Direct Statements Research Articles

Primeval and Other Times by Olga Tokarczuk: The “Tender Narrator” and the Perils of Myth

Abstract The aim of the article is to examine the structure of Olga Tokarczuk’s novel Primeval and Other Times, her first major popular and critical success. To that end, the author’s method of combining elements of realism, fantasy, and the supernatural are analyzed. These are correlated with Tokarczuk’s views on literature, creativity, and the relations between the human mind and the universe expressed in her many direct statements, including in her Nobel Prize lecture, “The Tender Narrator.” The article describes the characteristic mixture of lyrical realism and fantasy through which Tokarczuk constructs the universe of the eponymous village of Primeval, which appears both as a typical Polish peasant community and as a mythical place that may be holding some elemental mystery. The study concludes that the real and the fabulous in the novel do not merge seamlessly into one hyper-reality that would enrich our reading experience, or change our perception of the tangible world. The lucid and sensitive treatment in the novel’s human narratives hardly benefits from the overload of put-on mystical or metaphysical elements. Tokarczuk’s mythical preoccupations, however, cannot be dismissed as mere narrative stratagems. They are rooted in the author’s beliefs in the “systems of mutual connections and influences” that permeate both the human and the natural world. The study concludes that Tokarczuk’s mythopoetic designs to express this sense of unity are not entirely successful, yet they produce literature of eclectic curiosity, imaginative daring, and earnest concern with moral challenges of today.

IAS 7 and value relevance: the direct method versus the indirect method

We identify and predict circumstances where the direct method statement of cash flows is expected to provide more value relevant information to financial statement users. We predict the direct method is more informative when earnings are of lower quality (earnings are less permanent or companies report losses), companies are in a more stable state (proxied by small absolute changes in accruals/operating cash flow), and when cash flows/accruals are measured with more error using the indirect method. Direct method disclosure is also predicted to be more useful for small companies, where investors have fewer alternative sources of information beyond financial statements. We analyze Australian companies because they are required to report the direct and indirect method, and we further decompose the sample into industrial, mining, and company size to account for unique features of the Australian market. Our results are consistent with our predictions. This suggests the indirect method is as informative as the direct method on average but the direct method incrementally informs stock returns in specific circumstances. We also identify operational factors that significantly increase estimation error when estimating direct method line items for cash receipts and cash payments.

ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННАЯ ПОЛЕМИКА С А.П.ЧЕХОВЫМ В РАССКАЗЕ Т.Л. ЩЕПКИНОЙ-КУПЕРНИК «ОДИНОЧЕСТВО»

From the earliest works, Chekhov acts as a polemicist with both contemporary literature and with the literature of the immediate past. This polemic is expressed not so much in the direct statements of the writer in letters or in conversations recorded by the memory of the memoirists, but in an artistic form, with the help of an imaginative system. However, there were people who polemicized with Chekhov. On the one hand, these were magazine critics, and on the other, fellow writers. One of these authors was T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik, who wrote the story "Loneliness" at the age of twenty, which was published in the authoritative journal “Russian Thought” in 1894. The works of Chekhov, which caused the greatest resonance among the reading public: “The Jumping Girl”, “Boring Story”, “Ward No. 6”, became the material for the polemic of the young writer. Shchepkina-Kupernik actually agrees with the opinion of the readers who recognized the element of libel in the story "The Jumping girl", and the element of distortions of reality in others. The author of “Loneliness” creates an artistic picture of the world, which seems to her more realistic than Chekhov’s. However, the story of the young writer does not go beyond the bounds of stencil mass literature. All her claims against the author of “Ward No. 6” turn out to be untenable and demonstrate her lack of understanding of the innovative nature of Chekhov’s work. The complex nature of the dialogic character of his works, based on the art of parody stylization, was not perceived by the opponent, who opposed it with a one-dimensional and simplified image of reality.

