Direct Spending Research Articles

Analisis Hubungan Kinerja Keuangan Daerah Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia

This study analyzed the financial performance conditions of the region and human development indexes (HDI); relationship of regional financial performance to the human development index (HDI) of Jambi Province. The data analysis method used in this study is a descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative method that is ecplanatory with a library research approach, this study uses secondary data in the period 2010-2019. The data source in the research was obtained from the realization report of the JambiVinnsi Provincial ApBD and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Jambi Province as well as other agencies and literature relevant to this research. The data analysis tools used to answer regional financial performance are models of analysis of fiscal decentralization degrees, regional financial dependence, regional independence, PAD effectiveness and PAD efficiency and to look at the influence and relationship of financial performance on human development indexes used multiple regression models and person correlation models. The results showed that the financial performance of the Jambi Provincial Government was included in the low category, this was indicated from the DDF level with sufficient criteria, KKD with very high criteria, KMD with very lack of criteria, and Shopping Compatibility in sufficient criteria. Furthermore, the ratio of fiscal decentralization degrees and direct spending compatibility has a positive and significant effect on provincial HDI, while on the ratio of regional financial dependence, pad effectiveness and efficiency of PAD Jambi Province has no significant effect on HDI in Jambi Province. as well as regional financial independence, direct spending compatibility and degrees of fiscal decentralization are strongly related to HDI while regional independence is weakly related to HDI.

Implementing the right care in the right place at the right time for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD-RRR study): a study protocol for a community care pathway for people with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging epidemic that affects approximately half of all people with type 2 diabetes. Those with type 2 diabetes are a high-risk NAFLD subgroup because of their increased risk of clinically significant liver-related outcomes from NAFLD which include hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis-related complications and liver disease mortality. They may benefit from early detection of disease as this would allow at risk patients to access hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, emerging drug trials for NAFLD and specialist hepatology care prior to emergence of liver-related complications.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study aimed at incorporating and assessing a community care pathway for liver fibrosis screening into routine care for type 2 diabetes. Patients undergo a point of care assessment of hepatic steatosis and stiffness using FibroScan at the time of the routine diabetes appointment or when attending the clinic for blood tests in preparation for this appointment.DiscussionWe propose that implementation of a community-based NAFLD diagnosis, risk-stratification, and referral pathway for people with type 2 diabetes is feasible, will provide earlier, targeted detection of advanced fibrosis, and reduce unnecessary referrals to hepatology outpatients for fibrosis risk assessment. Our study will provide important information about the feasibility of establishing a NAFLD pathway for people with type 2 diabetes in primary care. Ultimately, our findings will help direct spending and resource allocation for NAFLD in a high-risk population. Regular evaluation by stakeholders during implementation will help to create a reliable and sustainable community care pathway and establish a perpetual cycle of learning in primary care.Trial registrationANZCTR, ACTRN12621000330842. Registered 23 March 2021.

The Influence of Fiscal and Monetary Policy on Indonesia's Economic Growth

The government has two policies in promoting economic growth, namely monetary policy, and fiscal policy. The purpose of this research is to see the extent to which the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies in influencing economic growth in Indonesia, as well as to see the effect of unemployment and investment in mediating the relationship between the dependent variables (taxes, government spending, credit interest rates, and the money supply) on economic growth. in Indonesia for the period 2000-2019. The research approach uses a quantitative approach which is carried out in the form of path analysis with time-series data in the annual period, namely from 2000 to 2019. The data used is secondary data obtained from various sites of the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, Bank Indonesia, World Bank, etc. The results of this study are direct taxes and government spending have a positive effect on economic growth, but credit interest rates and the money supply have a negative effect. While the indirect effect of taxes and government spending on economic growth through unemployment and investment has a negative effect, interest rates and the money supply have a positive effect.

An Analysis on the Economic Factors Affecting the Unemployment Rate in the Philippines from 1993-2018

The study aims to determine the factors affecting the unemployment rate from 1993-2018 using the OLS estimators. With 26 observations, the research utilized six independent variables, namely GDP growth rate, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, government spending, capital investment, and trade openness. The dataset was taken from The Global Economy and the Philippine Statistics Authority. Furthermore, as the dataset was processed, it was found that GDP growth rate, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and trade openness have a significant relationship with the dependent variable. On the other hand, government spending and capital investment have no significant relationship with the unemployment rate.

