Direct Perpetrators Research Articles

Application of the rules of Al-Mubâsyir and Al-Mutasabbib in Islamic economic law (Mu'âmalah Mâliyyah)

Legal maxims are essential in determining Islamic law and resolving branching legal problems. Scholars have formulated legal maxims to address issues related to mubâsyir and mutasabbib, as well as legal responsibility. This research aims to describe the legal maxims formulated by the ulama, particularly those related to mubâyir and mutasabbib, and analyze their application in sharia economic law. The research uses a normative juridical approach and uses secondary data for qualitative data analysis. The results show that the ulama have formulated at least five rules related to mubâyir and mutasabbib jurisprudence: (1) If the direct perpetrator and cause come together, the law relies on the direct perpetrator; (2) The direct perpetrator must be held responsible even if not intentional; (3) The cause is not responsible unless intentional; (4) An action is based on the perpetrator, not the person who orders it; and (5) An animal's error is not the owner's responsibility.

"Transitional justice": general characteristics

The subject of the study is a special procedural mechanism for establishing the circumstances of the commission of genocide and other crimes against humanity during the functioning of various totalitarian regimes that widely use the practice of mass violations of human rights, the ideology of historical exclusivity, and the destruction of civil society institutions. Usually we are talking about states that have survived dictatorship or war, so the center of judicial knowledge is, first of all, precedents of gross violations of the rules of warfare, torture, mass executions, slavery. The declared goals of "transitional justice" are the rehabilitation of victims of repression. The authors conducted a study of the activities of special judicial presences and truth and reconciliation commissions, summarized the mediation experience implemented in the states of Africa and Southeast Asia. The research methodology is based on the principles of dialectical cognition, as well as a wide range of general scientific and private scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, legal comparative studies). The main conclusions of the study are concentrated around the specifics of the subject jurisdiction of conciliation commissions and tribunals, covering only acts of violence against the civilian population. For the first time, the authors have assessed the effectiveness of these institutions in a number of states. The various methodologies that make up "transitional justice" usually combine the "healing" measures of restorative justice (truth and reconciliation commissions) and a parallel system of punitive justice (mainly against those primarily responsible for the most serious crimes and their direct perpetrators). The text of the article substantiates that the activities carried out within the framework of "transitional justice" are aimed at reforming social institutions by restoring the rule of law and ensuring the functioning of constitutionally established judicial bodies in the future.

Rape and Sexual Abuse Against Women in the Holocaust — Deprived Credibility and Refused Recognition as a Form of Harm

Sexual violence research is often not limited to the direct perpetration of violence, but also focusses on the (inter-)personal processing of the violence experienced. This article presents the various ways in which female survivors of sexual violence in German concentration camps were denied recognition of their suffering, both by the representatives of the Nazi regime in the camps, as well as by their fellow prisoners and finally by the German authorities after the war. In order to understand these complex forms of victimisation, I examine various reasons why women’s experiences were often misrepresented and not taken seriously, thereby silencing the victims and making them almost invisible (deprivation of credibility). Against this background, I show why the deprivation of credibility, long after the physical assaults, should be understood as a persistent form of harm.

Camps for Bosnians and Herzegovians on the territory of Serbia 1992-1996. in the function of destruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina Society and State

There are numerous findings, based solely on media and other reports, on the as yet unidentified number of Bosnians who, during the 1991-1996 aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, were forcibly fled and forcibly displaced from the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. (hereinafter: the Republic of Serbia), were illegally detained and on that occasion numerous forms of crimes against humanity and international law were (committed) against them. A number of victims stayed in camps (or “collection centers”, as they were officially named by the authorities of the Republic of Serbia), which were located in both a number of known and a number of unknown locations. The scientific and general public is not yet disillusioned with the number and locations of camps in the Republic of Serbia, and the number of detained victims of aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the relationship between Serbian authorities and direct perpetrators of crimes against detained victims. The main goal of this research is to answer the central question: were these collection centers of a humanitarian nature or camps where crimes were (committed), and if crimes were committed, to determine their character? Under international humanitarian law, any illegal detention of civilians is considered a violation of that right and is a crime against humanity and international law. The detention of civilians and civilians is a crime that, from appearance to appearance, can be of varying intensity and character: from violations of human rights to freedom of movement, through various forms of torture of victims to executions. Illegal apprehension of civilians and civilians and their placing under political and military or police control of enemy forces, depending on the goals and character of the conflict, can have a variety of intentions: from preventing able-bodied persons from participating in hostilities to intending to do so (ex) exterminates members of a particular group with the characteristics of the group as such.