Delphian lymph node metastasis is a novel indicator of tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer

Although the significance of Delphian lymph nodes (DLNs) in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been reported, all studies have been based on a small sample size and lack a direct statement concerning prognosis. A total of 904 consecutive patients were enrolled in the current study, and all patients were divided into two groups (DLN-positive and DLN-negative) according to the presence of DLN metastasis. DLN was detected in 687 patients (76.0%), and 123 (17.9%) had DLN metastasis. Compared to those in the DLN-negative group, the proportion of other central lymph node (CLN) metastases, mean number of metastatic CLNs, and mean metastatic CLN ratio were higher in the DLN-positive group (86.2 vs. 50.2%, 6.70 ± 5.19 vs. 1.60 ± 2.37, and 0.54 ± 0.25 vs. 0.18 ± 0.26, respectively; p < .001). The same phenomena were observed in the metastatic lateral lymph nodes (LLNs) between the DLN-positive and DLN-negative groups (52.0 vs. 15.4%, 7.28 ± 6.08 vs. 3.38 ± 3.73, and 0.23 ± 0.15 vs. 0.13 ± 0.12, respectively; p < .001). Patients in the DLN-positive group had shorter LLN metastasis-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival than patients in the DLN-negative group (93.5% vs. 98.6% and 95.9% vs. 98.8%, respectively, p < .05). DLN metastasis in PTC is associated with tumor aggressiveness and a poor prognosis.

A Case Study on Teaching Turkish through Distance Education

The purpose of this study was to examine the status of secondary school Turkish education in distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Turkey according to the opinions and observations of Turkish teachers. The fact that there are no studies examining the use of distance education in secondary school native language teaching constitutes the reason for the research. The research was carried out by the case study, one of the qualitative research designs. The participants of the study group in the first phase were 30 secondary school Turkish teachers, who worked in various schools in Turkey and taught online distance education courses in the spring semester of 2019-2020. The participants of the second phase of the study were 16 Turkish teachers who meet the above criteria. A semi-structured interview was held with the first group, while participants of the second group prepared observation reports on their live courses. The data collection tools of the research consist of a semi-structured interview form and a course observation form. Data collection tools were transformed into online forms and delivered online to the study group. The data of the research was collected over a period of one month and the document analysis technique was used to collect the data. The research data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The categorical analysis, one of the types of content analysis, was used in the study. The data analysis was performed with MAXQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis package program. Visualizations were made with the program used. For data analysis reliability, direct transfer statements were given from the codes where the opinions were concentrated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the teachers faced with negativities intensely and they could not teach Turkish properly with distance education.

Does Medicine Have Common Goals? An Analysis of US Medical Organizations’ Ethics Statements

A philosophical framework defines medicine. Multiple competing frameworks lead to varying and sometimes conflicting understandings of the physician-patient relationship, medicine's goals, and physicians' duties. The objective of this study is to categorize the various goals, identify the underlying philosophical framework, and determine inconsistency among US medical organizations. Twenty-five American Board of Medical Specialties-related organizations, the American Medical Association, and the American Osteopathic Association were searched for key goal-related terms in their ethics-related statements. Direct goal statements were also analyzed. Key terms were grouped as physician-centric/objective (best interest, treat disease, prevent disease, cope with illness, health care/promotion) representing the traditional ends of medicine, patient-centric/subjective (welfare/well-being, patient benefit) reflecting social constructionist methodology, or relational (services to humanity, medical/patient care). Each organization was characterized overall as traditional, social constructionist, or relational. Inconsistency was defined as the smaller between the social constructionist and traditional with relational possibly inconsistent. Definitions of key terms and references to philosophical frameworks were reviewed. Twenty-two organizations were included; 73 percent of statements as a whole reflected a social constructionist model with 18 percent having traditional ends and 9 percent a relational framework. There was an 18 percent to 27 percent inconsistency among organization statements as a whole; 68 percent of organizations had direct statements; 47 percent of direct statements reflected a social constructionist methodology, 33 percent the traditional ends, and 20 percent the relational model; 33 percent to 53 percent of direct statements were inconsistent among organizations. No definitions of key terms or explicit references to philosophical frameworks were found. There is substantial inconsistency regarding the direct goals of medicine without any definitions of key terms. This inconsistency and lack of clarity underlie disagreement regarding physicians' roles and their duties. Clear core goals such as treat and prevent disease would consistently define the physician-patient relationship, restore medicine's objectivity, and provide a distinct understanding of physicians' obligations. American medical organizations use a multiplicity of terms and have substantial inconsistency regarding the direct goals of medicine with neither a clear underlying theoretical basis nor a definition of key terms. Our analysis suggests the most common theoretical basis for the goals of medicine was the social constructivist view followed closely by the traditional ends of medicine (e.g., treat and prevent disease) and finally the relational model. The authors contend that the traditional ends of medicine are the best option for a core mission of medicine whereby the physician-patient relationship is consistently defined, and a physician's duties derived.

