Direct Observation Method Research Articles

Individual Kaizen in Japan: an exploratory multiple case study in a micro work environment

PurposeUnderstanding work and its improvement from the individual’s perspective has become a critical issue in the 21st century. We are witnessing an overwhelming amount of information that is contributing to high stress levels among workers worldwide, which in turn has a significant impact on their physical health. From Imai's (1986) concept of Kaizen-Individual and Ohno’s (1978) idea of Manual Kaizen, the individual has always been at the heart of Kaizen philosophy. Recent research continues to explore this concept, focusing on aspects such as a sense of urgency or self-improvement. In this way, the purpose of this research is to explore and understand in depth Individual Kaizen in the micro work of Japanese companies; for this, the following research question is available: How is Individual Kaizen implemented in the work processes of the Japanese manufacturing companies examined?Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used was qualitative due to its exploratory nature. To this end, the strategy of multiple case studies was used during stays in manufacturing companies in Japan. Methods of direct observation, documentary analysis, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used.FindingsThe study in Japanese companies shed light on the micro work environment and how workers execute their processes through operational standards focused on visual control (mieruka), individual and manual Kaizen as well as quality at the source. With all this context, the result was that Individual Kaizen is made up of four major elements: willingness to improve (Jishusei), life purpose (Ikigai), sense of urgency and commitment to work (Kodawari).Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge that this study may have certain limitations due to its exploratory nature. Although a case study methodology was employed, limitations are always possible, primarily due to the small sample size and the bias that may arise from leaving out certain companies or key actors. Furthermore, the interviews were conducted only in a few Japanese companies, most of which are large and have an international presence.Originality/valueFew studies have analyzed Kaizen in Japan, perhaps those by Brunet and New (2003), Macpherson (2015) and Yokozawa et al. (2021). However, delving deeper into the term Individual Kaizen in the micro-work of Japanese companies is novel and unique, in the sense of generating more theoretical constructs of Kaizen. First article that attempts to explain this work dynamic in micro work through Individual Kaizen.

Degraded Forest Evaluation Using Vegetation Indices at Bandealit Resort, Meru Betiri National Park

The forest degradation and deforestation was widely occurred in Indonesia and Meru Betiri National Park is one of the area with illegal loggings threats. Bandealit Resort as one of the resort in Meru Betiri National Park was reported as the area with high activity of illegal loggings specifically in 2020. Based on this information, this research study aims to evaluate the degraded level of the forests using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Enhanced Vegetation Index (NDVI and EVI) so it can be managed and evaluated in the future. This research use direct and indirect observation methods in three areas with different damage levels. Direct observation was done by counting the number of species and the stands trees, while the indirect observation was analyzing the Landsat 8 Imagery in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the A area had the lowest density with only 45 remaining trees than two others with more than 150 trees. The greenness levels imply the quality level of tree stand density, as higher the tree stand density, the higher the greenness. NDVI and EVI showed that A area had the range from low greenness (sparse density) to high greenness (medium density) than two others area had the higher greenness and densities.

Peningkatan Kepatuhan Pajak Melalui Sosialisasi Perpajakan kepada Komunitas Bisnis Multi-Level Marketing Minyak Aroma Terapi di Yogyakarta

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tax socialization in improving tax compliance among the multi-level marketing (MLM) business community of aromatherapy oil in Yogyakarta. The research employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation methods. The results indicate that despite high participant enthusiasm, there is a gap in tax compliance. Out of 25 participants, 5 individuals did not possess a Taxpayer Identification Number (NPWP), while 15 out of 20 participants with an NPWP had not reported their MLM income. Limited understanding of tax administrative obligations emerged as a key factor. The tax socialization methods employed, including face-to-face and online approaches, had their respective advantages and drawbacks. Face-to-face socialization was perceived as more interactive, whereas online socialization offered flexibility. This study recommends more intensive educational approaches and follow-up mentoring programs to assist participants in comprehending and fulfilling their tax obligations correctly. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for the government and tax authorities in designing more effective tax socialization strategies to enhance tax compliance, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprise segments

