Direct Photography Research Articles

Assessment of the comparability of human facial dimensions obtained using direct anthropological measurements and photographs

Introduction. This research examines and evaluates the comparability of a specific set of anthropometric measurements of facial features obtained through direct measurements and frontal portrait photographs. With the growing trend towards utilizing photography instead of direct measurements, the question of the convergence and comparability between these two methods has become increasingly significant. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on a sample population of Chuvash individuals, who represent the indigenous population in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation. The material for the study comprised cephalometric data and anthropological photographs of individuals from the Chuvash Republic, surveyed during the 2002 expedition under the guidance of V.A. Batsevich. The sample size consisted of 72 individuals, with 35 women and 37 men. Prior to statistical analysis, the male and female participants were divided into two age groups to account for potential age-related variations. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software package, applying Cronbach's alpha method. Results. In this study, gender differences were identified for a range of anthropometric indicators, demonstrating high convergence when employing two facial measurement methods. The obtained values of dimensions were generally comparable in terms of reliability and consistency. Conclusion. The research has revealed that the method of obtaining linear facial dimensions from portraits can serve as an analog/alternative to direct anthropometric measurements. In men, latitudinal dimensions are better correlated with each other, whereas in women they are high-altitude. The obtained results align well with existing data on this topic, highlighting the potential viability of facial portrait-based measurements in anthropometric studies.

Evaluación de los efectos secundarios tras el sismo del 18 de enero de 2021 (Mw 6,5) en San Juan, Argentina: determinación de la intensidad sísmica a través de la escala ESI-2007

This study focuses on evaluating the numerous secondary effects, such as mass wasting and soil liquefaction, caused by the Mw 6.5 earthquake that occurred on January 18, 2021, in the province of San Juan, Argentina. The epicenter was located on the eastern flank of the Las Osamentas range. Although it caused significant damage to buildings and cultivated areas, there were no fatalities. The aim is to identify and describe these secondary effects and determine the seismic intensity of the event using the INQUA’s (International Union for Quaternary Research) 2007 ESI (Environmental Seismic Intensity) scale. Field assessments were conducted shortly after the earthquake, documenting liquefaction and mass wasting structures through direct observations, digital photographs, GPS (Global Positioning System) localization, and data inventory, among other methods. This procedure validates a protocol for future applications in estimating seismic intensities for sparsely populated areas. Additionally, the study seeks to confirm the scientific and cultural importance of these ephemeral structures as assets that could be protected, therefore contributing to regional development.

Assessment of the Diversity and Abundance of Butterfly Fauna in and around Choolanur Peafowl Sanctuary in Palakkad, Kerala, India

This study investigates the diversity and abundance of butterflies in two selected sites, Choolanur (protected area) and Pazhambalakkode (an area close to sanctuary) of Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The study was done only in and around the peafowl sanctuary and Choolanur forest premise and the diversity of butterfly was found to be a little high at Site 1(Choolanur), with Nymphalidae family being most abundant. The number of butterflies from the Papilionidae and Lycaenida family was recorded to be in less numbers as compare to the Nymphalidae. The diversity of butterflies at at Site 2 (Pazhambalakkode) the diversity was almost similar to the diversity of Site 1, which may be due to the immigration of species. The butterflies were sampled by direct search method and photographs were identified with the help of keys and specialists. The species belonging to Nymphalidae family was seen to be high, followed by species of the Lycaenidae family, Pieridae family and the species of the Papilionidae family was recorded to be least. Our results not only confirm the importance of protected sites for protecting biodiversity within a particular area but also highlight their beneficial effects in their surroundings.