Rising Healthcare Costs and Utilization among Young Adults with Cirrhosis in Ontario: A Population-Based Study.

Objectives Chronic diseases account for the majority of healthcare spending. Cirrhosis is a chronic disease whose burden is rising, especially in young adults. This study aimed at describing the direct healthcare costs and utilization in young adults with cirrhosis compared to other chronic diseases common to this age group. Methods Retrospective population-based study of routinely collected healthcare data from Ontario for the fiscal years 2007–2016 and housed at ICES. Young adults (aged 18–40 years) with cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and asthma were identified based on validated case definitions. Total and annual direct healthcare costs and utilization were calculated per individual across multiple healthcare settings and compared based on the type of chronic disease. For cirrhosis, the results were further stratified by etiology and decompensation status. Results Total direct healthcare spending from 2007 to 2016 increased by 84% for cirrhosis, 50% for IBD, and 41% for asthma. On a per-patient basis, annual costs were the highest for cirrhosis ($6,581/year) compared to IBD ($5,260/year), and asthma ($2,934/year) driven by acute care in cirrhosis and asthma, and drug costs in IBD. Annual costs were four-fold higher in patients with decompensated versus compensated cirrhosis ($20,651/year vs. $5,280/year). Patients with cirrhosis had greater use of both ICU and mental health services. Conclusion Healthcare costs in young adults with cirrhosis are rising and driven by the use of acute care. Strategies to prevent the development of cirrhosis and to coordinate healthcare in this population through the development of chronic disease prevention and management strategies are urgently needed.

10-Year Trends in Healthcare Spending among Patients with Schizophrenia in Alberta, Canada.

ObjectivesSchizophrenia is characterized by high levels of disability often resulting in increased healthcare utilization and spending. With expanding healthcare costs across all healthcare sectors, there is a need to understand how healthcare spending has changed over time. We conducted a population-based study using administrative health data from Alberta, Canada, to describe changes in medical complexity and direct healthcare spending among patients with schizophrenia over a 10-year period.MethodsA serial cross-sectional study from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, was conducted to determine changes in demographic characteristics, medical complexity, and costs among all adults (18 years or older) with schizophrenia. Total healthcare spending and sector-specific costs attributable to hospitalizations, emergency department visits, practitioner billings, and prescriptions were calculated and compared over time.ResultsOver the 10-year period the contact prevalence of patients with schizophrenia increased from 0.6% (n = 16,183) to 1.0% (n = 33,176) within the province. There was a marked change in medical complexity with the number of patients living with 3 or more comorbidities increasing from 33.0% to 47.3%. Direct annual healthcare costs increased 2-fold from 321 to 639 million CAD (493 million USD) with a 7-fold increase in medication expenditures over the 10-year time frame. As of 2017, spending on pharmaceutical treatment surpassed hospitalizations as the leading spending category in this population.ConclusionsHealthcare spending among patients with schizophrenia continues to increase and may be partially attributable to growing rates of multimorbidity within this population. Although promising second-generation antipsychotic medications have entered the market, this has resulted in considerable changes in the distribution of healthcare spending over time. These findings will inform policy discussions around resource allocation and efforts to curb health spending while also improving care for patients with schizophrenia.

Noah’s Ark in a Warming World: Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, and Public Adaptation Costs in the United States

Climate change poses a growing threat to biodiversity, but the welfare consequences of these changes are not well understood. Here we analyze data on the US Endangered Species Act and project increases in species listing and spending due to climate change. We show that higher endangerment is strongly associated with the probability of listing but also find a large bias toward vertebrate species for both listing and spending. Unmitigated warming would cause the listing of an additional 690 species and committed spending of $21 billion by 2100. Several thousand more species would be critically imperiled by climate change but remain unlisted. Finally, we compare ESA spending with estimates of willingness to pay for conservation of 36 listed species. Aggregate WTP is larger than ESA spending for the vast majority of species even using conservative assumptions and typically one to two orders of magnitude larger than direct ESA spending using less restrictive assumptions.