Behavior comparison between bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) living in Bali Exotic Marine Park captivity and Lovina Beach, Bali

The bottlenose dolphin is a species often used in the entertainment industry worldwide. They are the most commonly encountered type of dolphin in aquariums and water parks, where they are featured in shows. This research aims to determine the behavioural differences of Tursiops spp. living in their natural habitat versus in captivity to improve and enhance the quality of life for these animals in captivity. Data collection for this study involved a direct observation method of dolphins at Bali Exotic Marine Park (BEMP) and Lovina Beach for four weeks at each location, with a descriptive analysis of the findings. The results indicate that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) living in their natural habitat exhibit behaviours typical of wild dolphins and do not show signs of stress, demonstrating well-being with non-repetitive and varied behaviour patterns according to their natural activities. In contrast, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in captivity display behaviours similar to those in the wild but also exhibit abnormal behaviours, including signs of stress such as the occurrence of Repetitive Abnormal Behaviour three times (0.3%), as well as other repetitive behaviours like surface displays, side breaching, chuffing, and sexual behaviours. These behaviours may be attributed to a lack of social interaction with other dolphins, disturbances from humans, and limitations in the captive environment.

Legal Protection Of Indonesian Migrant Workers In Malaysia From The International Labor Organization (ILO) Perspective

Work is the need for everyone to meet the needs of life for themselves and their families. Indonesian migrant workers have high hopes for improving their lives to achieve the welfare of themselves and their families, one of which is by working in Malaysia. This study uses an empirical juridical method with direct interview and observation methods in Malaysia and related parties to obtain accurate data. Some conditions and problems occur for Indonesian migrant workers working in Malaysia. In working in Malaysia as an Indonesian Migrant Worker, you must go through stages according to the provisions of the Law, and if violated, there are strict sanctions. The UN agency that handles Manpower issues, or the ILO, must provide strict supervision and guidance for Legal Protection and Legal Certainty for everyone who works abroad. Good coordination between the Central and Regional Governments, especially in Indonesia, is essential so that cases against Indonesian Migrant Workers can be appropriately handled.

KEGIATAN USAHA PENGGILINGAN DAGING PT. SOLO INDAH DI KELURAHAN LOLU SELATAN KOTA PALU

Entrepreneurship is a creative and innovative ability that is used as a basis, tips, and resources to find opportunities for success. When compared to developed countries in the world, the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is still very low, the entrepreneurial intention model has been proposed as a better alternative to predict entrepreneurial activity.This study aims to determine how new entrepreneurs identify business opportunities based on creativity and entrepreneurial innovation.The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the success of meat grinding entrepreneurs in the city of Palu, by conducting direct observation methods to meat grinding business owners through questionnaires covering managerial, marketing, and operational aspects. In addition, the SWOT analysis identifies untapped market opportunities, such as the development of processed meat products and partnerships with local restaurants. This study recommends innovation to increase competitiveness in the market. These findings are expected to be a reference for new entrepreneurs in building a meat grinding business.This study cannot be said to be a complete picture of how the opportunity identification process is carried out by entrepreneurs, because each field has different conditions and problems so that further research is still needed.

Characterizing Emergency Department Disposition Conversations for Persons Living With Dementia: Protocol for an Ethnographic Study.

Almost 40% of persons living with dementia make an emergency department (ED) visit each year. One of the most impactful and costly elements of their ED care is the decision to discharge or admit them to the hospital-the "disposition" decision. When more than one reasonable option exists regarding a health care decision, such as the decision to admit or not, it often requires a complex conversation between patients, care partners, and ED providers, ideally involving shared decision-making. However, little is known about how these conversations are conducted and the real-world context in which they take place. Best practices in ED communication and shared decision-making for persons living with dementia and their care partners are limited. This study aims to characterize current practices in ED disposition conversations for persons living with dementia and their care partners, informed by perspectives from patient and care partner participants. This study will use an ethnographic design, including direct observation methods with a semistructured data collection tool to capture the ED encounter for up to 20 patient and care partner dyads, including all discussions about dispositions. Follow-up qualitative, semistructured interviews will be conducted with persons living with dementia and their care partners to explore specific observations made during their ED encounter, and to gain insight into their perspective on their role and elements of decision support used during that conversation. Data collection was initiated in October 2023, with 13 dyads recruited and observed as of July 2024. This study is expected to be completed by December 2024. Novel methods can offer novel insights. By combining direct observation and follow-up interviews about an ED visit, our study design will provide insights into how ED disposition occurs in real-world settings for persons living with dementia. Findings can inform more patient-centered interventions for disposition decision-making. DERR1-10.2196/65043.