Architectural Preservation of Historic Buildings for Sustainable Built Environment

Preservation of historic buildings plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable environment by serving as a model for climate-responsive designs and bridge between the past and the present architecture. This study focused on the need for architectural preservation of historic buildings in order to explore their unique features for energy efficiency that can benefit the environment in a sustainable manner. The study relied on case study methodology. Intrinsic approach to case selection is adopted because of historical relevance and significance to sustaining the typical tropical architecture design characteristics. The design of this case study is guided by the thermal comfort and energy efficiency theoretical developments of tropical architecture. The features of investigation center around the design characteristics and strategies that enhance the livability of a typical tropical building. Data for this research is primarily sourced through direct observation and photographs. Analysis of the data is done thematically. Findings reveal the investigated case building possesses design strategies and characteristics for the prevention and removal of solar heat gains in tropical buildings. These would enhance sustainable architectural practices within the tropical climate of Nigeria

Experimental investigation of the effects of inlet high-swirl air preheating and dilution on kerosene flame

This study investigated the effects of co-flow air swirling on the combustion of Kerosene, as relatively heavy fuel, under preheated and diluted air conditions. Various factors affecting the flame structure, such as preheating temperature, dilution, swirl number, and airflow rate were studied using the upgraded MILD (Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution) combustion tester of Sharif University of Technology (SMSTR). This tester, which is symmetrically axial, provides co-flow air with the desired temperature, swirl number, and dilution for a liquid fuel spray burner. The flame characteristics was investigated through direct photography and chemiluminescence. The results show that the stability range significantly increases with the air swirling, while the flame length decreases. Enhancement of combustion quality and more complete combustion of fuel were observed with preheating. Preheating resulted in geometric changes in the appearance of the flame, specially reducing flame lift-off and the front view area in high airflow. A decrease in the air oxygen content causes a general change in the structure of the flame, resulting in a shorter and more lifted one compared to non-diluted condition. The chemiluminescence images of the flame also revealed weaker and more uniform emission pattern with the inlet high-swirl air preheating and dilution. By utilizing around 15 % oxygen content dilution, preheating at around 656 K, and a swirl number of 0.8, the combustion zone exhibited similarities to the MILD combustion mode, suggesting the achievement of MILD combustion. The high swirl concept allowed higher dilution limits (about 12 %) and reduced preheating requirements (approximately 11 %) in achieving the MILD combustion regime compared to the previous study conducted without swirl conditions. In contrast to the non-swirl mode flame, the flame in this study transitioned completely to a MILD-like condition.

Evincing the social and economic impact of inland waterways transportation in the development of the Port Harcourt metropolis

Road traffic congestion has been decreased by using water transportation. The impact of inland waterways transportation on the socio-economic growth of Port Harcourt Metropolis was investigated in this essay. The study adopted a quantitative research approach using a cross-sectional survey design and employed a multi-stage sampling technique. The first stage involves identifying the locations of the jetties and navigable routes available in the metropolis. The second stage involves the listing of the jetties and navigable routes found within the study area which nine (9) jetties and navigable routes were identified. The third stage involves purposively selecting six (6) jetties out of the nine (9) jetties listed. The selected jetties and navigable routes include (Bonny/Bille/Nembe, Marine Base, Abonnema Wharf, Maccoba, Iwofe, and Akpos). The six (6) jetties were selected because of their frequent usage by commuters. The fourth stage involves randomly selecting 200 commuters who are using these jetties and navigable routes for sampling. Using a random sample technique, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to the commuters to acquire data for the study. Descriptive statistics (tables and charts) and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data set. Other sources of data for the study include direct observation and photographs to characterise the study area and inland waterways transportation development in the metropolis. The reason the study chose to focus on the commuters and boat operators is because the commuters and operators are individuals who commonly use inland waterways transportation systems. The study found that lack of funds, poor river basin dredging and canalisation, insufficient security and infrastructure, a lack of safety devices, and inadequate training of boat operators and drivers are among the issues and obstacles. Therefore, the study recommends that the government should support efforts to enhance boat service operations for sustainable modes of transportation to promote their use by more people and ease traffic on the roads.

ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ФРОНТА ПЛАМЕНИ ГАЗОВОЗДУШНОЙ СТРАТИФИЦИРОВАННОЙ СМЕСИ

The study conducts a test and numerical modeling of fl ame front propagation along a stratifi ed gas mixture in a small transverse fl at channel made by two parallel plates. Images of the fl ame front were obtained through direct photography. A shape change was detected during the fl ame oscillatory propagation along a long channel. The distribution fi elds of temperature, gas concentration, pressure, velocity, and streamline were constructed. The simulation fi ndings have been shown to qualitatively coincide with the test fi ndings.

