Direct Rule Research Articles

A Personalized Individual Semantic Extraction Model Based on Criterion for Adaptive Consensus Reaching Process Under Improved Basic Uncertain Linguistic Environment

Personalized individual semantics (PIS) is an important factor reflecting the personal habits of decision makers (DMs) and has been widely studied by scholars. Using criteria as a non-negligible information source in multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM), how to extract PIS from it is a research gap to be solved. In addition, existing measurements of consensus are insufficiently sensitive to differences between individuals, while the current direction rules use a matrix as the unit of measurement, which is not detailed and precise enough. Therefore, this paper first constructs a PIS extraction model according to the principle that similar criteria have similar descriptions and mutually exclusive criteria have dissimilar descriptions. Secondly, the preference information of PIS is mingled with uncertainty and reliability of improved basic uncertain linguistic information (IBULI) as the data of the consensus reaching algorithm. The proposed consensus algorithm not only fully considers the dispersion of DMs in the consensus measurement stage, but also improves the objectivity of the consensus process through an adaptive feedback stage. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is verified by an example and comparative analysis of the selection of sustainable building materials.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Multifarious Activities in England

Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire surpassed all the earlier empires in territorial size, during this time period British Empire earned the illustrious title ‘the Empire which never sees a sunset’. From 1858 to 1947, known as the British Crown Raj, the entire territory encompassing India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh was under the direct rule of Britain by the Parliament working on behalf of the British Crown. During this era, a substantial number of Indians - largely professionals - went to Britain. Indian students won scholarships for pursuing higher education and vital professional qualification in the UK, subsequently entering into the established system of colonial hierarchy upon their return to India. Political activists being qualified stayed on to practice their professions in England. Businessmen went to seek economic opportunities. In such an environment, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan decided to visit Britian. As a philosopher, activist, historiographer, thinker and educationist, he was interested in exploring and observing Britain and its culture. He was the first Muslim who intended to visit Britain just to boost up the Muslim community and indeed, his visit made history. The purpose of this article is to narrate Syed Ahmad’s social, political and literary engagements during his stay in England.

Indirect rule and mass threat: Two paths to direct rule

What is the impact of popular discontent on the transition from indirect to direct rule? The current literature suggests contrasting theories, variously arguing that rulers are more likely to govern directly when facing either a particularly high or particularly low probability of mass resistance. I reconcile these views by arguing that the decision to rule indirectly is subject to competing dilemmas. In a formal model, I show that these twin tensions influence the choice to centralize power in opposing manners. Accordingly, there are two distinct political logics driving direct rule: one resulting from a high likelihood of revolt and the other from a low likelihood, with contrasting comparative statics. The model therefore reconciles contrasting views in the literature. I illustrate the model's logic with reference to key cases and provide heuristics for predicting comparative statics in new empirical settings.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ВЛАСТИ В ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ В 1999-2000 гг

The paper analyzes the process of creation of Russian state authorities in the Chechen Republic during the active phase of the Counter-Terrorism operation (autumn 1999 - spring 2000). At the time, emergency military governments existed in Chechnya alongside civilian governments, taking the form of military commandant’s offices. Sharp discussions were held on the issue of the political future of Chechnya. Despite the proposals to introduce direct rule and preserve the emergency system of government bodies, Russian President Vladimir Putin decided in June 2000 to gradually transfer the powers of the civil Administration headed by Akhmat A. Kadyrov.

Consensus reaching with minimum adjustment and consistency management in group decision making with intuitionistic multiplicative preference relations

Intuitionistic multiplicative preference relation (IMPR) is an efficient tool for describing the paired comparisons between objectives in group decision making (GDM). Existing GDM methods with IMPRs overlook the hesitancy of IMPRs and lack a feedback mechanism of adjustment in the consensus reaching process (CRP). Thus, to ensure that the adjusted IMPRs can provide reliable information for decision making, the hesitancy measure for IMPRs is first incorporated into the process of enhancing consistency and consensus. A new consistency index for IMPRs is defined based on distance measure. Some goal programming models are constructed for enhancing consistency of IMPR. For a collection of IMPRs with unacceptable consistency and consensus, based on the optimization model and the identification rule and direction rule (IR-DR), an interactive iterative algorithm is designed for enhancing consistency and consensus, which can greatly save the completion time of consensus reaching and maintain primitive information to the maximum. Subsequently, a distance-based aggregation model is constructed to derive the group IMPR by considering different experts’ decision-making principles. Thereby, a new GDM method with IMPRs considering minimum adjustment is proposed. Moreover, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through a numerical example and some related simulation experiments. Meanwhile its merits are illustrated by comparison analyses.

