivity, and pH tests are considered the most time-efficient methods to assess pozzolanic materials. Electrical conductivity and pH tests are also easy to perform. In contrast, other methods are more time-consuming.

An investigation of bamboo shear test methods and the influence of heat on bamboo shear strength

The present study has been divided into two parts. At first, the different shear test methods mentioned in the ISO and ASTM Standards such as the direct shear test and the bowtie shear test were presented and compared to a method proposed by the authors so-called the interlaminar shear test method, to suggest an easy, reliable, and feasible way to measure the bamboo shear strength. At the interlaminar shear test method, a shear surface is created by using bamboo strips with two notches/cuts at two opposite sides. By changing the distance of the cuts and bamboo width, the variation of bamboo shear strength based on these two parameters was studied. The FEM modeling by ANSYS and the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) test were carried out to show the shear stress and strain variation alongside the shear surface of interlaminar samples. The different test methods show the results of direct and bowtie test methods are close to each other but different from the interlaminar test method. In conclusion, a comparison has been made between these three shear test methods. In the second part of this investigation, the interlaminar shear test method was chosen for the heat-treated samples. Shear tests were performed on specimens previously heated during either 3 or 24 h at each of six temperatures in the range of 100–225 °C. The first significant reduction in the shear strength was observed after heat treatment at 150 °C for 24 h and 175 °C for 3 h of heat exposure.

Tensile and tear-type fracture toughness of gypsum material: Direct and indirect testing methods

In this context, four specimens, i.e. (i) circumferentially notched cylindrical torsion (CNCT), (ii) circumferentially notched cylindrical direct tension (CNCDT), (iii) edge notch disc bend (ENDB) and (iv) three-point bend beam (3PBB), were utilized to measure the modes I and III fracture toughness values of gypsum. While the CNCT specimen provides pure mode III loading in a direct manner, this pure mode condition is indirectly produced by the ENDB specimen. The ENDB specimen provided lower KIIIc and a non-coplanar (i.e. twisted) fracture surface compared with the CNCT specimen, which showed a planar mode III fracture surface. The ENDB specimen is also employed for conducting pure mode I (with different crack depths) and mixed mode I/III tests. KIc value was independent of the notch depth, and it was consistent with the RILEM and ASTM standard methods. But the mode III fracture results were highly sensitive to the notch depth. While the fracture resistance against mode III was significantly lower than that of mode I, the greater work of fracture under mode III was noticeable. ©2022 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

CDKN2A/p16 evaluation in cytology specimens.

CDKN2A/p16 evaluation in cytology specimens.

Accurate cavity volume testing based on micropressure differential gas inflation and deflation

For cavity volume testing, conventional optical or acoustic direct test methods are not only limited in terms of measurement efficiency, but also have difficulty avoiding errors due to complex cavity structures. In this paper, we present a cavity volume test based on micropressure differential gas inflation and deflation. The principle of the method is to charge and deflate the test cavity and obtain a mapping between the microbe difference and the inflating flow rate. Variability curves of the pressure difference inside and outside the cavity are measured during the deflating process and the cavity volume is calculated using parameters such as the intake flow rate and differential pressure. The heat and mass transfer equations are formulated for the gas in the cavity under inflation and deflation conditions. Numerical simulations of the variability of the gas state parameters and their impact factors are performed to verify the feasibility of the volumetric measurements. An experimental setup for volume measurements is constructed and a cockpit is used as an application object for volume measurement experiments under different micropressure differential inflation and deflation conditions. It shown that, as a complement to geometrical physical measurements, this method can better characterize the gas volume of the cavity.

CALCULATION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ADHESION LEVEL OF COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT WITH CONCRETE

The scientific work is devoted to the interaction process of concrete and composite reinforcement, which is characterized by “adhesion-slip” dependence. It is known, that composite reinforcement does not behave in the same way as traditional steel reinforcement, because in some cases their mechanical properties differ significantly. CFRP/FGRP/BFRP products have higher strength, but a lower modulus of elasticity, so direct replacement of steel with such reinforcement is not always possible according to many constructional requirements. Adhesion forces create a complex stress-strain condition in concrete interacting with reinforcement. This condition leads to the distribution of loads along the axis of reinforcement, and, as a result, the longitudinal forces on reinforcement become variable along the entire length of the rod. A detailed analysis of the existing approaches to the problem of adhesion level of concrete and composite reinforcement is performed in article. It was determined that the complex multiparameter state of the interaction of concrete and composite reinforcement is characterized by the corresponding curves of “adhesion-slip” dependence, which can be obtained by two experimental methods (beam test method and direct pull-out test method). A theoretical research of the adhesion level of concrete and composite reinforcement (beyond the limits of cracks formation) was carried out, connected with the analysis of the distribution of deformations of concrete and reinforcement along the span of the element. Current analysis is based on the determination of a number of differential equations with a step-by-step description of adhesion level problems. The results of research can be used in future during the design and calculation of concrete structures reinforced with different types of composite reinforcement (based on basalt, glass, carbon fibers etc.), however, it is necessary to conduct further experiments into the long-term operation (behavior) of composite reinforcement over time under the influence of various factors, to establish a number of rheological aspects. Keywords: adhesion, calculation, algorithm, composite reinforcement, concrete, slip.

A Direct Tensile Strength Testing Method for Concrete from Existing Structures

Tensile strength is a crucial property for the function, safety and durability of all concrete structures. The general procedure to assess the tensile properties of concrete from existing structures is to perform indirect tests and predict the tensile strength based on established empirical relationships. In this study, the direct tensile strength of concrete was investigated using cylindrical specimens. The aim of the study was to propose, test and evaluate a general method for direct tensile tests of concrete from existing structures. A total of 16 specimens were tested under deformation-controlled tensile-loading until failure. The concrete samples were prepared with 10 or 15 mm grooves at mid-height to obtain cracking in the groove region, where the crack-opening sensors were installed. The load and corresponding deformation were recorded continuously during the test to obtain the load–crack-width relationship of the concrete. The tests showed that the method can be used to assess the tensile properties of concrete from existing structures. The study provides important insights regarding the assessment of direct tensile strength of concrete and the results can be used to improve the structural health monitoring of existing structures and thereby ensure their safety and durability.