3D Effects of detonation re-initiation after diffraction at a back-facing step

Detonation diffraction at a backward facing step and subsequent re-initiation at the bottom wall at near critical detonation transmission conditions is studied in a square 7.6 cm channel. The experimental techniques used for this purpose include ultra high-speed schlieren video from the side and the top views. Direct photography is also performed in the top view configuration with a soot foil placed at the bottom wall after the step. The process of detonation re-initiation is studied for 2H2+O2+2Ar and CH4+2O2 mixtures that are characterized by a very regular and irregular detonation cellular structure, respectively. For both mixtures detonation re-initiation begins at discrete points where the descending transverse reflect from the bottom wall; the spacing of re-initiation points matches the wave number, suggesting the three-dimensional interaction of descending and lateral transverse waves on the reflecting wall trigger detonation re-initiation. The subsequent growth of these re-initiation kernels differs between mixtures. For regular cell mixtures, the detonation evolution is gradual and follows the lateral transverse wave along the bottom wall; whereas for irregular cell mixtures, explosive of hot spots grow independently of the lateral transverse waves. The observed initiation processes underscore the critical role of three-dimensional effects for both regular and irregular cell mixtures. The abrupt detonation initiation observed for methane-oxygen can be attributed to the high effective activation energy, i.e., high reaction rate temperature sensitivity.

Oftalmoloji Klinik Uygulamalarında Yapay Zeka

A large number of high-quality and repeated digital images in clinical applications of ophthalmology have allowed the development of artificial intelligence studies in ophthalmology at a global level. Artificial intelligence algorithms can be used to diagnose diseases, monitor progression, analyze images, and evaluate treatment effectiveness by using digital data led by direct photography, fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. These programs can be used to make quick and accurate decisions in clinical applications in all areas of ophthalmology, especially diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. This review, it is aimed to reveal the current status of artificial intelligence in clinical applications of ophthalmology, its prevalence and potential difficulties in clinical practice.

An evaluation proposal for the fatigue and healing performances of high-viscosity polymer-modified bitumen based on continuous multiple linear amplitude sweep

Due to the excellent shear deformation resistance of high-viscosity polymer-modified bitumen (HVPMB), the traditional methods based on time sweep and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) had problems with insufficient damage accumulation and inability to disrupt the integrity of HVPMB, making it difficult to accurately evaluate its fatigue and healing characteristics. To solve this problem, this study developed an effective evaluation proposal called continuous multiple LAS (MLAS) test and MLAS-based healing (MLASH) test. One base bitumen and three HVPMBs were selected for related experiments. MLAS test results confirmed that the percentage of strain energy attenuation (PSEA) can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage degree of HVPMBs. The lower the PSEA, the lesser damage. Combined with the fluorescence microscope and direct photography observation, the fatigue hairline cracks during MLAS test gradually expanded from the sample periphery to center until completely destroyed. Further, the MLASH test was developed to evaluate the healing performance of HVPMB by introducing intermittent duration into MLAS test. The variation of PSEA after tenth LAS loading (i.e. ΔPSEA) was proposed to evaluate the healing performance of HVPMB. The larger the ΔPSEA, the better the healing performance of HVPMB. All HVPMBs showed satisfactory healing performance once there was sufficient healing intermittent time (e.g. 180 s), and the healing performance was negatively correlated with the damage degree. Notably, the polymer structures had a dual effect on the healing performance of HVPMB, that is, they promoted the elastic healing recovery of HVPMB at lower temperature, while hindering the flow healing recovery at higher temperatures. Moreover, different temperatures caused a shift in the ranking of healing performance of various HVPMBs, thus the healing result at only single temperature cannot comprehensively represent the healing performance of HVPMB. Overall, the newly developed evaluation proposal can help to select HVPMB with excellent fatigue resistance and healing properties and provide a certain basis for accurately predicting HVPMB pavement life.