5·18 당시 계엄군에 의한 여성 성폭력 사건에 대한 국제형사재판소(ICC) 및 국내법원에의 제소 가능성

State-level investigations into state violence that occurred during the May 18 Democratization Movement were conducted several times. So far, the investigation has focused on the truth about excessive suppression, firing and shooting from helicopters by martial law forces. However, the fact-finding of the case of sexual violence against women committed by martial law troops at that time was not properly investigated. In this situation, courageous testimonies of women victims of sexual violence were reported in the media, including the Hankyoreh Newspaper, Yonhap News and SBS Broadcasting in May 2018. As a result, society became aware of the seriousness of the problem.
 The Ministry of National Defense, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, and the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family launched the “Joint Investigation Team for Sexual Violence by the May 18 Martial Law Forces” in June 2018. As a result of the investigation, a number of violations of women's human rights, such as sexual harassment, were found, including 17 cases of sexual assault by martial law troops at the time. And the May 18 Democratization Movement Truth Committee, which was launched in January 2020, is closely investigating cases of sexual violence against women by martial law forces. According to the May 18 committee's investigation results, at least two of the victims of sexual assault were revealed to be high school girls, and it was found that group sexual assault occurred at least twice.
 In particular, after the results of the investigation by the Joint Investigation Team were announced in 2018, the public demanded that not only the direct perpetrators of sexual violence, but also the commanders of related units be identified and punished criminally. It is expected that the demand for such criminal punishment for those involved will increase even more after the results of the investigation by the May 18 committee are finally announced.
 In this regard, the statute of limitations has been completed at the present time. Therefore, there is no longer a right to prosecute, and criminal punishment is impossible. On the other hand, some have suggested that cases of sexual violence against women by martial law forces can be prosecuted at the International Criminal Court(ICC) because they fall under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. In addition, even if it is difficult to prosecute the ICC, there is a view that the perpetrators of sexual violence can be prosecuted and punished in domestic courts based on the criminality of ‘crime against humanity’, which was an international crime in 1980, based on customary international law.
 Therefore, in this paper, first, in relation to the case of sexual violence against women by martial law troops at the time of the May 18, the results of the Joint Investigation Team's investigation of sexual violence against women by martial law troops were briefly reviewed(Ⅱ). Second, as a result of the investigation by the Joint Investigation Team and the May 18 committee, if the substantive true of the case of sexual violence against women by martial law forces was revealed, and the direct perpetrators and related martial law commanders were identified, the possibility of prosecuting them to the International Criminal Court was reviewed(Ⅲ). Thirdly, if criminal punishment through the International Criminal Court is difficult for the relevant person, the possibility of prosecuting them in a domestic court and punishing them was reviewed(Ⅳ).

Crimes without Humanity?

Abstract The development of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) and, more generally, the role of artificial intelligence in warfare, may come to pose unprecedented challenges to criminal law, including by making it harder to link harm to individuals who can be held responsible, due to the pivotal role of the concepts of actus reus, mens rea and causation in that domain. In this context, the notion of meaningful human control has been proposed to address some of the challenges of ensuring accountability for serious violations of international humanitarian law. One possibility might be to link — conceptually, or even legally — meaningful human control with the ‘control theory’ propounded at the International Criminal Court to assign criminal responsibility. Under this theory, the ascription of criminal responsibility to an individual as a direct perpetrator requires an assessment of whether they enjoy an effective ability to decide on the commission of a crime. This article elaborates on some of the issues posed by this approach, proceeding then to consider the most ‘extreme’ instance of AWS, i.e. the deployment of swarms of drones operating autonomously and coordinating their behaviour in a decentralized manner.

Sniper Action in Sarajevo during the Siege Period 1992-1995.