A Method for the Analysis of Data About Dyadic Relationships

Psychological research in many subfields focuses on dyads because they influence individual cognitions, emotions, and behavior. However, the measurement of relationship characteristics has been elusive. Although direct observational methods have been hailed as the gold standard, they have some disadvantages, such as their high cost and external validity. We propose a factor-analytic method, specifically the bifactor model, using self-report data from each individual of a dyad. This method has been applied to many contexts but not yet to dyadic data. We show that the information that can be gleaned from these data is relatively low-cost but rich in terms of the insight it yields about the nature of the dyadic relationship. We demonstrate two different applications of the bifactor model to data from married couples.•The bifactor model can be used to identify the individual-specific and dyadic aspects of data reported by the members of a dyad.•The estimates of the bifactor model of dyadic data can yield information about hierarchical aspects of a relationship, which are not directly assessed.

Diversity of Medicinal Plants in Nubamado Village, Lembata District to Cure Livestock Diseases

People in Indonesia who still use plants to cure livestock diseases are the people of Nubamado village. Knowledge about traditional medicines is very little known and is usually only passed on from generation to generation. The purpose of the study was to describe the types of plants or record the types of local medicinal herbs used by the community in curing animal diseases. The method used in this research is descriptive survey method, namely direct observation method and Participatory Rural Appraisal method, which is an assessment process oriented towards the involvement and active role of the community in research. The sampling technique on medicinal plants was carried out by means of researchers directly documenting it, while the informant technique was carried out by means of, Determination of the initial sample was carried out using Purposive Sampling. After the initial observation, the next informant selection was carried out using the Snowball Sampling method, which is an informant selection technique based on key informant recommendations. Based on the results of the study, there are 25 types of plants that are used by the people of Nubamado village as medicine, the part of the plant that is most often used by the community is the leaves. Family Zingiberaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, is the most widely used family as medicinal plants in Nubamado village, the second largest family is Solanaceae, Piperaceae and Fabaceae. The least family is Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Piperaceae, Mimosaceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Musaceae, Alliaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Caricaceae.

Media Papan Huruf Terhadap Hasil Belajar SLB C Karya Tulus

The application of letter board media can improve the ability to recognize letters in children in SLB-C. The ability to recognize letters is an important development in children that must be developed from an early age. The ability to recognize letters in question is saying letters, showing letters, connecting letters with pictures. In this observation, the observer uses a direct observation method focused on the interaction between the teacher and students as well as the teaching methods used in the classroom. Based on the results of observations, improving the ability to recognize letters in children at SLB C Karyasincere through the application of letter board media. This can be done by the teacher introducing the letter board media to the children, directly practicing the activities that will be carried out, using the letter board media in turns, the teacher asking the children to name various letters, and combining the letters into one word. The ability to recognize children's letters after using this media shows increased results.

Reliability and objectivity of the new version of the 'susceptibility test for body injuries during a fall' (STBIDF-M) in physiotherapy students