Comparative study on combustion and flame characteristics of NH3 dual-fuel engine under CI vs SI combustion modes

Ammonia can be used for engines to reduce carbon emissions, while its poor combustion performance limits commercial applications. Thus, combustion promotors are needed to improve the combustion properties of NH3. In this study, the combustion and flame characteristics of NH3-heptane dual-fuel engines under CI vs SI combustion modes are comparably studied. The initial flame formation and its development are addressed by high-speed direct photography, whereas simultaneous pressure acquisition is applied to quantify the engine performance. The results show N-heptane can significantly improve the combustion of NH3 under both SI and CI modes, while the effective energy fraction of N-heptane is beyond 30%. Besides, a critical direct injection timing exists for the effect of N-heptane on NH3 dual-fuel CI combustion, before/after which the combustion phase will delay. Flame images show that the color of ammonia-based fuel flame tends to feature an orange-yellow color. When comparing the SI and CI mode, the thermal efficiency of CI combustion is much higher because of the multipoint auto-ignition combustion in CI mode. Statistical analysis of flame shows that the early flame duration of CI mode is short and the corresponding cycle-to-cycle variation is low. More specifically, the flame of CI is nearly symmetrical distribution and the high probability is at the center, while that of SI is at the side.

Experimental study of dynamics of flames from discrete methanol fuel wicks in ullages

The paper presents an experimental study of the burning characteristics of discrete methanol wicks in ullages, where the burning occurs at distances much lower than the lip of the burner. Burning configurations consisting of two methanol wicks burning in varying ullages (from zero to 24 cm at intervals of 6 cm) have been considered in the experiments. At zero and 6 cm ullages, flame shapes resemble that of a general buoyant pool flame. As the ullage is increased to 12 cm or higher, a plume-induced instability triggers in the ullage and the flame bends towards one side over the wicks, resembling a boundary layer type of flame. The transition from a pool flame to a boundary layer-type flame has been illustrated with direct flame photographs. At deeper ullages, as the flame leans over the fuel wicks, the mass burning rates are enhanced from 9% to 35% for different ullages. The resulting air flow inside the ullage and flame shape affects the mass burning rate and has been visualized using smoke flow in the ullage. This study opens further research on the coupling effect of burning of heterogeneous materials in ullages with the flow field induced by the buoyant plume.

Effect of CO2 and its concentration variation on the ignition and combustion of diesel surrogate fuel: Optical experiments and numerical simulations

To investigate the influence of CO2 on diesel ignition and combustion, an experimental setup comprising a constant volume combustion chamber with optical channels was constructed. High-speed direct photography was employed to capture flame propagation images during fuel ignition and combustion under different CO2/O2 atmospheres. Additionally, large eddy simulation was conducted to model diesel combustion characterized by CO2/O2 environment. The theoretical calculations were then compared with experimental results, focusing on flame natural luminosity, flame structure, flame field, and heat release analysis. The results indicate that the flame structure in a CO2/O2 atmosphere consists of a diffusion flame surrounding a premixed flame, characterized by elevated levels of CO and a smaller amount of C2 radicals at the flame front. The O2 concentration ranged from 21% to 57%, resulting in a flame morphology with thin strips, intensified flame edge instability, and increased natural luminosity. The inhibitory effect of CO2 concentration within the range of 35%–50% counteracted the promoting effect of O2 concentration within the range of 29%–44%. Consequently, the chemical impact of CO2 plays a crucial role in combustion.

Effects of ambient density and injection pressure on ignition and combustion characteristics in diesel spray under plateau cold-start conditions

Gaining insights into the multi-parameter coupling dominated in-cylinder combustion process takes on critical significance to controlling and enhancing the performance of diesel engines under plateau cold-start conditions. In this study, the effect of varying injection pressure and ambient density on ignition and combustion characteristics of No. -50 diesel spray was investigated through high-speed direct photography and the two-color imaging technique, respectively. Regarding ignition characteristics, the increase of the ambient density led to the variation of the non-monotonic trend of ignition delay time with the rise of the injection pressure to a monotonous decrease, whereas the correlation between the axial ignition location and the injection pressure remained unaffected. Under three different ambient densities, the transition modes of the flame structure varied with the increase of injection pressure, subsequently impacting combustion characteristics. For combustion characteristics, the average level of flame temperature and soot were inversely proportional to the injection pressure for all three ambient densities. Higher ambient density facilitated the heat release from combustion chemical reactions, influencing the impact of increasing turbulence intensity on the ignition and combustion processes of diesel spray. The overall temperature level of the flame displayed an inflection point with the rise of the injection pressure, and this inflection point is delayed with the increase of the ambient density. The local high-temperature regions in flames (＞2300 K) were identified under higher ambient densities, such that soot generation and oxidation were subjected to significant competition. At ρam = 16.6 kg/m3, the oxidation dominant time gradually decreased with the rise of the injection pressure, leading to the integral KL factor maximum at Pinj = 80 MPa case. The optimal fuel injection pressures for cold starting at different altitudes were determined by considering the ignition and combustion characteristics of the flames.