Osnovne pretpostavke za uvođenje stečaja preduzetnika u Republici Srbiji

In Republic of Serbia in preparation is draft of Law on insolvency of entrepreneur. By this legal act in our legislative system would be introduced individual insolvency, where also belongs insolvency of entrepreneur. Aim of this paper is analysis of basic assumptions and elements which would be regulated for the purpose of applicability of this institute in legal practice. We are doing this analysis because insolvency of entrepreneur should be distinguished from insolvency of legal entities. For that purpose, we will study legal rules of Directive of preventive restructuring framework on which Law on insolvency of entrepreneur would be based. Also, we will study comparative law solutions of application of Directive. Basic purpose of this paper would be consideration of basic element for this institute in our legal system such as area of application, discharge of debt, jurisdiction, exemption of execution, limitations of insolvency of entrepreneur.

An expertise-based consensus reaching process with probability-hesitant fuzzy preference relations and its application in risk assessment in food industry

This paper proposes a novel expertise-based consensus reaching process (CRP) for probability-hesitant fuzzy preference relations (PHFPRs). First, to identify each expert's comprehensive expertise level, an expertise identification function is constructed based on consistency, hesitancy, and discrimination indicators of PHFPRs. Then, we introduce an expected value based expertise induced ordered weighted averaging (E-IOWA) operator for the aggregation of individual PHFPRs. Here, experts’ weights are objectively and dynamically assigned according to their identified expertise levels at each round. To prompt a consensus, this paper presents an expertise-based feedback mechanism so as to provide highly personalized direction rules for experts’ preference adjusting. Finally, a case study of risk assessment in food industry and comparative analysis are conducted to prove the validity of the proposed CRP.

Implementation of EU Tobacco Product Directive rules in non-EU Eastern European Countries: an accelerant or barrier to stricter tobacco control norms

Implementation of EU Tobacco Product Directive rules in non-EU Eastern European Countries: an accelerant or barrier to stricter tobacco control norms

Ulster Unionist Political Thought in the Era of the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968–1998

Abstract This article examines Ulster Unionist political thought, in its widest sense, against the backdrop of the Northern Ireland Troubles. During this period, Ulster Unionists sought to resist nationalist and republican arguments for the unification of Ireland and to articulate their position to supporters and wider audiences. As Direct Rule from London followed the suspension of the unionist-dominated Northern Ireland parliament at Stormont in 1972 and its abolition the following year, internal unionist debate intensified over the constitutional future of Northern Ireland. Defining Ulster Unionism broadly, at a time when its organisational forms were proliferating, the article considers the Ulster Unionist Party and its offshoot Vanguard, as well as the Democratic Unionist Party and the paramilitary organisations, the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Ulster Defence Association, and their affiliated political bodies. The article analyses, in turn, the four competing unionist visions of the future: a return to majority-rule devolution; independence; closer integration with Great Britain; and power-sharing devolution. Not attempting a detailed consideration of the policy proposals, the article instead explores the connections forged between Ulster Unionist political ideas, some of them of long pedigree, and wider debates. It shows that, at a time of considerable change for the United Kingdom, Ulster Unionist argument reflected—much more than is currently understood, and sometimes in a pronounced form—a wide range of interconnected contemporary British disputes. These not only concerned the constitution, nationality and sovereignty, but also permissiveness, political parties, decline, the end of empire, Thatcherism and European integration.

Spatial inconsistency of memorized positions produces different types of movements

Animals are known to use information such as spatial memory in order to search for or relocate their goals. Some animals show self-avoiding walks to present straight movements. Interesting, animals alter their migratory and diffusive behaviors in response to their own experiences or independently in a similar environment. To tackle this problem by focusing on the decision-making of the random walker, we developed an artificial agent-based model in which the agent considers the time series of its memorized locations. In our proposed model, the agent sometimes regards part of its memorized cells as past information and changes its directional rule in order to not to revisit those locations. Experimental results demonstrated that the agent succeeded in producing both super-diffusive walks and sub-diffusive walks. Importantly, these various characteristic movements emerge without any adjustments of parameters.

Editorial

This issue consists of six articles that have already been published via Online First and two book reviews. These cover themes such as the sustainability of media business models, Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) rules in the European Union, sport TV and public policy.

Unified directional parabolic-accurate lattice Boltzmann boundary schemes for grid-rotated narrow gaps and curved walls in creeping and inertial fluid flows.