The area of Sarajevo at the beginning of April 1992 was violently divided. Units of the 4th Corps of the 2nd Military District of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), the armed forces that were gathered and supported the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) as well as many local and foreign volunteers and mercenaries occupied strategic positions in and around Sarajevo. Open armed aggression began after Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized as an international independent state. After that, Sarajevo was blocked and put under siege for almost four years. After the partial withdrawal of the JNA from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the 2nd Military District of the JNA was transformed into a part of the Army of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (VSr RBiH), from August 1992 under the name of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS). Through the transformation, the 4th Corps of the JNA became the Sarajevo-Romanian Corps (SRK) VSr RBiH. In the period of the four-year siege of Sarajevo, in order to control Sarajevo, the said forces carried out a “coordinated systematic and long-term campaign of shelling and sniping” in order to “kill, maim, injure and terrorize the civilian population of Sarajevo”. In addition to artillery attacks, which were the most widespread way in which the inhabitants of Sarajevo were killed, another frequent way of killing was sniper attacks. The sniper clearly sees his victim and kills him with intent. Residents of Sarajevo were intentional victims of sniper attacks and were not safe anywhere. Without water, electricity, gas and other necessities of life, the residents fought a daily struggle for bare survival. It was a day and night fight for survival. Cruel individual and mass murders of civilians, including those of the youngest residents, followed by daily wounding, terrorizing, violations of psychological integrity, illegal actions and others, are part of the crimes committed against the inhabitants of Sarajevo in the period 1992-1995. years. Guided primarily by the verdicts and documents of the International Tribunal for War Crimes in The Hague, as well as other relevant archival documents and the statements and expertise of experts, the author shows in her work what the sniping campaign meant. A very important part is the display and description of the types of weapons that were used in such operations, as well as the description of localities and parts of the city from which snipers were most often used. Based on these data, it is very clear to see what the daily life of the inhabitants of the city under siege looked like. The organization of sniper training as well as the places where the training was conducted and in what way are also important parts of the work. The demand and delivery of sniper weapons and ammunition to the Sarajevo-Romania Corps, as well as the identities of the snipers, as well as hired mercenaries and volunteers from other countries, are parts of the work presented by the author. Based on the examples of the victims of sniping, primarily the killing of children, it is clear that the enemy's goal was to kill civilians with intent, directly and in a targeted manner. In this section, the investigated and identified minor victims of sniper attacks as well as the circumstances of the murder are presented in chronological order. As a clear indication that the sniper's intention was to kill them or seriously injure them with permanent consequences, the parts of the body that were hit, which are very often the head, the area around the heart, the stomach, and the lungs, are also shown. In the final part of the paper, the emphasis is on the prosecution and non-prosecution of persons responsible for crimes committed by snipers, before domestic and international courts. Although there is irrefutable evidence of sniper killings of Sarajevo residents, very few or no indictments are filed against those responsible. The direct perpetrators - snipers, who killed the inhabitants of Sarajevo with intent, have not yet been brought to justice and convicted of the crime.

Bad Faith and Freedom in Theater -- An Observation on J-P Sartre’s <i>The Flies</i> --

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of Sartre’s audience theory in his theater theory through a reading of The Flies. Sartre wrote The Flies in 1943 and this work was performed at Théâtre de Cité directed by Charles Dullin. Paris was under German occupation for about four years from June 1940 to August 1944. In 1943, when The Flies was performed, Sartre also published Being and Nothingness. Sartre is known as a philosopher of freedom, and this concept of freedom is depicted as an important theme in The Flies, as well as in Being and Nothingness. This paper aims to investigate his theater from the perspective of bad faith and freedom based on Michel Contat who read Being and Nothingness as a book about resistance against Germany. Freedom in The Flies is embodied by the protagonist Oreste, as pointed out by Robert Lorris and Fronçois Noudelmann. Oreste, the only free human being in Argos, kills Égisthe and Clytemnestre to take the suffering and regret of Électre and the citizens of Argos, which then restores the absence of his soul. From the perspective of bad faith, the analysis will focus on Électre and the citizens of Argos. Électre, who was complicit in the murder of her mother, could not escape from the guilt and denies Oreste, the direct perpetrator, and was attracted to the sweet words of Jupiter, the god of flies and death, and finally falls into madness. The citizens of Argos were portrayed as cowardly citizens who followed those in power and as neighbors who accused their allies. Reading The Flies as a play about the allegory of Paris under occupation, we can think of the citizens of Argos as anguished Parisians, while Électre becoming mad as a Parisian who has joined the German side in order to survive but is experiencing unstable everyday life. In Sartre’s lecture “Le style dramatique” (1944), he said that there is an “absolute distance” in theater and that the audiences, because of this distance, have the desire to go outside themselves in order to see themselves better. When an audience is watching a play and is emotionally attaching themself to an actor, he or she is in a state where he or she sees the actor as the character of the performance within themself. This paper will conclude that when the audiences understood the Other as such a person and invited the Other into the Self, the audiences were able to apart themselves from being alone and enter a state of non-uniqueness. By watching The Flies, the citizens of Paris, who went in a state of bad faith under German occupation, were able to know not only their own painful experiences but also the suffering of people from various walks of life, and they were able to gain freedom which meant a state of non-uniqueness apart from themselves.