Visualization and analysis of the impinging spray and combustion characteristics in a lateral swirl combustion system (LSCS)

A lateral swirl combustion system (LSCS) was proposed to improve the fuel/air mixing and combustion processes, and previous results have validated its excellent combustion performance in direct injection diesel engines. To further explore the fuel/air mixture mechanism of the LSCS, the effects of convex edge height ha = 2–8 mm (corresponding to interferential angle δ = 133°-14°) on the impinging spray and flame were investigated visually in a constant volume combustion system employing high-speed shadowgraph, direct photography and two-color methods. The experimental results suggested that the combustion chamber with ha = 6 mm (δ = 48°) exhibited superior results in terms of total spray area and combustion. Regardless of whether ha increased or decreased from 6 mm, all of which impaired the synthesis result of the wall-flow-guided and interferential effects. Specifically, when the ha was 2 mm, the wall-flow-guided effect was decreased, and the excessive δ corresponding to 133° caused the neighboring wall jets to approximate a head-on collision, which inevitably resulted in the part of fuel accumulation. Modified ha to 8 mm (δ = 14°), the neighboring wall jets developed nearly in the same direction, diminishing the interferential capacity. Similar higher-temperature and higher-soot areas were observed during the burn-out process for ha = 2 and 8 mm compared to what was obtained at ha = 6 mm, except that the bright area of ha = 2 mm was located near the convex edge at the bottom, while ha = 8 mm appeared in a higher position. Therefore, the LSCS, through exerting the comprehensive effects of wall-flow-guided and interferential interactions, obtains the optimal fuel/air mixing and combustion effects.

Day and night camera trap videos are effective for identifying individual wild Asian elephants.

Regular monitoring of wild animal populations through the collection of behavioral and demographic data is critical for the conservation of endangered species. Identifying individual Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), for example, can contribute to our understanding of their social dynamics and foraging behavior, as well as to human-elephant conflict mitigation strategies that account for the behavior of specific individuals involved in the conflict. Wild elephants can be distinguished using a variety of different morphological traits-e.g., variations in ear and tail morphology, body scars and tumors, and tusk presence, shape, and length-with previous studies identifying elephants via direct observation or photographs taken from vehicles. When elephants live in dense forests like in Thailand, remote sensing photography can be a productive approach to capturing anatomical and behavioral information about local elephant populations. While camera trapping has been used previously to identify elephants, here we present a detailed methodology for systematic, experimenter differentiation of individual elephants using data captured from remote sensing video camera traps. In this study, we used day and night video footage collected remotely in the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand and identified 24 morphological characteristics that can be used to recognize individual elephants. A total of 34 camera traps were installed within the sanctuary as well as crop fields along its periphery, and 107 Asian elephants were identified: 72 adults, 11 sub-adults, 20 juveniles, and four infants. We predicted that camera traps would provide enough information such that classified morphological traits would aid in reliably identifying the adult individuals with a low probability of misidentification. The results indicated that there were low probabilities of misidentification between adult elephants in the population using camera traps, similar to probabilities obtained by other researchers using handheld cameras. This study suggests that the use of day and night video camera trapping can be an important tool for the long-term monitoring of wild Asian elephant behavior, especially in habitats where direct observations may be difficult.

The Synergy Effect of Ignition Energy and Spark Plug Gap on Methane Lean Combustion with Addressing Initial Flame Formation and Cyclic Variation.