The goal of this work is to advance the characteristics of existing lattice Boltzmann Dirichlet velocity boundary schemes in terms of the accuracy, locality, stability, and mass conservation for arbitrarily grid-inclined straight walls, curved surfaces, and narrow fluid gaps, for both creeping and inertial flow regimes. We reach this objective with two infinite-member boundary classes: (1) the single-node "Linear Plus" (LI^{+}) and (2) the two-node "Extended Multireflection" (EMR). The LI^{+} unifies all directional rules relying on the linear combinations of up to three pre- or postcollision populations, including their "ghost-node" interpolations and adjustable nonequilibrium approximations. On this basis, we propose three groups of LI^{+} nonequilibrium local corrections: (1) the LI_{1}^{+} is parametrized, meaning that its steady-state solution is physically consistent: the momentum accuracy is viscosity-independent in Stokes flow, and it is fixed by the Reynolds number (Re) in inertial flow; (2) the LI_{3}^{+} is parametrized, exact for arbitrary grid-rotated Poiseuille force-driven Stokes flow and thus most accurate in porous flow; and (3) the LI_{4}^{+} is parametrized, exact for pressure and inertial term gradients, and hence advantageous in very narrow porous gaps and at higher Reynolds range. The directional, two-relaxation-time collision operator plays a crucial role for all these features, but also for efficiency and robustness of the boundary schemes due to a proposed nonequilibrium linear stability criterion which reliably delineates their suitable coefficients and relaxation space. Our methodology allows one to improve any directional rule for Stokes or Navier-Stokes accuracy, but their parametrization is not guaranteed. In this context, the parametrized two-node EMR class enlarges the single-node schemes to match exactness in a grid-rotated linear Couette flow modeled with an equilibrium distribution designed for the Navier-Stokes equation (NSE). However, exactness of a grid-rotated Poiseuille NSE flow requires us to perform (1) the modification of the standard NSE term for exact bulk solvability and (2) the EMR extension towards the third neighbor node. A unique relaxation and equilibrium exact configuration for grid-rotated Poiseuille NSE flow allows us to classify the Galilean invariance characteristics of the boundary schemes without any bulk interference; in turn, its truncated solution suggests how, when increasing the Reynolds number, to avoid a deterioration of the mass-leakage rate and momentum accuracy due to a specific Reynolds scaling of the kinetic relaxation collision rate. The optimal schemes and strategies for creeping and inertial regimes are then singled out through a series of numerical tests, such as grid-rotated channels and rotated Couette flow with wall-normal injection, cylindrical porous array, and Couette flow between concentric cylinders, also comparing them against circular-shape fitted FEM solutions.

ЩОДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРАВОВИХ ЗАСАД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ПРИ ЗДІЙСНЕННІ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО СУДОЧИНСТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the determination of the legal principles of the use of artificial intelligence in the implementation of administrative proceedings in Ukraine and the formation of the author's vision regarding their classification. It was considered in which international normative documents in one way or another the issue of using artificial intelligence in the administration of justice was regulated. In particular, it was established that the absence of a direct prohibition in the norms of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the administration of justice does not exclude the possibility of using these advanced technologies during the administration of justice. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of the Resolution on intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies, in the provisions of which there is a clear principle of distinguishing the features of the protection of creations created by humans with the help of artificial intelligence, and creations created by artificial intelligence itself. Attention is focused on certain norms of the European Ethical Charter regarding the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and their environment, and the main principles established in it, which must be followed in the field of artificial intelligence and justice, are listed. It has been found out which documents of the current national legal framework regulate to one degree or another the issues of using artificial intelligence in the process of administrative proceedings. It was established that the exclusion of the possibility of transfer of powers from the consideration and resolution of certain legal disputes by judges, as a constitutional principle of the administration of justice, does not directly indicate the prohibition of the use of artificial intelligence in the administration of justice by them, but on the contrary, it should effectively help in this process and contribute to the optimization of the work of the courts . Some norms of the legislation on copyright are analyzed in order to solve the question of whether the results of the functioning of artificial intelligence fall under the protection of copyright. It is emphasized that the use of information technologies in the form of artificial intelligence is subject to the national legislation on copyright. When studying the national legislation on administrative proceedings, it was concluded that the absence of a direct rule on the prohibition of the use of artificial intelligence in the implementation of administrative proceedings indicates the possibility of using these latest information technologies in this process. The main provisions of the Concept of the development of artificial intelligence in Ukraine, operating in Ukraine, were considered, as a result of which a normative definition of the term "artificial intelligence" was provided and the main tasks of the development of artificial intelligence in the field of justice were reflected. Key words: legal principles, justice, administrative proceedings, artificial intelligence, information technologies.