The concept of transitional justice: genesis and features

Transitional justice is a set of measures related to systemic or large-scale human rights violations designed to compensate victims of violations and to facilitate or facilitate the transformation of political systems, conflicts and other conditions that may be the cause of violations. Different methods and components of transitional justice usually combine restorative justice measures (truth and reconciliation commissions) and a parallel system of punitive justice (mainly for those most responsible for the most serious crimes and their direct perpetrators). In addition, transitional justice measures are aimed at reforming society’s institutions by restoring the rule of law and ensuring the functioning of the judiciary in the long run. At the same time, their goal is to ensure that crimes committed during the previous period do not go unpunished. Transitional justice is based on the responsibility and compensation of victims. It recognizes their dignity as citizens and as human beings. Ignoring mass abuses is a simple way out, but it destroys the values on which any decent society can be built. Transitional justice raises the most difficult questions of law and policy imaginable. Putting victims and their dignity first signals the path to new commitments to ensure the safety of ordinary citizens in their own countries - from abuse of power and effectively protected from harm by others. The historical development of transitional justice is nonlinear, and its conceptual definitions are descriptive and inexhaustible. In this context, countries in conflict or already in conflict have the opportunity to choose the most appropriate measures and mechanisms to achieve the ultimate goal of transitional justice in that country - justice for victims of conflict and the restoration of peaceful life. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that transitional justice cannot be the embodiment of the justice of the victors, so the parties to the conflict must participate in the national dialogue, and the winners and losers must be held accountable. First of all, it should be noted that transitional justice is only one of the approaches that can be used to build peace, along with the deployment of peacekeeping peacekeeping forces and other measures. It is the combination of these measures that will guarantee the long-term restoration of peace and non-return to the conflict. In addition, such measures may take place with the involvement of various actors, such as: the actual state in which the conflict took place (or is taking place); the international community or both. Key words: human rights and freedoms, transitional justice, armed conflict, post-conflict period.

Допустимо ли е посредствено извършителство при всички престъпни състави?

This article studies the issues of whether indirect perpetration has the same range as direct perpetration, and of whether indirect perpetration is possible every time when the indirect perpetrator uses a non-criminally liable person. And, last but not least, it analyzes the possibility of crimes that require special qualities of the subject or special intention to be committed by the indirect perpetrator.

Internet, Political Regime and Terrorism: A Quantitative Analysis

The Internet provides a medium for the rapid mobilization of dissatisfied citizens and potentially contributes to various forms of political instability, including terrorism. However, the spread of the Internet may not lead to a higher intensity of terrorist attacks because direct perpetrators rely on close personal offline ties, and the national security agencies derive symmetrical benefits from Internet development as terrorists. In addition, the number of connections proxies a general level of country development, which is associated with less terrorist activity. We analyze the relationship between the number of Internet connections and the intensity of terrorist attacks using time-series cross-sectional data from the Global Terrorism Database from 1970 to 2018. Estimation of negative binomial regression models demonstrates an inverse relationship between Internet proliferation and the number of terrorist attacks, which holds for democracies and is absent for autocracies. Our results suggest that Internet proliferation is not a decisive factor in terrorism activity. Its impact on terrorism depends on the type of political regime and the level of socio-economic development.