Controlling carbon emissions could be a win-win for both the environment and humans, and the use of low-carbon fuels is the key to being carbon-neutral in traffic transportation. Natural gas can achieve low carbon emissions and obtain high efficiency, but the poor lean combustion performance may result in large cycle-by-cycle variations. In this study, the synergy effect of high ignition energy and spark plug gap on methane lean combustion was optically studied under low-load and low-EGR conditions. High-speed direct photography combined with simultaneous pressure acquisition was used to analyze early flame characteristics and engine performance. The results show that high ignition energy can improve the methane engine's combustion stability, especially under high excess air coefficient conditions, and the main reason is that the initial flame formation is improved. However, the promoting effect may become marginal when the ignition energy increases above a critical value. As for the effect of spark plug gap, it varies with the ignition energy, and there exists an optimal spark plug gap for a given ignition energy. In another word, high ignition energy must combine with a large spark plug gap; thus, the promoting effect on combustion stability can be maximized and the lean limit can be extended. The statistical analysis of the flame area shows that the speed of initial flame formation is more important in determining combustion stability. As a result, a large spark plug gap (1.20 mm) can extend the lean limit to 1.4 under high ignition energy conditions. The current study shall give some insights into the spark strategies for natural gas engines.

Sex Determination Using Direct Photography Technique: a Mobile-phone Camera: A Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley)

Cheiloscopy may not be as well-known as other techniques of identification, such as fingerprint or DNA analysis, but it has its own impact in the appropriate circumstances. Cheiloscopy has been recognized as an important tool for human identification. A manual approach of studying lip prints was utilised by many researchers (magnifying glasses). Nonetheless, the current study relied solely on a mobile phone camera to visually capture lip prints for sex determination. 377 samples of lip prints were analysed with Adobe Photoshop software and classified into six different types of lip print patterns, according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classifications. Lip prints were divided into six sections including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right. Pearson's Chi-square test revealed significant differences between male and female lip prints (p < 0.05) among the Malaysian Malay population of the Klang Valley, with Type V (irregular pattern) lip prints being the most prevalent. In comparison to magnifying glasses, our studies proved the ability to record and examine lip prints utilising a digital approach. Keywords Cheiloscopy, Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification, sex determination, lip print, direct photograph technique, digital

Penerapan Media Film (Direct Photography) Dalam Pembelajaran Haji Dan Umrah Untuk Siswa SMP

This article was conducted with the aim of knowing the motivation and learning outcomes of students through the use of film media (Direct Photography) in class VII SMP. This research is a classroom action research. The subjects of this study were students of class IX SMP, amounting to 33 people. The research was conducted in 2 cycles. The results showed that the use of Media Film (Direct Photography) accompanied by a cooperative learning model in learning the procedures for Hajj and Umrah in class IX SMP was proven to significantly increase student motivation and learning outcomes. So that it can be used for the learning process in the future.

Effects of nozzle diameter on the characteristic time scales of diesel spray two-stage ignition under cold-start conditions

Diesel engine cold-start performances are closely related to ignition delay time which in turn is strongly influenced by the nozzle diameter (Dnoz). In this study, ignition delay time and ignition location of No. −50 diesel spray at different Dnoz are investigated by high-speed direct photography in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) under cold-start conditions. The experimental results clarify the non-monotonic variation of the high-temperature ignition delay time (τHTI) with decreasing nozzle diameter. The minimum experimental high-temperature ignition delay time of about 1.85 ms is obtained when Dnoz = 160 μm. To investigate the mechanism that the influence of nozzle diameter on high-temperature ignition delay time, numerical simulations of the n-heptane spray ignition process are performed under the same conditions as optical diagnostics. Five characteristic time scales for the two-stage ignition process are defined as: physical preparation time (τphy), low-temperature pre-reaction time (Δτ1), low-temperature ignition delay time (τLTI), high-temperature pre-reaction time (Δτ2), and high-temperature ignition delay time. The physical preparation time decreases linearly with nozzle diameter caused by better spray atomization, evaporation, and air-fuel mixing. Changes in nozzle diameter barely affect low-temperature pre-reaction time, indicating that the linear shortening of low-temperature ignition delay time is attributed to the acceleration of the physical preparation process. The high-temperature pre-reaction time initially decreases and then increases with decreasing Dnoz, which is the result of a smaller scalar dissipation rate promoting the decomposition of H2O2 and inhibiting flame propagation. The combined effect of decreasing Dnoz at each stage leads to a non-monotonic trend in high-temperature ignition delay time.