Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication Research Articles

The line-of-sight peak detection and tracking of underwater acoustic DSSS communications in the doubly spread channel

In the underwater acoustic (UWA) channel, the line-of-sight (LOS) path has the characteristics of stable magnitude and continuous phase, which is seldom affected by the surface/bottom reflection. Therefore, in the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication systems, the receiver usually extracts the LOS path to recover the information bits and achieve the robust communication. However, the UWA channel is typically the doubly spread channel, i.e., multipath fast fading and non-uniform Doppler shifts, which seriously degrades the performance of extracting the LOS path by the conventional maximum energy method. Therefore, this paper proposes a LOS peak detection and tracking algorithm to extract the LOS path in the UWA DSSS communications. In the proposed algorithm, the candidate correlation peaks after de-spreading are firstly selected by the adaptive peak detection threshold. Then, according to the transmitter/receiver motion relationship, the Delay-Doppler joint state equation is established, and thus the nearest neighbor method adopting the Kalman filter is proposed to track the LOS path. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has better processing performance in the doubly spread channels compared with the conventional method. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is confirmed by the shallow water horizontal channel and deep sea vertical channel experiments.

Analytical Technique Leveraging Processing Gain for Evaluating the Anti-Jamming Potential of Underwater Acoustic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication Systems

This study proposes an analytical technique underpinned by processing gain to evaluate the anti-jamming potential of an underwater acoustic direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) communication system that employs a short-period pseudo-noise (PN) sequence. The processing gain comes from the symmetry of the coding, which provides a mechanism for separating desired signals from unwanted ones, and the apparent randomness of the coding, which suppresses interference and noise in the system. The robustness of such a system against wideband interference, partial-band jamming, and single-frequency interference is emulated. Outcomes suggest that, in comparison to a standard binary phase shift keying (BPSK) system, the DSSS system’s ability to resist wideband interference is limited, with only a marginal increase in immunity performance of approximately 0.5 dB. Contrarily, it suppresses partial-band jamming effectively, with the suppression level dependent on the interference bandwidth and its relative position concerning the signal carrier frequency. The influence of single-frequency interference on system performance depends similarly on its relative location relative to the signal carrier frequency. In all situations where the interference frequency offset is an integer multiple of the bit bandwidth, the system exhibits the worst performance when the frequency offset equals the bit bandwidth. Upon comparing resistance levels to identical power interferences targeted at the signal carrier frequency, our system demonstrates optimal resilience to single-frequency interference. In concordance with the empirical findings, the simulated results substantiate both the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed analytical method based on processing gain. Subsequently, this study contributes a novel perspective for evaluating the anti-jamming potential of DSSS systems.

DSSS Signal Detection Based on CNN.

With the wide application of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals, the comprehensive performance of DSSS communication systems has been continuously improved, making the electronic reconnaissance link in communication countermeasures more difficult. Electronic reconnaissance technology, as the fundamental means of modern electronic warfare, mainly includes signal detection, recognition, and parameter estimation. At present, research on DSSS detection algorithms is mostly based on the correlation characteristics of DSSS signals, and autocorrelation algorithm is the most mature and widely used method in practical engineering. With the continuous development of deep learning, deep-learning-based methods have gradually been introduced to replace traditional algorithms in the field of signal processing. This paper proposes a spread spectrum signal detection method based on convolutional neural network (CNN). Through experimental analysis, the detection performance of the CNN model proposed in this paper on DSSS signals in various situations has been compared and analyzed with traditional autocorrelation detection methods for different signal-to-noise ratios. The experiments verified the estimation performance of the model in this paper under different signal-to-noise ratios, different spreading code lengths, different spreading code types, and different modulation methods and compared it with the autocorrelation detection algorithm. It was found that the detection performance of the model in this paper was higher than that of the autocorrelation detection method, and the overall performance was improved by 4 dB.

Iterative double-differential direct-sequence spread spectrum reception in underwater acoustic channel with time-varying Doppler shifts.