Język konstytucji. Semiotyczne typy wypowiedzi w tekście ustawy zasadniczej

The subject of the analysis is the language of fundamental laws, types of semiotic statements (directive, evaluative, formative, descriptive) and their occurrence in the texts of Polish constitutions with particular emphasis on the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. Directive statements are characteristic of normative acts, they contain rules of conduct and tell what reality is supposed to look like. Evaluative statements express approval or disapproval of certain phenomena and facts. Formative statements make changes to reality, while descriptive statements show what the world around the narrator looks like. All the indicated types of statements appear in the fundamental laws. The paper discusses their meaning and functions.

Leading health reform: a critical review of 'leadership' within allied health competency standards.

Objective The study examined if, when and how select allied health professional standards currently articulate the Health LEADS Australia themes. Methods Eighteen allied health professional standards were searched to locate references to leadership. Data were extracted and analysed inductively, deductively and thematically as a meta-synthesis. Frequencies were counted, with subanalysis by professional area, classification level, competency type and level of cognition. Results There were 953 direct and indirect leadership statements. Only two leadership definitions were located, for pharmacists and dentists. The principal theme 'Leadership' only appeared in 18 (2%) statements from the total dataset that made direct references to leadership, which were mostly vague and unclear. The remaining indirect references to leadership are reported as four overarching themes: Self-leadership (n=289 statements; 30%); Leadership With and of Others (n=263; 28%); Improvement and Change Leadership (n=223; 23%); and Health Reform Leadership (n=139; 15%). Conclusion Health leadership was not easily recognisable in the allied health practice standards examined. With some refinement and alignment with a contemporary leadership framework, professional standards could play a critical role in preparing allied health graduates to support the ongoing health system reform required to improve health and well-being outcomes in the future. What is known about the topic? Leadership is essential at all health system levels, and leadership frameworks can usefully guide leadership development. However, little is known about allied health leadership compared with other clinical groups, and their contributions to directional changes in health system reform may be overlooked. What does this paper add? This paper presents results of an analysis of where and how 18 allied health disciplines align with the Australian Health LEADS framework, and where greater clarity or alignment is needed. What are implications for practitioners? Reinstatement of a national health leadership framework, such as the Australian Health LEADS framework, to articulate the need for and capabilities of leadership to enable innovation and support reform across all professional groups working in health care, including medical, nursing and allied health is required. A recognised national leadership framework could guide the revisions to allied health practice standards and coupled with a co-design process involving practitioners and professional associations, further development and incorporation of leadership competencies in a consistent manner would be enabled. Furthermore, alignment of allied health education and professional development with a national health leadership framework may strengthen allied health leadership graduate outcomes.

COVID-19 в Южной Корее: аспекты религиозной и политической ситуации в период пандемии

This article is an attempt to consider the political and religious aspects in the fight against the COVID-19 virus infection in South Korea. Possible causes of a repeated outbreak in the region and the main measures to prevent it are considered. Detailed statistics were provided from January to September of this year to better demonstrate the results of the government’s measures to combat the epidemic. The author pays considerable attention to the current problems in the country, which may prevent South Korea from ensuring the safety of the health of its citizens. All this is being analyzed in parallel with the key stages of the entire process of the spread of the infection from January 2020. Analyzing the current problems of the region, the author draws certain conclusions about the General situation of the pandemic. Based on pre-verified statistics that were provided on official national websites, the author puts forward acute problems of a political and religious nature. Direct statements ofpoliticians andcitizens are quoted.

PNS22 Network Meta-Analysis: A Comparison of Bayesian and Frequentist Approaches to Synthesis, and Evaluation of Their Suitability for Decision-Making