Payment Subsidy and Equity in Access to Health Care: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Since the 2000s, the Democratic Republic of Congo has adopted national policies to phase out direct payment at the point of service to make health care more accessible. The objective of this study is to measure inequalities in access and financing of a subsidised health system. The measurement of inequalities in access and financing was applied to data from the Improved Monitoring for Action (N = 475 households in the Tshilenge health zone, East Kasai province, Democratic Republic of Congo), which is part of the evaluation of the performance of the health system through high-impact interventions for maternal, newborn and child health. The concentration curve and index (CI) method was used to assess the degree of inequality in the distribution of health care consumption and expenditures. A negative CI indicates a disproportionate concentration of subsidies among the poor, while a positive CI indicates that the subsidy is favourable to the rich; a CI of zero indicates perfect equity. In addition, the Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI) was used to assess the progressivity of direct household spending on care. A positive value of the KPI indicates the progressivity of the system and a negative value its degressivity. The indices of concentration of use are respectively 0.034 for self-medication and -0.050 for use of a health facility, and the indices of standardised use are 0.00 in both cases. Comparison of the standardised and non-standardised concentration of use curves shows that standardisation reduces the differences between quintiles: there is horizontal equity of use after indirect standardisation. All Lorenz curves are below the standard of the living curve (the KPIs are significantly negative). Health expenditure is therefore all-regressive. The measurement of the degree of equity showed that there is imperfect equity in the use of care and that the system of financing care is inequitable and regressive. Direct household spending increases inequities in access. The contribution is greater for the lowest income groups. The low budget of the health sector prohibits universality and free access to services by producing a recourse to self-medication and renunciation of care.

Assessment of the Impact of Direct Taxes on Public Investment in Agriculture in Nigeria

This study investigates the impact of direct taxes on agricultural funding. For this analysis, the petroleum profit tax, personal income tax, and corporate income tax were employed as direct taxes. These are the three largest direct taxes chosen for this analysis. Agricultural finance has long been a cause of concern, forcing the entire country to suffer from acute hunger as a result of unnecessary apathy. Furthermore, Nigeria now has a high degree of hunger index at 28.3, placing the country 103rd out of 116 countries in the 2021 Global Hunger Index record. This research considers all of these problems and aims to assess the extent to which direct taxes may alleviate the load by providing more direct tax revenues to agricultural enterprises. The evaluation is carried out by collecting secondary data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on chosen direct taxes and agricultural spending from the Central Bank of Nigeria's Statistical Bulletin. The study period runs from 2010 to 2020. The study used a multiple regression technique to present real evidence that all of the direct tax types analyzed had a minor impact on agricultural finance, with the exception of personal income tax, which has a positive and considerable impact on agricultural growth. This leads to the request that Nigerian tax rules be altered to allow for significant use of tax revenue for agricultural loans. The insignificance of petroleum profit tax and corporate income tax to agricultural funding necessitates more effective tax processes and a crackdown on malfeasance among tax authorities.

Impact of Macroeconomic Determinants on Economic Growth in the Western Balkans, 2000-2017

This study aims to investigate some of the main macroeconomic determinants that have influenced the economic growth in 6 Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia). Data are taken for 18 years (2000-2017) from the World Bank database. Determinants included are inflation, foreign direct investment, interest rate, unemployment (percentage of the total labor force) and government spending (as a percentage of GDP). In the early 2000s, the region experienced rapid growth and faced many economic challenges but it still suffers from weak institutional reforms that prevent the region to reach high living standards of European countries. Because of previous studies by different authors, it is obvious that FDI is positively and significantly correlated with economic growth while in the other hand most of the studies found a negative but significant relationship between inflation, unemployment and government spending with GDP. As the results from VAR model indicate, macroeconomic determinants affects in different ways economic growth.

Old Neoliberalism in the US University

Old Neoliberalism in the US University

REGIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL REPORT ANALYSIS IN BADUNG REGENCY

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of financial reports through symmetric information on increasing investment in Badung Regency, Bali Province. This study was designed using quantitative research methods on data sourced from reports on budget realization and income, reports on changes in excess budget balances, balance sheets, operational reports, reports on changes in equity, cash flow reports, and notes to financial statements from 2016 to 2020. The results of the study found that the liquidity ratio is 6.09, the solvency ratio is 0.017, the activity ratio is 27.83, the profitability ratio consists of ROI-6.77 and ROE-0.22, and the ratio of direct spending to indirect spending is 0.88. Specifically, for the investment in capital-output ratio-ICOR, it was found that the average economic growth per year was 5.29 percent. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to the Badung Regency Government that (a) the collection of tax and levy receivables be more optimized, (b) there needs to be a policy regarding the budget deficit, (c) increase direct spending at least equal to or more than the apparatus expenditure, and (d) further improve operating cost efficiency. In addition, spending on grants and social assistance should be more directed at spending on goods and services that are truly vital and strategic.

