Direct Mail Research Articles

Addressing bladder and bowel challenges in dutch multiple sclerosis patients: Symptom prevalence and patient referral pathways.

Nerve damage and/or spinal cord injury in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) may result in the development of bladder and bowel problems. We wanted to gain insight into two issues: the prevalence of bladder and bowel problems among individuals with MS and the referral pathways for these problems to various physicians treating patients with MS. In the autumn of 2021, we undertook a nationwide cross-sectional study. We used a comprehensive questionnaire comprising 63 questions covering aspects such as MS diagnosis, disease progression, bladder and bowel issues, and consultations with healthcare professionals. Individuals with MS were invited to participate through social media or by direct mail. The study included 1,082 validated respondents (81.5% female) with an average age of 53.3 years at participation, and an average age of 38.3 years at MS-diagnosis. Among the respondents, 91% experienced bladder problems while 73% indicated they had bowel problems. Within these respective groups, 42% and 47% were not aware of the connection between these issues and MS. Bladder and bowel related complaints disrupted daily life for 45% and 28% of the respondents, respectively. The patients consulted various healthcare providers for their complaints. Most respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the time it took to resolve their problems and 9% of those with bladder complaints and 60% of those with bowel complaints had not yet found a satisfactory solution. In the Netherlands, bladder and bowel symptoms in individuals with MS are highly prevalent and have a considerable impact on quality of life. Lack of awareness of these symptoms frequently leads to inadequate recognition, both by the patient and healthcare professional. Patients often consult various healthcare professionals for these complaints, which can potentially result in suboptimal treatment due to a lack of specialized expertise.

Direct Mail or Bonded Warehouse? Logistics Mode Selection in Cross-Border E-Commerce under Exchange Rate Risk

The rapid development of cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) has enabled more suppliers to expand into overseas markets, meeting increasingly diverse consumer demands. Selecting an effective logistics mode is a crucial issue for suppliers, yet uncertainty in demand and exchange rate fluctuations make this problem challenging. This paper considers a supply chain consisting of a supplier and a CBEC platform. Using a distributionally robust optimization approach, we provide optimal overseas warehousing strategies and logistics mode selection for suppliers, given partial distribution information of market demand and exchange rate, such as means, variances, and covariances. It is found that when demand and exchange rate fluctuations are small, the supplier chooses the bonded warehouse logistics mode to reduce costs. Conversely, when demand and exchange rate fluctuations increase, the supplier opts for the direct mail mode to respond flexibly to market risk. The correlation between exchange rate and demand also affects the choice of logistics mode. Specifically, with low correlation, the preference is for the bonded warehouse mode, whereas high correlation leads suppliers to choose the direct mail mode. In addition, the impact of demand and exchange rate fluctuations on suppliers’ overseas warehousing volumes depends on the product’s profit margin. These findings provide guidance for the selection of CBEC logistics under exchange rate risk.

Keys to Improving Direct Mail Fundraising Results

Keys to Improving Direct Mail Fundraising Results

Sistem Informasi Arsip Terpadu LPP TVRI Stasiun Kalimantan Selatan

The research discusses the development of an Information System for LPP TVRI StasiunKalimantan Selatan, which faces challenges such as paper shortages, stationery conservation,and direct mail delivery, leading to delays in mail validation when officials are on business trips.To address these issues, the development of an internal mail management system is consideredcrucial to enhance service efficiency at TVRI Stasiun Kalimantan Selatan. The objective of thisdevelopment is to build an Integrated Archive System for LPP TVRI Stasiun Kalimantan Selatan.The method used in the system development is the waterfall method. The results fromimplementing this system show that mail management has become more efficient. In conclusion,this system facilitates TVRI Stasiun Kalimantan Selatan in managing incoming and outgoing mail,thereby improving services more effectively and quickly..