Conventional double differential phase-shift keying modulation amplifies the phase noise and performs poorly under the time-varying direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) communication system. Therefore, the authors propose an iterative reception for DSSS communication in time-varying underwater acoustic channels. First, bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding integrated with multi-symbol differential detection is used. Second, this paper uses cross correlation method to estimate and track the Doppler shift of each symbol. Based on Doppler estimates, a dynamic linear prediction model is proposed to estimate and track the channel phase variation. Third, an algorithm for adaptive selection of reference signals is utilized to recover the magnitude attenuation of correlation peaks. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed reception achieves around 9 dB gain compared to conventional differential decision reception under constant acceleration of 0.14 m/s2. During the acoustic communication experiment in Songhua Lake, the proposed reception was tested by using a moving source at a speed of 1-6 knots at 2-m depth and the farthest distance between the transceivers is 2.8 km. The proposed reception achieves only one frame error from a total of 205 frames collected in the lake experiment, and it also achieves error-free communications over 96 frames during a 10 km depth deep-sea experiment.

Code index modulation method with multidimensional invisible data mapping

With the continuous improvement of the application requirements of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), especially the high requirements of data transmission rate, the advantages of traditional DSSS system are limited, so the index modulation DSSS technology appears. However, at present, there are still some key problems such as high-order data rate, high bit error rate and high synchronisation complexity. Therefore, in view of the above bottleneck problems, the code index modulation method with multidimensional invisible data (MID-CIM) is proposed. On the basis of deeply mining the hidden features of DSSS communication mechanism, the index order and shift order are established, and the two-dimensional invisible data index transmission rules are established using a bit reversed and pseudo code (PN) set mapping mechanism, and then the three-dimensional invisible data index transmission rules are established by using the cyclic displacement and pseudo code offset mechanism. The MID-CIM method not only ensures the effective transmission of one-dimensional data, but also uses the transmission of low-speed one-dimensional data to index transmit high-speed two-dimensional and three-dimensional invisible data. This research can provide the technical basis for the efficient application of DSSS system, and also provide theoretical support and technical support for the new development and application of a communication system based on the spread spectrum system.

Enhancing the Security of Chaotic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication Through WFRFT

In this letter, the weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT) is performed on the chaotic sequence to enhance the security of the chaotic direct sequence spread spectrum (CD3S) communication, and a WFRFT-CD3S system that spreads the information bits through the WFRFT-chaotic sequence is proposed. In the proposed system, the transmitter scrambles the phase space trajectory of the chaotic sequence through WFRFT and make the distribution of the transmitted signal be Gaussian-like. The receiver synchronizes the WFRFT-chaotic sequence through bidirectional correlation search and demodulates the information through the synchronized local WFRFT-chaotic sequence. Simulations are implemented to evaluate the security performance, synchronization performance, and demodulation performance of the proposed system.

Compressive narrowband interference detection and parameter estimation in direct sequence spread spectrum communication

The Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem that is based on narrowband interference (NBI) detection and parameter estimation methods in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication is limited by the high sampling rate. Compressive sensing (CS) is adopted to address the problem. But it will change the signal nature, which leads to the unavailability of Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem-based interference detection and parameter estimation methods. According to the different posterior probability distribution features of NBI, DSSS signal, and noise in compressed domain, a posterior probability model of whether NBI exists in the received signal is constructed by using the compressed measurements. The posterior probability that whether NBI exists in the received signal is employed as the feature parameters of NBI detection and parameter estimation. With the feature parameters detected, NBI detection can be achieved and the edge location of NBI components can be located. The relationship between the edge location of NBI components and the edge frequency of NBI is constructed, which will contribute to estimate the NBI edge frequency. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively achieve NBI detection and parameter estimation in the compressed domain and it performs significantly better than the other existing methods.

Double-differential coded M-ary direct sequence spread spectrum for mobile underwater acoustic communication system

This paper presents a double-differential coded M-ary direct sequence spread spectrum (DD-MSS) underwater acoustic communication system to overcome problems of both low signal-to-noise ratio and severe Doppler effect. The system is very efficient in the challenging band-limited underwater acoustic channel and has many applications, particularly in which the transmitter and the receiver are mobile. Given that the bit error rate (BER) performance is unaffected, this scheme results in a significant improvement in the data rate compared to direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication systems. The MSS system uses M pseudo-random codes to represent k bits of information and offers advantages of a higher spectral efficiency and a lower energy consumption than the DSSS system. Both simulations and experiments are performed, and the results are discussed in the paper for the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate a better BER performance using the DD-MSS in a mobile environment.