The aim was to compare the suitability of Bayesian and frequentist approaches to network meta-analysis (NMA), particularly around informing clinical guidelines and to provide a narrative comparison of methods. Inferences made around NMA estimates vary depending on the methodology adopted, which may alter the interpretation of results and conclusions drawn. Previous literature has shown that whilst the direction of results may be consistent across approaches, the magnitude of estimates has the potential to differ greatly. Frequentist methodology adopted in a recently published NMA evaluating treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis was compared with a Bayesian approach; a method advocated by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit. An evaluation of both methods was undertaken, comparing key NMA concepts and assessing how this might impact results, as this could have implications when embedding synthesised evidence in an economic evaluation. The interpretation of results differs between approaches; Bayesian methods allow for the utilisation of prior distributions and direct probability statements can be made around Bayesian estimates, whereas frequentist methods are based on repeated sampling and p-values to inform conclusions. NMA in a Bayesian context can incorporate external information to quantify the amount of between-study heterogeneity, particularly when there is paucity of data. Use of Bayesian posterior distributions allows uncertainty to be propagated through probabilistic sensitivity analyses, preserving correlation between parameters; whereas frequentist methods rely on summary estimates. NMA is a valuable tool, however differences in statistical approaches can present challenges around the interpretation and use of NMA results, particularly when guiding the clinical decision-making process. Transparent reporting of limitations and validation of assumptions underpinning both methodologies are essential. Unsurprisingly, given the flexibility of NMA within a Bayesian framework, it is the preferred approach by many health technology assessment bodies. A quantitative comparison is planned to assess key differences between approaches.

How do cancer screening guidelines trade off benefits versus harms and burdens of screening? A systematic survey

ObjectivesCancer screening guidelines differ in their recommendations for or against screening. To be able to provide explicit recommendations, guidelines need to specify thresholds for the magnitude of benefits of screening,...

In-service teacher attitudes toward the use of the mother tongue in Norwegian EFL classrooms

Because of the lack of research on the use of the mother tongue (MT) in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom in European contexts, and because the topic is rarely discussed in teacher training programs, teachers often assume that students prefer an environment that makes little to no use of their MT. What complicates matters further is that while policy makers suggest maximal use of the target language (TL), European curricula for English as a subject do not contain any direct statements prescribing English as the sole language of instruction. Thus, EFL teachers who share an MT with their students often wonder to what extent and in what contexts they should employ the TL and MT. Observing four Norwegian EFL teachers in primary and lower secondary school over several lessons, this study attempts to unravel teacher attitudes towards MT use in the EFL classroom by presenting interview findings for the first time in a Norwegian setting. Additionally, the study explores whether the lack of clear guidance in the Norwegian curriculum for the subject of English regarding the use of the MT may add to the confusion among Norwegian EFL teachers as to how, when, and if the MT should be used. The results suggest that despite acknowledging the potential of the MT in the classroom, the four participants also felt guilty about its presence in their classrooms, particularly since their reported behaviours did not reflect their actual behaviours. In light of these findings, this paper suggests future research to shed light on what ratio would qualify as judicious MT use. It also highlights the importance of discussing the use of MT in EFL teacher training programs.

LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME В РОМАНЕ Л. Н. ТОЛСТОГО «ВОЙНА И МИР»

L. N. Tolstoy does not make any direct statements about the great French Revolution, although a probe into the writer’s attitude to this historical event allows us to understand his interpretation of phenomena contemporary to him. In this sense, the analysis of the early drafts of the novel War and Peace (1864) conducted in this article is of great interest. In these drafts, French politicians of the Directory period are called ‘rich upstarts’ and ‘yesterday’s bourgeois gentilhommes.’ Bonaparte himself is referred to as “a clever, cunning and evil successful bourgeois.” And in the outline of the preface to the novel Tolstoy repeats this comparison again: “funny and disgusting, like a Philistine in the nobility.” All of these formulas date back to the famous comedy by J. B. Moliere Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1670). Although Napoleon Bonaparte was not a bourgeois by birth, his origins in the provincial Corsica led to a mention of him as a “bourgeois nobleman,” or parvenu in the drafts of War and Peace. This expression had a negative connotation due to the hereditary pride and prejudice of the aristocrat Tolstoy against the lower classes and his reaction to the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done? (1863). In the final text of War and Peace, influenced by the news of the civil execution and exile of Chernyshevsky, Tolstoy removed these direct characteristics, although the overall negative assessment of Napoleon remained. Later Tolstoy repeatedly used images of this comedy, but did not attach negative connotations to them. Establishing the connection between the image of Napoleon and the “bourgeois gentilhommes” in the drafts for Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace allows us to more accurately determine the writer’s political views in the mid-1860s.