Implementation of the Disclosure Principle in Submitting Evidence in Civil Lawsuits Through e-Court in the Class 1 A District Court Medan and Class 1 A District Court Lubuk Pakam

This article aims to determine the implementation of the principle of disclosure in submitting evidence in civil lawsuits through e-Court in the district court, by taking the location of research in the Class 1 A District Court Medan and Class 1 A District Court Lubuk Pakam. Technological advances have provided convenience in public services, including electronic case resolution services in district courts with the introduction of e-Court. The research methods used are the type of normative juridical research supported by field research, the approach methods used are statutory approaches and conceptual approaches, secondary data sources and primary data, technical data collection literature research and field research, qualitative data analysis and deductive conclusions. This study concludes that the electronic justice system (e-Court) in the Medan Class 1 A District Court and Lubuk Pakam Class 1 A Court provides convenience to the parties concerned and their legal representatives to submit evidence in civil lawsuits, but regarding the implementation of the principle of disclosure, the information obtained regarding evidence is only limited to information on letter evidence that enters the Court Information Tracing System which is still of doubtful authenticity without direct mail check.

Research on B2C Cross-Border Electronic Commerce Return Logistics Model Selection Based on Estimated Return Rate

This paper investigates the estimated return rate and optimal order quantity under three cross-border e-commerce return logistics modes: direct mail (from predecessor), in situ destruction (new), and insurance (new). The estimated return rate under each model was analyzed and it was found that different modes have different thresholds in delivery lead time (the time retailers need to deliver goods to customers), and within which the estimated return rate increases as the delivery lead time increases. And a size comparison of the estimated return rates for the three models was conducted. A profit model was constructed based on the estimated return rate model, the optimal order quantity was calculated, and the effects of different factors (tax, postage, and delivery lead time etc.) on it were analyzed. For the insurance model, the effect of bearing the insurance ratio between retailers and consumers on the optimal order quantity was examined. The goal of this paper was to construct a model of the estimated return rate for the two new modes and to compare the estimated return rate of the three modes, which provides a reference for retailers to choose among the diversified return logistics modes and then make the best ordering strategy according to the influence of different factors on the optimal order quantity.

Strategic Marketing Communication for Sustainable Growth: Examining the Influence on Export Intentions and Financial Performance in Iron and Mining SMEs

The positive contributions that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make in the iron and mining industries are vital for the development of the global economy. However, their costly operations in disadvantaged regions and the green economy interests of financial institutions have made them face more financial obstacles that decrease their export and financial performance. In this regard, their ability to use marketing communication tools that are included in the dynamic capability of Resource-based View theory (RBV) can reduce their exporting and financial performance concerns. This is because using these marketing communication tools presents them with less costly marketing solutions and provides competitive advantages for SMEs against their larger-sized rivals. In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the impact of one-way (telemarketing, direct mail, website, etc.) and two-way marketing communication tools (social media platforms) on SMEs' export intention and financial performance from the iron and mining industries. The research team collected data from 1221 SMEs operating in Eastern European countries via an internet-mediated questionnaire to hit this target. The impacts of the marketing communication tools on export intention and financial performance are analyzed via the Binary Logistic Regression Test. The results show that while using one-way and two-way marketing communication tools does not affect the export intention of SMEs, it negatively affects their financial performance. The reason for these results might be related to the location and sector in which SMEs operate.

For due or overdue cervical cancer screening, direct or opt-in mailing of HPV self-sampling increased screening at 6 mo vs. education.

Winer RL, Lin J, Anderson ML, et al. Strategies to increase cervical cancer screening with mailed human papillomavirus self-sampling kits: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023;330:1971-1981. 38015219.

The need for an evidence-led approach to rewilding

This paper characterises current rewilding activities in the UK, through the analysis of 66 rewilding projects. Project information was obtained from online data (65 %), and direct mail data requests (35 %). The analyses showed an exponential growth in the number of new rewilding projects since 2010, with 8 % of projects started prior to 2000, and 60 % initiated after 2010. Seventy-three percent of projects involved rewilding areas of less than 1000 ha, 17 % being between 1000 and 10,000 ha, and 9 % greater than 10,000 ha. In Scotland, 80 % of the area being rewilded involved mountain, heath and bog habitats. For England the largest rewilded areas (58 %) were semi-natural or improved grasslands. Fifty-six percent of sites were formerly used for livestock farming, and 24 % for arable cultivation. A total of 72 % of sites employed tree planting, 64 % introduced herbivores, and 33 % introduced non-herbivores. The removal of sheep and cattle took place in 51 % of projects, with deer control in 33 %, wetland creation in 39 %, and the removal of artificial drainage in 36 % of projects. There was a close geographical proximity between rewilding sites and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), with 69 % of areas being within 4 km, and only two sites greater than 8 km. Twelve project funding sources were recorded, and most projects utilised multiple funding sources. The benefits of an evidence-led and nationally co-ordinated rewilding approach were identified in relation to using well-established decision tools and frameworks to enhance future rewilding spatial planning. This would allow the development of a map of ‘appropriate’ rewilding areas, based on landscape scale characteristics, national species and habitat priorities, and predicted future landscape changes. Importantly, these ‘target’ areas would also be sensitive to local social, economic and agricultural contexts.