At a Busy Place: The Development of Sluis as a Maritime Port in the Late 14th — Early 15th Centuries

This article considers the development of the Flemish town of Sluis, which served as a port for Bruges in the late fourteenth — early fifteenth centuries. The research of documentary and narrative sources (ordonnances of dukes of Burgundy Philip the Bold and John the Fearless, chronicles of Jean Froissart and Jean Cabaret d’Orville, and others) demonstrates significant changes that took place in Sluis during the period in question. In 1386, the town came under the direct rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, who decided to strengthen Sluis as a counterweight to the powerful and rebellious Bruges. As a result, a castle and fortifications around the town were constructed during the following years. Several new public buildings in its centre also changed the image of the town. At the time, the transshipment of goods from large seagoing ships to small barges that brought cargoes to Bruges mainly took place in Sluis. However, the continued restrictions imposed by Bruges prohibited selling goods destined for Bruges in Sluis. Consequently, the inhabitants of Sluis were to seek workarounds for their well-being. These included illegal trade, piracy, and smuggling. Maintaining order in the fast-growing port visited by numerous foreigners was a difficult task. Despite the ducal prohibitions, taverns emerged close to the castle and town walls where spirits were sold illegally and companies of soldiers as well as outlaws gathered. Some sources also show the involvement of the maritime bailiff of Sluis in dubious affairs (e.g., extorting bribes from fishermen). At the same time, Sluis had convenient conditions for the transshipment of goods, and foreign merchants could enjoy some privileges during their stay in the town, which made it more attractive for them.

“Американская империя” как ресурс легитимности доминирования США после холодной войны

Empires are normally referred to such forms of direct rule that rely primarily on violence and coercion. These features lead to permanent lack of political legitimacy and make imperial polities vulnerable to various sorts of resistance and contestation. In international politics, fragility of “imperial” legitimacy is exacerbated by persistence of “anarchy” as omnipresent condition, characterized by the absence of supreme authority beyond the nation-states’ borders. Similar concerns are normally articulated by international relations scholars regarding the so-called “American empire”, which rests upon highly inequitable relations between the U.S. and its “clients”, “satellites” and “semi-sovereign protectorates” scattered across the globe. While conventional accounts consider these arrangements as based primarily on illegitimate relations of crude dominance, this article examines the “American empire” rather as legitimizing vehicle of the United States’ post-Cold War power than the tool of serving Washington’s needs. To this purpose, the author engages theoretical insights of A. Giddens’ “structuration theory” and explores the United States’ “empire” as a structure of domination, relying on sharp asymmetry of material and positional resources, and the rules, which assign legitimate capacities and set the standards of appropriate behavior. In doing so, the author seeks to overcome shortcomings of the existing approaches, which consider “social structures” as the means of either attaining collective goals or building the U.S.-led imperial order. After all, the paper demonstrates how structural properties of the “American empire” serve to organize practices of subordination and intervention as legitimate patterns of the relationships between Washington and its “clients” and “satellites” in the world periphery.

Social life of medieval Egyptian women

This article contains information on the role of women in public life during the reign of the Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517), their influence on the Mamluk sultans, and Queen of Egypt Shajaratu-d-dur, which contributed to the creation of the Mamluk state. The article is based on the works of many medieval Arab historians. It is known that in Islamic countries there is an opinion that a woman cannot rule the state. After the death of Sultan Turanshah in 1250, prominent people of Egypt saw the need for the ascension of Shajaratu-d-dur to the throne. She ruled Egypt for 80 days. When she realized that the courtiers were beginning to rebel against her rule, she married commander-in-chief Oybek. And when Muad ad-Din Oybek al-Turkmani ascended the throne, the period of direct rule of the Mamluks began. In the palaces of the Mamluk sultans, women were glorified and called “hotun”. Women at that time were followers of Sufi sects along with men. Hund Shakarboy, the wife of the Sultan of Hushkadam, was known as the patron of the Badavia sect. Writers of that period described women in their works. Women spent their time mainly in their homes and went outside mainly for shopping at the market and for weddings.