Iterative receiver for the triple differential PSK modulation in the time‐varying underwater acoustic communications

Due to the time-varying property of the underwater acoustic (UWA) channel, the significant Doppler spread will severely degrade the performance of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) communications. The relative velocity variation between the transmitter and the receiver will cause both the phase rotation and the magnitude loss of correlation peak, during the long transmission of the DSSS packet. To solve this problem, the authors propose a novel transceiver design for the UWA DSSS communications. At the transmitter, the triple differential phase shift keying (D 3 PSK) modulation is adopted to overcome the phase rotation, whereas the phase noise will be amplified resulting in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss. At the receiver, the improved bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding algorithm for D 3 PSK is used to recover the SNR loss, in which the D 3 PSK demodulator is treated as the convolutional decoder, and the linear prediction is adopted to track the channel variation. Furthermore, an adaptive selection of local reference signal is also applied to recover the correlation loss. Theoretical simulation shows that the proposed transceiver can effectively mitigate the performance loss caused by the motion acceleration, and the performance gain is significant over the conventional.

Experimental study of cross-ice acoustic signal propagation

To obtain the channel characteristics of acoustic information across ice propagation, a field experimental was conducted involving of cross-ice acoustic (CIA) direct-sequence spread spectrum communication. In the experiment, three single-component geophones installed on the surface of the ice layer were used to measure the vertical component of the particle displacement. For comparison, two hydrophones were used to measure the sound pressure for under-ice acoustic (UIA) communication. The experimental results are used to compare and analyze the characteristics of the two communication methods. This paper uses the normal model theory to calculate the acoustic signal propagation characteristics. The calculation results explain why (i) the acoustic speed of the signal received by the geophone is less than that in the water and (ii) the frequency characteristics of the UIA and CIA communication channels differ. Finally, the communication performance based on differential energy detector is analyzed, and the feasibility of CIA direct-sequence spread spectrum communication is verified.

A Symbol-Based Passband Doppler Tracking and Compensation Algorithm for Underwater Acoustic DSSS Communications

In this paper, we consider the problem of Doppler tracking and compensation for a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal in underwater acoustic (UWA) communication. Since the dynamic property of the UWA channel and the long duration of DSSS signals result in significant Doppler spread that severely distorts the propagated signal, Doppler tracking and compensation are required. Based on the ultra-wideband property of UWA signal, the Doppler spread not only results in the frequency shift, but also changes the signal duration. Therefore, the accurate estimation of the signal expansion/compression in the time domain can reflect the Doppler spread. Accordingly, we present a Doppler tracking and compensation algorithm for a DSSS signal operating on the correlation output of passband signal at a symbol-by-symbol basis. Note that the carrier frequency of UWA communication is around several kilohertz, and thus the time delay estimation can be performed on the passband to improve the accuracy. Furthermore, the prior information of Doppler limit is used to refine the resolution of delay estimation and achieve sequential estimation. To compensate the correlation magnitude distortion induced by the velocity variation, the local reference signal is selected adaptively based on the filtered Doppler factor. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed passband Doppler tracking algorithm achieves a superior performance compared with the conventional receiver.

Modulation Parameter Estimation of LFM Interference for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System in Alpha-Stable Noise

The linear frequency modulation (LFM) interference is one of the typical broadband interferences in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication system. In this article, a novel modulation parameter estimation method of LFM interference is proposed for the DSSS communication system in alpha-stable noise. To accurately estimate the modulation parameters, the alpha-stable noise should be eliminated first. Thus, we formulate a new generalized extended linear chirplet transform to suppress the alpha-stable noise, for a robust time-frequency, transformation of LFM interference is realized. Then, using the Radon transform, the maximum value after transformation and the chirp rate according to the angle related to the maximum value are estimated. In addition, a generalized Fourier transform is introduced to estimate the initial frequency of the LFM interference. For the performance analysis, the Cramer–Rao lower bounds of the estimated chirp rate and the initial frequency of the LFM interference in the presence of alpha-stable noise are derived. Moreover, the asymptotic properties of the modulation parameter estimator are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed parameter estimation method significantly outperforms existing methods, especially in a low SNR regime.