Reclaiming humanity together: The impact of intra‐ and interpersonal factors on survivor readiness to reconcile in post‐genocide Rwanda

AbstractAfter the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, many grassroots initiatives in Rwanda have focused on reconciliation. The current study examined the relationships between survivor readiness to reconcile and génocidaire shame, guilt, and self‐forgiveness and survivor traumatic stress, desire for outgroup interaction, and beliefs about outgroup members. Survivors (n = 45) and their direct perpetrators (n = 46) who participated as a dyad in a local peacebuilding program were interviewed at four strategic phases. No significant relationship was found between survivor readiness to reconcile and génocidaire shame and guilt; génocidaire self‐forgiveness did not mediate this relationship. Higher survivor traumatic stress symptoms were associated with lower readiness to reconcile, and greater survivor desire for outgroup interaction was associated with greater readiness to reconcile. Fewer survivor prejudicial beliefs towards génocidaires were significantly associated with higher readiness to reconcile. Decades after the genocide, reconciliation follows a non‐linear trajectory and may be more influenced by intrapersonal than interpersonal factors.

Features of the special knowledge use in the investigation of murders committed by convicts in prisons

Negative trends in the economy and social relations are slowing down the process of reforming the economic and financial system. The sharp restriction of state control and other negative phenomena that existed in our country have caused a significant increase in crime, especially its organized forms, resulting in a sharp increase in the number of particularly serious crimes against the person. A felony such as murder committed by a convict in prison is no exception.
 These criminal offenses invariably cause a significant public response, because, firstly, a serious criminal offense is committed, such as murder, secondly, it is committed by convicts serving sentences, and thirdly, as a rule, this category of criminal offenses is committed in correctional facilities.
 Convicts are persons with criminal experience who know the peculiarities of law enforcement agencies and have techniques for counteracting the investigation of criminal offenses, so the investigator faces the difficult task of identifying and exposing both the direct perpetrators and organizers (intermediaries) of such murders. That is why it is impossible to search for, record, seize and investigate the criminologically significant information about crimes of this kind necessary for the investigation and the court without the use of various special knowledge.
 In addition, the continuous improvement of technical means and methods significantly expands the range of specialized knowledge, which, in turn, allows you to identify, record and remove traces that were previously unavailable for research. However, the problem is that investigators are often not fully informed about the possibilities of using expertise in the investigation of criminal offenses. It should also be borne in mind that murder of this category is committed in a specific situation, namely in correctional facilities. All the above determined the relevance of the chosen research topic.

Gender-Based ‘Women-to-Women’ Violence Against Urban Chinese Single Women (Aged 30–48) in Contemporary China

In the context of a patriarchal society, ‘women-to-women’ violence is often overlooked or under-appreciated as a form of gender-based violence. This is due to its smaller scale and lower profile compared to ‘men-to-women’ violence, and its perceived lower impact on society. In 2017, in-depth interviews were conducted with 32 never-married single Chinese women aged 30–48 in 13 cities across mainland China, to ascertain how single women in China both perceive and experience ‘women-to-women’ violence. The field research provided extensive evidence that urban unmarried women over the age of 30 are still negatively perceived in contemporary Chinese society, and are subject to a range of punitive actions including insults, verbal violence and social exclusion. Notably, most of the direct perpetrators of violent acts against single women are married women, who are seen to accept and defend the patriarchal society and value system to vilify the existence of single women. Manifestations of the negative image of single women range from moral condemnation and voicing support for patriarchal gender roles, to verbal and physical attacks on single women. This study contributes to the growing recognition of gender-based ‘women-to-women’ violence and the public hostility single women face in China, with the hope that greater awareness of the problem can help single women to live in a more tolerant social environment.

State responsibility in gender-based family violence


 
 
 This paper analyzes the position of the State as potentially accountable for the gender violence that occurs in the domestic sphere, that is, outside the traditional schemes established by the human rights framework, in which the State generally responds when it intervenes as a direct perpetrator. The analysis of this type of responsibility contributes to the debate on the new perspectives of administrative law, which makes it necessary to include the gender focus in the discipline to determine the State’s responsibility for not displaying diligent behavior in the prevention of gender violence.
 