School Strategies to Utilize the Ecotourism Potency of Songgoriti and Cangar of Batu City Tourisms as Learning Sources in High School

School strategies and perceptions of the school principals in utilizing the ecotourism potency is one of important things-which is used as an effort to support the improvement of the quality of learning, not much has been revealed yet. This study aimed at analyzing the school strategies and perspective of school principal in utilizing the ecotourism potency of Songgoroti and Cangar-Batu City tourisms as learning sources in High School. This study used a qualitative approach. Phenomenology was used as design of study. Teachers, school principals, and students of SMAN 3 Malang, SMA Sholahuddin Malang, and MAN 1 Malang were the informants of study. Sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection methods used in this study were in-depth interview and questionnaires. The data of study obtained were analyzed by means of content analysis referred to Interactive Models Miles, Huberman and Saldana, and those were presented in a descriptive description. The results of study indicated that the school strategies in utilizing the ecotourism potency covered up 1) the analysis strategy of ecotourism potency as effective learning sources for High School in an effort to determine learning place, in which it consisted of two strategies, namely (a) Student- Teacher Centered Strategy and (b) Teacher -Student Centered Strategy; 2) The planning strategy in utilizing the ecotourism potency as effective learning sources consisted of three strategies, namely (a) initiator strategy, (b) planning policy-making process strategy, and (c) planning implementation strategy; and 3) The implementation strategy in utilizing the ecotourism potency consisted of two strategies, namely (a) Collaborative/Resource sharing Strategy, dan (b) Semi-collaborative Strategy. The perceptions of school principals in utilizing the ecotourism potency were that the school principals were very supportive, both through direct statements and through policies made. It can be concluded that there are various strategies to utilize the ecotourism potency of learning sources in High School. The principals reinforce the utilization effort through direct statements and policies that are made. In the future, a study is needed on the implementation of the utilization of ecotourism potency in learning.

EANM position paper on article 56 of the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom (basic safety standards) for nuclear medicine therapy

Executive SummaryThe EC Directive 2013/59/Euratom states in article 56 that exposures of target volumes in nuclear medicine treatments shall be individually planned and their delivery appropriately verified. The Directive also mentions that medical physics experts should always be appropriately involved in those treatments. Although it is obvious that, in nuclear medicine practice, every nuclear medicine physician and physicist should follow national rules and legislation, the EANM considered it necessary to provide guidance on how to interpret the Directive statements for nuclear medicine treatments.For this purpose, the EANM proposes to distinguish three levels in compliance to the optimization principle in the directive, inspired by the indication of levels in prescribing, recording and reporting of absorbed doses after radiotherapy defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU): Most nuclear medicine treatments currently applied in Europe are standardized. The minimum requirement for those treatments is ICRU level 1 (“activity-based prescription and patient-averaged dosimetry”), which is defined by administering the activity within 10% of the intended activity, typically according to the package insert or to the respective EANM guidelines, followed by verification of the therapy delivery, if applicable.Non-standardized treatments are essentially those in developmental phase or approved radiopharmaceuticals being used off-label with significantly (> 25% more than in the label) higher activities. These treatments should comply with ICRU level 2 (“activity-based prescription and patient-specific dosimetry”), which implies recording and reporting of the absorbed dose to organs at risk and optionally the absorbed dose to treatment regions.The EANM strongly encourages to foster research that eventually leads to treatment planning according to ICRU level 3 (“dosimetry-guided patient-specific prescription and verification”), whenever possible and relevant.Evidence for superiority of therapy prescription on basis of patient-specific dosimetry has not been obtained. However, the authors believe that a better understanding of therapy dosimetry, i.e. how much and where the energy is delivered, and radiobiology, i.e. radiation-related processes in tissues, are keys to the long-term improvement of our treatments.

IAS 7 and Value Relevance: The Direct Method Versus the Indirect Method

We identify and predict circumstances where the direct method statement of cash flows is expected to provide more value relevant information to financial statement users. We predict the direct method is more informative when earnings are of lower quality (earnings are less permanent, or companies report losses), companies are in a more stable state (proxied by small absolute changes in accruals/operating cash flow) and when cash flows/accruals are measured with more error using the indirect method. Direct method disclosure is also predicted to be more useful for small companies, where investors have less alternative sources of information beyond financial statements. We analyze Australian companies because they are required to report the direct and indirect method and we further decompose the sample into industrial, mining and company size to take into account the unique features of the Australian market. Our results are consistent with our predictions. This suggests the indirect method is as informative as the direct method on average, but the direct method incrementally informs stock returns in specific circumstances. We also identify operational factors that significantly increase estimation error when estimating direct method line items for cash receipts and cash payment.