Pengaruh PAD Dan DAU Terhadap Belanja Langsung (Studi Pada Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah)

This research aims to determine the effect of local revenue and general allocation funds on direct expenditures in districts/cities of Central Java Province. The research method used is the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and the coefficient of determination test. The results showed that partially the local original income and general allocation funds variables affected direct expenditure in districts/cities of Central Java Province. Simultaneously, the variables of local revenue and general allocation funds have an effect on direct spending in districts/cities of Central Java Province. Keywords: direct expenditure, general allocation fund, local revenue.

EFISIENSI DAN EFEKTIVITAS BELANJA LANGSUNG PADA BALAI BAHASA PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Budget as a means of controlling sources of public funds. New guidelines emerge for public sector organizations to pay attention to value for money in carrying out their activities. The benchmarks in the budget of an organization, both private and public sector organizations include economic assessment, effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness Budget is one of the principles in the organization of an organization, to be able to determine the level of achievement of organizational goals. This study focuses on the efficiency and effectiveness of Direct Expenditure Finance at the Language Center of South Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness of direct expenditure performance at the Language Center of South Sumatra Province 2014-2017. The results showed that the level of efficiency and effectiveness of direct spending fluctuates every year. Suggestions for future research are to become input, improve coordination between fields and increase socialization and technical guidance

Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of whole blood pathogen reduction in Ghana.

Despite the promise of pathogen reduction for reducing transfusion-associated adverse events in sub-Saharan Africa, no health-economic assessment is publicly available. We developed a mathematical risk reduction model to estimate the impact of nationwide whole blood pathogen reduction in Ghana on the incidence of six infectious and one non-infectious transfusion-associated adverse events. We estimated the lifetime direct healthcare costs and disability-adjusted life years lost for each adverse event. For HIV, HCV, and HBV, we simulated disease progression using Markov models, accounting for the likelihood and timing of clinical detection and treatment. We performed probabilistic and univariate sensitivity analysis. Adding whole blood pathogen reduction to Ghana's blood safety portfolio would avert an estimated 19,898 (11,948-27,353) adverse events and 38,491 (16,444-67,118) disability-adjusted life years annually, primarily by averting sepsis (49%) and malaria (31%) infections. One year of pathogen reduction would cost an estimated $8,037,191 ($6,381,946-$9,880,760) and eliminate $8,656,389 ($4,462,614-$13,469,448) in direct healthcare spending on transfusion-associated adverse events. We estimate a 58% probability that the addition of pathogen reduction would reduce overall direct healthcare spending. Findings were most sensitive to uncertainty in the probability that a bacterially contaminated blood donation causes sepsis. Whole blood pathogen reduction would substantially reduce the burden of known transfusion-associated adverse events in Ghana and may reduce overall healthcare spending. Additional benefits not captured by this analysis may include averting secondary transmission of infectious diseases, reducing non-medical costs, and averting new or re-emerging transfusion-transmitted infections.

Can Foreign Direct Investment Complement or Substitute Public Agricultural Spending for the Sustainability of the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria? Empirical Evidence Using Monte Carlo Simulation

The study analyzed the response of agricultural growth to foreign direct investment and public agricultural spending from 1980 to 2018. Data were collected from secondary sources and analyzed using Johansen Co integration, Vector Error correction model and Monte Carlo Simulation. The result showed that foreign direct investment and public agricultural spending increased agricultural production in the long but decreased it in the short run. The study concluded that an increase in foreign direct investment and an increase in public agricultural spending (scenario 3) provided the best alternative for the sustainability of agricultural growth in Nigeria. It was recommended friendly business policies should be made to attract more foreign direct investment into the country and the issues of insecurity and infrastructures should be handled for meaningful and sustainable FDI to be attracted into Nigeria.