SOCIAL LIFE OF MEDIEVAL EGYPTIAN WIVES

This article contains information on the role of women in public life during the reign of the Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517), their influence on the Mamluk sultans, and Queen of Egypt Shajaratu-d-dur, which contributed to the creation of the Mamluk state. The article is based on the works of many medieval Arab historians. It is known that in Islamic countries there is an opinion that a woman cannot rule the state. After the death of Sultan Turanshah in 1250, prominent people of Egypt saw the need for the ascension of Shajaratu-d-dur to the throne. She ruled Egypt for 80 days. When she realized that the courtiers were beginning to rebel against her rule, she married commander-in-chief Oybek. And when Muad ad-Din Oybek al-Turkmani ascended the throne, the period of direct rule of the Mamluks began. In the palaces of the Mamluk sultans, women were glorified and called “hotun”. Women at that time were followers of Sufi sects along with men. Hund Shakarboy, the wife of the Sultan of Hushkadam, was known as the patron of the Badavia sect. Writers of that period described women in their works. Women spent their time mainly in their homes and went outside mainly for shopping at the market and for weddings.

10세기 중엽 거란의 화북 침공과 燕雲十六州

Late Tang Shi Jing-tang called on Kithan to aid after the rebellion. As a result, Kithan dispatched troops to destroy Late Tang and help Shi Jing-tang to establish Late Jin. Shi Jing-tang gave Yan-yun-shi-liu-zhou to Kithan in return for this support and paid a huge regular payment of property every year. Shi Jing-tang devoted himself to Kithan's Tai-zong through his reign; the provision of supplies was also faithful. Due to this attitude of Shi Jing-tang, no problems occurred between Kithan and Late Jin during his reign. However, change occurred in 942 when Shi Jing-tang died. Late Jin refused to call himself a servant to Kithan. Kithan then angered and decided on the policy of the invasion of Late Jin. Kithan began the invasion in 946 and destroyed Late Jin. In 947, Tai-zong of Kithan entered Kaifeng, the capital of Late Jin. Since then, Tai-zong has also tried to stabilize order immediately. Tai-zong, after stabilizing Kaifeng's situation, performed a ceremony to be crowned emperor. His emperor's ceremony followed thoroughly Chinese conventions. The country's name was also changed to Liao. Tai-zong hoped to be accepted as a Chinese monarch by the people of North China. He was directed toward Chinese domination and Chinese monarchy, but lacked understanding of the principles of Chinese administrative organizations, and thus the domination of Liao caused resentment of the people in various places. In this situation, in March 947, Tai-zong of Kithan abandoned direct rule of North China and returned to the north. The withdrawal of Tai-zong was apparently an arbitrage of failures over North China's rule.

An animal dynamic migration optimization method for directional association rule mining

In the area of association rule mining, many optimization algorithms have been proposed to improve the computational efficiency of rule mining or the quality and diversity of association rules. However, in real applications, since the user may have prior knowledge and research trends for some key items, the association rules containing key items are more valuable and meaningful for these users. This contributes to a new issue that association rules related to key items should be mined in a targeted manner. To solve this issue, this paper proposes a novel animal dynamic migration optimization (ADMO) method to realize directional rule mining as well as maintain high mining efficiency and high rule quality. Taking the support and confidence of frequent itemsets as input, the method first identifies valuable rules and then initializes and updates the animal population to search for the best animal. The support and confidence of the best animal are defined as threshold values to delete unnecessary rules and discover more key rules. During the optimization, the population size value is dynamically generated. The effectiveness and applicability of ADMO are validated on 11 open-source datasets and a real-world elevator case. The results reveal that the ADMO method has a faster mining speed and obtains more key rules than the ARM-PSO, ARM-AMO, ARM-MOPSO, ARM-WOA, and ARM-DE methods. In the elevator case, the association rule generated by ADMO can provide a higher success rate and accuracy for requirement transformation.

A Group Consensus Reaching Method Considering Satisfaction of Decision Makers with Distributed Preference Relations

In multi-criteria group decision-making, how to generate a consensus-based solution that is satisfactory to most of the decision makers, is always a critical research issue. In this paper, with consideration of the satisfaction levels of decision makers, a new group consensus reaching method with distributed preference relations (DPRs) is proposed to generate the consensus-based solution with high satisfaction level. In the proposed method, the consensus measurement of DPRs is constructed in terms of decision makers’ risk attitudes to help justify whether the predefined consensus requirement is satisfied. Afterwards, the satisfaction level of each decision maker on each criterion is constructed from the differences between assessments and rankings provided by decision makers and those aggregated by a group of decision makers. Based on the satisfaction levels of decision makers, a new feedback mechanism including identification rules and direction rules is designed to generate acceptable recommendations to decision makers who may need to modify their opinions. The modified opinions will help to generate the consensus-based solution that is satisfactory to most of the decision makers. To demonstrate the applicability and validity of the proposed consensus reaching method, a real case of evaluating safety performance of an enterprise is investigated.