Collective Responses to the 2018 Water Shortage in Cape Town: An Explorative Qualitative Study

In 2018, the Western Cape region in South Africa experienced a significant drought. At a certain date termed “Day Zero”, it was projected that about 3.7 million people in the City of Cape Town would run out of water. In this qualitative study, we provide a context for the situation and explore how a group of individual residents interpreted and adapted to the situation by changing their norms in order to preserve water. A systematic text condensation identified three superordinate themes that captured essential aspects of how the informants interpreted the situation and mobilized to cope with the environmental crisis. Three core processes are exemplified with direct statements from the informants. Specifically, these were labeled “making sense of the situation”, “taking part in the action” and “looking to the future”. The interview data suggest that the water shortage emerged as a significant existential experience transcending personal norms, mobilizing action, and reminding the informants about an uncertain future. The findings from this study may inform future research on pro-environmental action and sustainability.

A Diverse View of Science to Catalyse Change.

Valuing diversity leads to scientific excellence, the progress of science and most importantly, it is simply the right thing to do. We can value diversity not only in words, but also in actions.

The Book of Academician Kiril Hristov "The Struggle of Ideas in the Science – Clash of Ideas"

Kiril Vasilev was born on 23rd May 1918 and died in 2014 in Sofia. In 1938 he was a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). During the Second World War he was a partisan in the Second Rhodope Brigade ‘”Vasil Kolarov”. Kiril Vasilev attended major Thompson from Greece to Bulgaria. After 9th September 1944 he was one of the main opponents against the organization “Friendship Motherland”, which tried to change names of the Bulgarians, who professed the Islam.Kiril Vasilev studied Philosophy at Sofia University. He was a lecturer at the University and read lectures on Historical Materialism. He was a head of the department of “Dialectical and Historical Materialism”. Kiril Vasilev laid the foundations of the Empiric Sociology in Bulgaria.Kiril Vasilev was not a conformist. He came into conflict with many leaders of the BCP. His clashes with Todor Zhivkov were frequent. He leveled criticism at all existing political models. Kiril Vasilev was not flattering in his interpretation on present-day political, economical, and social data, too. The special features of Kiril Vasilev`s character, his direct statement, and his experience give us an additional clearness in relation to the fate of his book. The monograph, according to his own words, was written about 1978, but it was accessible to the reading public only in 2008. In this work we can notice some inconvenient ideas, for the sake of that this book probably cames off the press approximately 30 years later.

Performance of time to discontinuation and time to next treatment as proxy measures of progression-free survival, overall and by treatment group.

e19135 Background: Real-world data sources have historically provided limited information about the occurrence of disease progression. As a result, progression-free survival (PFS), a standard effectiveness outcome measure in oncology, has been estimated using proxies such as time-to-discontinuation (TTD) or time-to-next-treatment (TTNT). Curation of unstructured electronic medical record (EMR) data make it possible to calculate PFS from directly observed progression. The aim of this research was to compare TTD and TTNT as proxy indicators with PFS determined from direct statements regarding progression in the medical record and to compare effect sizes on treatment-based groups across these endpoints. This report cites findings from the metastatic breast cancer (mBC) setting. Methods: Previously curated EMR data were collected from Concerto’s Definitive Oncology Dataset for adult, female, hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-negative mBC patients diagnosed 2008 or later who received at least one line of systemic therapy. Patients were grouped based on any receipt vs. no receipt of an aromatase inhibitor (AI) in first line (1L). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to calculate PFS, TTD, and TTNT in 1L and OS from start of 1L. Results: The study included 378 patients, of which 138 (36.5%) were de novo stage IV or metastatic. The mean patient age was 60.3 years (SD 13.3), 57.1% were Caucasian, and 68.3% were postmenopausal. Conclusions: Estimates of TTD and TTNT aligned closely, suggesting that nearly all patients who discontinued initial therapy received subsequent treatment. Notably, TTNT and TTD were both meaningfully shorter than PFS, suggesting that their use as proxy indicators may systematically underestimate PFS. Further, analysis based on receipt of AI indicates that comparative effects on TTD or TTNT may produce quite different results than those for PFS and OS. [Table: see text]