Design of Galvanic Coupling Intra-Body Communication Transceiver Using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technology

Intra-body communication (IBC) uses the human body as the transmission medium for electrical signals, and it features the following advantages: low power consumption, strong anti-interference ability, high data security, and broad application scenarios. However, some technical issues still need to be addresses, such as the choice of the best modulation and demodulation scheme in different application scenarios, influence of human activity on IBC performance, variable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and influence of transmission distance change on different modulation and demodulation methods. This paper adopts direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication and phase modulation to realize DSSS-differential phase shift keying (DPSK) and DPSK modulation transmission of baseband data. Moreover, the Costas loop method is employed to achieve reliable symbol recovery. Under the same conditions, in vivo experiments were conducted to compare the performance of DSSS-DPSK and DPSK galvanic coupling IBC transceivers. Notably, these transceivers are affected by the changes in SNR, transmission distance, and human activities. Results show that the bit error rate (BER) of the DPSK scheme is 40 times larger than the DSSS-DPSK scheme in a 30 cm channel length and different SNR experiments. When the BER performance changes from extremely poor (1.40 ×10 -1 ) to excellent (1.51×10 -6 ), the SNR of DSSS-DPSK scheme only needs to be improved by 16 dB. In contrast, when the BER performance changes from extremely poor (1.54 ×10 -1 ) to good (1.65 ×10 -5 ), the SNR of DPSK scheme needs to be improved by 25 dB. With a SNR of -5 dB, the BER ratios of the DPSK scheme is 7 times larger than the DSSS-DPSK scheme. Also, DSSS-DPSK scheme is more sensitive to changes in motion status than DPSK.

Blind Estimation of Spreading Sequence and Data Bits in Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication Systems

At the transmitter of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communication system, data bits are spread using a spreading sequence. To demodulate the transmitted data bits, the received signal should be de-spread using the same spreading sequence. However, there are many non-cooperative communication systems, where a receiver does not have the information on the spreading sequence. In such systems, to demodulate the transmitted data bits across a wide area, it is necessary to blindly estimate the spreading sequence at low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Furthermore, for real-time processing, the computational complexity for the blind estimation should be minimized. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to blindly estimate a spreading sequence and data bits based on turbo processing for both synchronous and asynchronous cases. The proposed algorithm can significantly improve the error rates of estimated data bits and the chips in the spreading sequence compared to an Eigen-Value Decomposition (EVD) based algorithm. Furthermore, compared to the EVD-based algorithm, the proposed algorithm drastically reduces the number of required multiplications.

Direct sequence spread spectrum communication narrowband interference cancelation in compressed domain

AbstractDue to the broad bandwidth nature of the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal, the application of narrowband interference (NBI) cancelation algorithms based on the Nyquist‐Shannon sampling theory are limited by the high sampling rate. To solve the sampling and processing difficulty in the traditional DSSS communication interference cancelation method, we used the compressive sensing (CS) to reduce the sampling rate of the DSSS communication system, and further proposed a compressed domain NBI elimination method in this study. We proved that NBI with a certain bandwidth and DSSS signal are both sparse in specific dictionaries and proposed the corresponding sparse dictionary construction method. Detailed analysis of the compressed domain features of NBI and the DSSS signal demonstrated that it is possible to extract the strong NBI components from the compressed measurements. Two compressed domain NBI cancelation algorithms were proposed based on this idea. The extracted NBI components were filtered out from the compressed measurements directly in the first algorithm, and then we achieved the DSSS signal demodulation in compressed domain using the separated DSSS signal components with the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. A proposed extraction filter block sparse Bayesian learning (EFBSBL) framework algorithm was utilized to estimate the NBI from the compressed measurements in the second algorithm. The estimated NBI was eliminated from the received signal, and then we recompressed the DSSS signal after NBI cancelation and realized the DSSS signal demodulation in compressed domain with the OMP algorithm. Simulation results support our theoretical analysis results and reveal that the two proposed algorithms are both effective for NBI cancelation and significant interference cancelation performance are achieved.

Decomposition-Combination Correlation Decision Mechanism for MBOK Signals

In order to meet the requirement of high gain and rapid transmission for direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication, the M-ary bi-orthogonal keying modulation mechanism has emerged. However, its unique control-code bit and spread-spectrum code-bit-processing mechanism lead to the difficult problem of signal reception and decision. The traditional related decision method has the issues of a large decision error and low efficiency. Therefore, considering the non-correlation characteristic between pseudocodes, a decomposition-combination correlation decision mechanism is proposed based on the principle of pseudocode combination equivalent to the background noise. The test results show that the method can accurately estimate the control-code bit and the spread-spectrum code bit, and the estimation accuracy and computation are better than those of the traditional methods.