Background and Study Aim. Falls are a global public health and economic challenge. Since falls are often unavoidable, it is crucial to focus on preventing injuries caused by the impact with the ground. The aim of this study was to verify the reliability and objectivity of the STBIDF-M. Material and Methods. The sample included 30 male (n = 9) and female (n = 21) physiotherapy students (age 20.97 ± 1.16 years; weight: 66.5 ± 12.06 kg; height: 171 ± 9.62 cm). The STBIDF-M was administered twice, with the second measurement (retest) conducted seven days after the first (test). A method of direct secondary observation, allowing for multiple replays, was used. The assessment involved reviewing video recordings of both stages (test and retest) by three experts experienced in using the STBIDF-M. Results. Each expert observed a tendency to reduce errors during the 'retest' compared to the 'test' stage. This was measured by the arithmetic mean. Statistically significant differences were found in tasks 3, 4, 5, 6, and in the IndexSBIDF-M based on the experts' agreed assessments. Three students (10%) repeated their results from the 'test' stage, showing full correlation. Twenty students (66.67%) demonstrated a tendency to reduce errors. The IndexSBIDF-M 'test-retest' results showed a very high positive correlation (r = 0.810, p < 0.01). This indicates a statistically significant impact of motor modifications in most students. Specifically, clapping hands during Task 3 and pressing the sponge to the body with the chin during Task 4, simulating a backward fall, helped reduce errors. These reductions were noted during ground impact as the degree of coordination difficulty increased in subsequent tasks. Conclusions. The results of this 'test-retest' procedure demonstrate the flexible, non-standardized possibilities of analyzing and synthesizing data using this basic method. This flexibility is attributed to the innovative motor structure of the STBIDF-M, which goes beyond traditional methodological approaches. Observing the unconscious behaviors and actions of the participants has provided valuable insights into inferential phenomena related to the mental and intellectual aspects of human personality.

Digital Storytelling as a Method of Achieving Visual Literacy

The research aims to explore the pedagogical benefits of the digital storytelling tool on the acquisition of visual literacy among higher education learners, as well as their personal attitudes during the process of completion of the specific task. Two main questions were asked: “Does digital storytelling support the development of key skills related to visual literacy?” and “Do the learners feel sufficiently engaged and motivated in the specific pedagogical tool of digital storytelling?” A qualitative approach was used using the method of direct observation and a survey with free-text answers. As in our case, Digital story is intended for students studying audiovisual disciplines in higher education, we have significantly raised the performance and assessment criteria so as to be adequate to the level of professional training to be covered by the relevant academic degree. The subjective evaluations of the students clearly showed a positive attitude towards the learning process, and the objective teaching observations brought out the presence of achievements in an upward direction. The important teaching conclusions are that, in a pedagogical aspect, Digital story fulfilled its purpose – to assist in a light and fun way to master audiovisual technical and creative skills at a high professional level, to engage learners with course content, to have a lasting impact on higher order visual literacy skills, to effectively develop visual thinking.

Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan pada PT Telkom Indonesia Witel Bogor

Human resources are the most important part in achieving success when achieving company goals. Success and failure that occur in achieving organizational goals depend on the capabilities of its human resources. This research aims to determine whether there is a partial and simultaneous influence of the work environment and work motivation on job satisfaction. This research uses a statistical quantitative approach and uses direct observation methods and questionnaire methods. This research was conducted in May - June 2024 at PT Telkom Indonesia Witel Bogor with a population of 49 respondents with a sample of 44. This research was tested by testing data quality, testing classical assumptions, testing hypotheses. From the results of the t test, the work environment has an insignificant influence on job satisfaction, and work motivation has a significant influence on job satisfaction. From the results of the f test, it was found that the calculated f was 139,242 > f table 3.23 and the sig was 0.000 < 0.05, so it was said that work environment variables and motivation had a simultaneous influence on job satisfaction.