Corruption and Economic Growth at Province Levels in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of corruption on economic growth at the provincial level in Indonesia. This study uses a model based on the economic growth model of Levine and Renelt (1992). This study uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), and Transparency International Indonesia with the research period of 2014-2018. This study uses a panel data model with a cross-section of 16 (sixteen) provinces in Indonesia. This study uses a model with a Random Effect Model (REM) approach. The results showed that the corruption perception index, foreign direct investment (FDI), initial growth (EGt-1), government spending (GE) and labor (L) each had a positive and significant effect on economic growth (EG) in 16 provinces in Indonesia for the 2014-2018 period, ceteris paribus.

PENGEMBANGAN METODE PEMASARAN DAN SISTEM MANAJEMEN BAGI PELAKU USAHA MAKANAN TERDAMPAK PANDEMIK COVID 19

Since the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world, the lifestyle of Asia, especially Indonesia, underwent extraordinary changes at the beginning of 2020. On a national and global scale, the decline in activity and economic growth resulted in a decline in public demand, including products and services produced by MSMEs. . Apart from that, partners also have limitations in managing and classifying income and expenses in terms of financial records. Taking into account the global Covid-19 pandemic, Indonesia has disrupted daily life due to social distancing and government housing regulations, which have an impact on the MSME industry. The main challenge faced by MSMEs is declining demand. Compared to normal conditions, this also reduces the impact of limited MSME operations and direct consumer spending. MSMEs can achieve several things, such as utilizing e-commerce sales, improving service quality, digital marketing, and customer relationship marketing. Taking into account the situation mentioned in the previous section and the latest information provided by the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency regarding economic growth of -5.32% in the second quarter of 2020. For this reason, the proposer considers it necessary to conduct a study and implementation of the Community Partnership Program (PKM), especially in East Jakarta City area whose people are affected by the crisis during the pandemic. The most significant impact is that after being registered with an online food delivery service, there is an increase in sales from the usual 20 – 30 percent per day.Â

PENGARUH SISA LEBIH PEMBIAYAAN ANGGARAN (SiLPA) DAN DANA PERIMBANGAN TERHADAP BELANJA LANGSUNG PADA PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

This research was conducted at the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency of Deli Serdang Regency. This study aims to examine and find the effect of excess budget financing (SiLPA) and Balancing Funds on direct spending. The population in this study were the Dinas and Districts in Deli Serdang Regency in 2016 - 2018, the population in this study was 52 offices and sub-districts in Deli Serdang Regency. The sampling technique in this study used the purposive sampling method with the criteria of having data from the SiLPA and Balancing Fund reports for 3 (three) consecutive years, namely from 2016 to 2018, the number of samples was 52 x 3 years = 156 samples consisting of 52 Department / District of Deli Serdang Regency. The research method used is a quantitative method. Data processing uses the SPSS version 2.0 application by performing the Classical Assumption Test, Normality Test, Heteroscedasticity Test, Multicollinearity Test, Autocoleration Test, Multiple Regression Analysis, Partial Test (t test), Simultaneous Test (f test), and Determinant Test (R2). Partially the test results show that the excess budget financing (SiLPA) and the Balancing Fund have a significant effect on direct expenditure. Then simultaneously the Excess Budget Financing (SiLPA) and Balancing Funds have a significant effect on Direct Expenditures.

R&D tax credits can be a significant source of taxpayer support for fossil fuel innovation

The urgent need to accelerate the transition towards low-carbon energy is well understood. Government support for energy innovation has been an increasing focus of both policy and academic attention in recent years. The debate has focused on direct spending by governments on research and development (R&D). However, governments also support R&D indirectly, through tax credits. This source of government support has been overlooked in the academic and policy debate on energy innovation, in part because publicly available data on R&D tax credit expenditures typically do not enable the identification of spending specific to energy. This article provides the first published data on R&D tax credits in the energy sector, drawing on administrative data from Australia, Canada, Norway and the UK. This data shows that indirect support through tax credits can be a large source of support for innovation in fossil fuel extraction companies, though this differs by country. As a result, publicly available data on direct R&D spending by government can significantly understate government support for innovation in fossil fuel extraction. The article also presents patent data to show, for the UK and for Norway, that less than 5% of R&D activity in fossil fuel extraction firms is devoted to low-carbon technologies. The article concludes with the recommendation that governments should consider removing tax credit support for R&D activities that facilitate the extraction of fossil fuels.