Simulation and Experimental Study of Low Voltage Power Line Carrier Communication

This paper presents the simulation and experimental research of low-voltage power line carrier communication. The choice of communication method is an important factor in determining the communication quality of the communication system. For the communication mode of low-voltage power line as carrier, this paper prefers the direct sequence spread spectrum communication system as the communication method. In this paper, the simulation function is realized by establishing various parts of the system simulation model. The simulation reflects the stability of the direct sequence spread spectrum communication system and has strong anti-interference ability. In this paper, the spread spectrum communication method is used to simulate low-voltage power line communication in the laboratory environment, and good results are also obtained. The direct sequence spread spectrum communication system is a better choice for low voltage power line carrier communication.

Dynamic multimapping composite chaotic sequence generator algorithm

In this study, a dynamic multimapping composite (DMMC) chaotic sequence algorithm is proposed to overcome the drawback with respect to the availability of only a limited number of sequences and fixed mechanism in the direct sequence spread spectrum communication, based on the improved Logistic, Chebyshev and Kent mappings. The control parameters are used to determine the odd mapping and even mapping, and the fractal function is established. Then, the selection function and optimal function are established by alternatively driving the odd mapping and even mapping, and the optimal sequence is generated. The test results with respect to sensitivity, balance, run and correlation indicate that the sequence generated by the DMMC algorithm demonstrates obvious advantages and flexibility.

NBI mitigation in DSSS communications via block sparse Bayesian learning

Abstract Narrowband interference (NBI) is a common interference pattern in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) communications. NBI mitigation is a very important issue to ensure the effectiveness of DSSS communications. However, the existing NBI-mitigation algorithms for DSSS communications are confined to a high sampling rate. In order to solve this problem, compressive sensing (CS) is applied to NBI mitigation in DSSS communications, the impact of NBI on the reconstruction of the DSSS signal after compressed sampling is analyzed, and a newly emerged sparse approximation technique, block sparse Bayesian learning (BSBL), is utilized to estimate NBI in DSSS communications. An NBI-mitigation method in DSSS communications based on BSBL is proposed that uses the BSBL framework algorithm to reconstruct the NBI from the compressed signal and then cancels the interference in the time domain. After the NBI mitigation, the conventional CS algorithm is used to demodulate the DSSS signal in the compressed domain. In order to further improve the performance of the method, a filtering BSBL (FBSBL) framework is proposed using the block-sparsity feature of NBI and noise-like feature of the DSSS signal in the frequency domain. A DSSS communications NBI mitigation algorithm based on FBSBL_EM is designed. An equivalent measurement matrix is constructed use the constructed filtering matrix, which could reduce the noise and DSSS signal components in the procedure of compressed sampling. This leads to a highly accurate NBI reconstruction and further improves the NBI mitigation performance. The reported simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in cancelling the NBI in DSSS communications and significantly outperforms other conventional methods. A comprehensive analysis and comparison of the algorithm is presented and discussed. The results obtained in this study may be extended to other spread-spectrum communication systems, like the code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system.

Effects of CW Interference on the BDS Receiver and Analysis on the Coupling Path of Electromagnetic Energy

The present research is carried out on the issue that the BDS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) receiver exerts some vulnerability to CW (continuous wave) interference. The analysis on the interference mechanism of navigation signal is implemented based on the model of direct sequence spread spectrum communication system while the method of parallel code phase search is employed to simulate the capture capability of the receiver under CW interference. In the CST-MWS, the simulation was made for the coupling path and electromagnetic energy into the navigation receiver, concluding that the antenna functions as the major obtained coupling path. On that basis, the RF radiation interference experiment for the antenna of the BDS receiver was conducted in the semi-anechoic chamber. In addition, the RF injection interference experiment was made on the basis of the power coupler. The sensitive frequency band of the receiver under the interference was obtained through the experiment. Furthermore, findings are made that the ratio of the output power of the RF signal generator under the RF irradiation method to the output power with the RF injection method takes no variation with change of the interference frequency. Therefore, The RF injection method can be used instead of RF irradiation method under CW interference in order to gain simplified experimental equipment, which provides a more professional theoretical basis for anti-interference research.