Fish Distribution Pattern and Management in the Tinau River, Palpa

For study direct observation, survey, questionnaire, interviews and discussion method are used to meet the objectives. The main objectives of the study were fish distribution pattern and fish management. The field work was performed between September 2016 to june 2017 of different five stations in Tinau river. Local fishermen were also used for the collection of fishes from sampling sites. Cast net, hook, Bhureli jal and Nets (Jhal) other locally available devices were used for the collection of fish sample. Altogether 5 orders, 9 families, 14 genera and 25 species were found in the study area. Among them 19 fish species from Station I, 16 fish Species from Station II and station III, 10 fish species from Station IV and 7 species from Station V were collected with the help of local fisherman. Fish species such as Channa punctatus, Puntius conchonius and Glyptothorax pectinopterus were found to be clumped in distribution while the rest of the fishes were uniformly distributed. Cyprinids were found to be the most common and dominant among all the species. The human impacts like construction of dam, bridges, riverbed extraction, bank erosion, illegal fishing and use of poisonous chemicals effects on the fish distribution and management directly of the Tinau river. For the management practices like implementation of strict rules and regulations, made ladder for fish passing, construction of fish barrier, plantation, control water pollution and awareness programmes should be done with the help of local people and other institutions. This study helps the local people to pay more attention towards the knowledge about indigenous or locally found fishes and proper management of the Tinau river.

How much active teaching should be incorporated into college course lectures to promote active learning?

A long-standing controversy in the learning sciences involves the appropriate balance between more didactic forms of instruction (e.g., lecture) and those that involve more active teaching (e.g., student learning activities). There have been calls for second generation research that examines how much class time should be allocated to student learning activities and how much to lecture to maximize student learning in college courses—a question of the appropriate mix of instructor lecture and student activity. The purpose of the present study was to systematically compare the effects on learning outcomes of two mixtures of learning activities and lecture during a college course on research methods: mostly lecture (consisting of ∼67 % to 75 % lecture and ∼25 % to 33 % learning activities), and mostly activity (consisting of ∼67 % to 75 % learning activities and ∼25 % to 33 % lecture). In a between-subjects design, students in a research-methods in psychology course experienced in-class lessons that were mostly lecture or mostly activity across two different lessons. Participants in the mostly activity condition scored significantly higher on an assessment of learning than those in the mostly lecture condition for a lesson on single-case research designs (d = 0.38) which was less complex but performance between the two instructional conditions was similar for the lesson on direct observational methods which was more complex. Theoretical implications involve potential refinements to generative learning theory. Practical implications involve recommendations for when to provide high amounts of student learning activities during a class period.

Herpetofauna Diversity And Distribution Pattern Of Selected Ecological Sites Of Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State – Nigeria

Background: This study aimed at understanding the diversity and distribution of herpetofauna resources with the specific objectives to: determine the relative abundance of herpetofauna resources; ascertain the distribution pattern of herpetofauna resources in relation to the ecological sites; and determine herpetofauna resource diversity in Girei Local Government Area of Adamawa State - Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study area was divided into seven ecological sites: home area, open land area, farmland area, rocky area, grassland area, shrubby area and woodland area. Direct observation method involving an intensive search for the presence of herpetofauna resources was employed for the census. Cluster analysis was used to determine the pattern of distribution of herpetofauna resources while diversity indices were calculated using Simpson’s diversity index. Results: The results obtained showed that herpetofauna resources belonging to seven families were inventoried: Bufonidae, Ranidae, Agamidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Ophidae and Chamaeleonidae. The single –linkage cluster analysis showed only one cluster, indicating similar herpetofauna resources distribution in all the ecological sites. The Simpson’s diversity index of the herpetofauna resources was 0.2870. The results therefore suggest high diversity of herpetofauna resources, irrespective of ecological sites in the study area. It was concluded that there should be creation of herpetofauna refuge by encouraging people to establish hedgerows, fencerows, wood piles and preserve forest thickets between farmlands in the study area

Correlative electron microscopy of discontinuous precipitation

This paper presents a comprehensive study on discontinuous precipitation (DP) in Al-22 at.% Zn alloy, leveraging the correlative and synergic effects of advanced microscopy and modelling techniques. The study is structured into three pivotal steps: in-situ scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy backscattered diffraction analysis for real-time monitoring and an analysis of DP reaction kinetics and grain boundary misorientations; transmission electron microscopy and an energy X-ray dispersive microanalysis for detailed observation of solute-depleted α and solute-rich β lamellae, offering insights into the kinetics of the reaction front (RF) and solute concentration profiles; and a sophisticated modelling approach addressing the limitations of direct observation methods by simulating solute concentration changes within αphase lamellae during RF go-and-stop cycles. This multifaceted approach elucidates the nuances of DP mechanisms, from the nucleation and growth of precipitates to the estimation of instantaneous RF velocity and the impact of grain boundary misorientations. The integration of these methodologies enhances our understanding of DP kinetics and morphology at both meso- and nanoscales, highlighting the significant role of correlative microscopy in metallurgical research. The findings not only deepen our grasp of the fundamental mechanisms driving DP reactions but also provide a valuable comparison framework for experimental data, potentially guiding the development and optimization of metallurgical processes.