 

The Problem of Classification of Targets in Informational Conflicts

As a result of changes in the technological tenor and congruous with it organization of the world economy, serious changes have occurred in the gradation of participants in armed conflicts. Firstly, the warring parties are not only states now. Secondly, the vast majority of the targets to be overpowered to ensure victory in the conflict are currently in the private sector and out of state control. Also, an essential feature of the information confrontation is that in the vast majority of situations, the direct perpetrator of an information attack cannot be identified immediately and to a large extent due to the fact that “military” conflicts in cyberspace in the context of international relations can be “embedded” in various forms of struggle for power: political, economic, informational, technological, media and ideological, etc. That is, a significant number of participants in ordinary everyday life implicit activities in all walks of life from all over the globe can be not only indirect but also direct participants of informational conflict.In the digital era, targets selected for destruction can have completely different and unexpected properties, which leads to the existence of a significant number of approaches to the classification of targets of informational impact. Force is used against physical and virtual objects in the physical, informational and cognitive dimensions.The complexity of assessing the physical damage inflicted on states, and their population in the cognitive sphere conformably, and relating it with the practice of assigning international responsibility for the use of traditional means of warfare makes it impossible to form any adequate universal international political and legal regime for countering information threats in the near future. The elimination of threats in cyberspace is a common interest in ensuring international stability, but at present it can be carried out by states only on their own.A statement of the specified list of unacceptable aggressive actions carried out through information influences in the federal legislation will be, in essence, a preventive measure, since it will establish a threshold restriction for other international actors to interfere in the internal affairs of the state from outside.

Humans and machines need to collaborate to tackle financial crime

Economic growth has relied for hundreds of years on technology to allow the aggregation of capital and labour and exploitation of knowledge at a distance, through developments such as movable type, the limited liability company and the telegraph. Technology has played a vital part in enabling the trust that underpins, allowing parties to deal with individuals and businesses they have never met. Economic crime is fundamentally about abuse of that trust. Whether in the direct perpetration of a fraud on a buyer or seller, or by using systems designed to assist legitimate business to aid criminals by laundering the proceeds of crime, technology underpins most economic crime - enabling, facilitating and disguising it.

Ubwiyunge Mubikorwa (reconciliation in action): Development and Field Piloting of Action-Based Psychosocial Reconciliation Approach in post-Gacaca Rwanda

Reconciliation is a “hazy” construct that calls for further systematic understanding efforts. The purpose of the present study was to illuminate and understand authentic and idiographic processes of interpersonal reconciliation between survivors and perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. An original interpersonal reconciliation approach termed action-based psychosocial reconciliation approach (ABPRA) was developed and implemented in two remote villages of Rwanda. Lived experiences of reconciliation dyads (consisting of survivors and their direct perpetrators) who participated in ABPRA were collected employing a postsession, semistructured interview. Thematic content analysis of the data revealed five major themes representing the beneficial impacts of ABPRA. This paper introduces an overview of ABPRA and reports the results from the field pilot study. The reporting features a collection of participant reported narratives highlighting the beneficial effects of ABPRA on their healing and reconciliation process. The paper concludes with the implications of the study to enhance further efforts to support the interpersonal reconciliation process in Rwanda. Key implications for practice The study explored the beneficial impact of a novel interpersonal approach to post-Genocide community reconciliation in Rwanda. The study illuminated the lived experiences of Genocide survivors and perpetrators engaged in the process of interpersonal reconciliation. The study developed a piece of research evidence for a practical, economical and sustainable interpersonal reconciliation programme.

Вербовка в экстремистские и террористические организации посредством сети Интернет

This article addresses extremism and terrorism as forms of violent actions, intense recruitment of individuals into the rank-and-file membership of organized formations and using those individuals as direct perpetrators of unlawful acts, as well as most common psychological traps for engaging into international terrorist organizations. It has been noted that extremism and terrorism have become a serious challenge for the modern world, increasingly threatening the security of many countries. A mechanism is outlined for drawing individuals into international terrorist organizations using social networks. The article describes in detail that most vulnerable to suggestions are teenagers, young people who haven't found their place in life and who have psychological problems, young girls who haven't been successful in their personal lives and of those who use the internet for games. Additionally, the article raises the issue of fighting against the modern-day terrorism which makes use of various tools to bring into play the recruits and make them perform terrorist acts. Strategies of fighting against terrorists are described.

Interpersonal Gun Violence Research in the Social Work Literature.

Interpersonal gun violence remains a major public health issue in the United States and beyond. This article explores the research on interpersonal gun violence published in peer-reviewed social work journals since the mid-1990s. Findings from this review indicate that the existing scholarship offers some important insights into this topic, particularly related to risk factors for and the effects of exposure to gun violence. These findings, however, also point to some shortcomings in the literature, including problems with the measurement and analytic treatment of exposure to gun violence and a lack of research with direct victims and perpetrators of gun violence. Implications for future research are discussed.