STUDI PERILAKU LEBAH KELULUT Tetragonula fuscobalteata (APIDAE: MELLIPONINAE) DALAM MENEMPATI SARANG KOTAK BARU

Kelulut bees have different habits when building nests between species. Tetragonula fuscobalteata is a type of the kelulut bee that is widely cultivated. Collecting bee colonies is generally carried out using various techniques, including nest dismantling, grafting, and bait techniques. Much research has been conducted on broodstock of kelulut bees, such as colony propagation techniques and the use of nest grafting methods, but research on the behavior of placing kelulut bee colonies in new nest boxes, especially on the T. fuscobalteata species, has never been carried out and done a lot. Therefore, this study aims to provide data regarding the behavior of placing T. fuscobalteata kelulut bee colonies in new nest boxes and measuring the temperature and humidity in new nest boxes sprayed with propolis extract liquid. This research used a direct observation method on new nest boxes that had been sprayed with propolis extract, and propolis was attached to the box entrance hole. The results showed that the movement behavior of the T. fuscobalteta bee colony from the old nest to the new nest occurred on the third day after repairing the nest and building the nest in the form of making honey bags, eggs, and bees. Bread occurs for 5 days. The ideal temperature in the nest is between 27.7 0C-29.70C, and the ideal humidity is between 70%-80%. The results of this research can be a reference for kelulut honey bee breeders, especially the T. Fuscobalteata, about the propagation of kelulut bee colonies

The Effect of Educandy Game on Social Studies Learning Outcomes of Food Technology Materials in Grade 3 of SD Negeri Cibatok 1

There is minimal use of innovative learning media in schools, especially at the elementary school level, even though in elementary schools students really need help with learning media to understand the material presented by the teacher. Included in class 3 social studies subjects. The aim of this research is to find out student learning outcomes using educational games, so that we can find out students' activities in the learning process in social studies subjects using direct observation methods at school. The subjects of this research were 1 learning media expert and 1 practitioner, namely the teacher. The test subjects were 46 grade 3 students consisting of the experimental class and the control class. Data collection methods are observation, interviews, tests and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive analysis and statistics. The results of the research, namely the results of media validity tests for the Educandy game application, based on assessments from material and media experts supported by teacher and student responses, show that the media validity value is very high and feasible with an average percentage value of 95%. The results of the T-test show that there is a significant difference in student learning outcomes before and after media use. Educandy game learning media in social studies subjects are suitable for use and are effective in improving student learning outcomes.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Analisis Fakta dan Opini Peserta Didik Kelas XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya dengan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif

This study aims to describe the improvement of the ability to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text of students of class XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya, as well as to describe the effectiveness of cooperative learning model in class XI TEK 2 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya. This type of research is a class action research (PTK). This class action research was conducted in class XI TEK 2 of SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya in semester 1 of 2024/2025 academic year. The subjects of this study were students of class XI TEK 2 consisting of 31 students; 24 male students and 7 female students. Data collection techniques using direct observation and test methods. Based on the results and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) There was an increase in the learning outcomes of students in class XI TEK 2 in learning to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text. The increase in student learning outcomes was 37.5. In addition, the increase in learning outcomes did not only occur in students who had not met the minimum score in cycle I, but also in 4 groups at once. Even as many as three groups achieved maximum learning outcomes. (2) Cooperative learning model is effective in learning to analyze facts and opinions in argumentation text. The cooperative learning model encourages learners to actively discuss to determine facts and opinions in argumentation text in groups.