Spinal manipulation and mobilisation among infants, children, and adolescents: an international Delphi survey of expert physiotherapists

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to establish international consensus regarding the use of spinal manipulation and mobilisation among infants, children, and adolescents among expert international physiotherapists. Methods Twenty-six international expert physiotherapists in manual therapy and paediatrics voluntarily participated in a 3-Round Delphi survey to reach a consensus via direct electronic mail solicitation using Qualtrics®. Consensus was defined a-priori as ≥75% agreement on all items with the same ranking of agreement or disagreement. Round 1 identified impairments and conditions where spinal mobilisation and manipulation might be utilised. In Rounds 2 and 3, panelists agreed or disagreed using a 4-point Likert scale. Results Eleven physiotherapists from seven countries representing five continents completed all three Delphi rounds. Consensus regarding spinal mobilisation or manipulation included: Manipulation is not recommended: (1) for infants across all conditions, impairments, and spinal levels; and (2) for children and adolescents across most conditions and spinal levels. Manipulation may be recommended for adolescents to treat spinal region-specific joint hypomobility (thoracic, lumbar), and pain (thoracic). Mobilisation may be recommended for children and adolescents with hypomobility, joint pain, muscle/myofascial pain, or stiffness at all spinal levels. Conclusion Consensus revealed spinal manipulation should not be performed on infants regardless of condition, impairment, or spinal level. Additionally, the panel agreed that manipulation may be recommended only for adolescents to treat joint pain and joint hypomobility (limited to thoracic and/or lumbar levels). Spinal mobilisation may be recommended for joint hypomobility, joint pain, muscle/myofascial pain, and muscle/myofascial stiffness at all spinal levels among children and adolescents.

Strategies to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening With Mailed Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Kits: A Randomized Clinical Trial

ABSTRACT In the United States, adherence for cervical cancer screening decreased from 86% to 77% between 2005 and 2019. Over 50% of cervical cancers are diagnosed in individuals overdue for screening, and promoting access and adherence is essential. Unlike traditional Papanicolaou testing, human papillomavirus (HPV) screening can use self-collected samples, which have comparable sensitivity and specificity to clinician-collected samples. Self-collecting has been shown to increase screening adherence, possibly by circumventing important barriers such as scheduling clinic appointments and negativity about pelvic examinations. Despite this, most individuals in prior studies remained unscreened with low follow-up of HPV-positive results, and kit uptake among populations that are screening adherent or have unknown screening history is unknown. The STEP trial (self-testing options in the era for primary HPV screening for cervical cancer) was a parallel, single-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing cervical cancer screening completion across groups of individuals with due (screening-adherent), overdue, or unknown screening history. Participants were randomized to traditional care (patient reminders and clinician electronic health record [HER] alerts), education (usual care plus educational materials about screening), direct mail (traditional care plus educational materials plus a mailed HPV self-collection kit), or to opt in (traditional care plus educational materials plus the option to request a self-collection kit). Patients were identified using the Kaiser Permanente Washington HER and administrative claims. Eligible participants were females aged 30 to 64 years with current Kaiser Permanente Washington insurance and primary care, intact cervix, who were either due or overdue for screening. The primary study outcome was screening completion within 6 months after randomization, which could be done either in clinic or using the self-collection kit. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risk (RR) of screening completion for the direct-mail and opt-in groups, relative to the education group. A total of 32,771 participants were randomized between November 2020 and January 2022, of which 13,356 were due for screening, 8682 were overdue, and 10,733 had unknown screening history. Of those due for screening, the RR for screening completion was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–1.36; absolute difference, 14.1% [95% CI, 11.2%–16.9%]) for direct mail and 1.07 (95% CI, 1.02–1.12; absolute difference, 3.5% [95% CI, 1.2%–5.7%]) for the opt-in group compared with education. Of those overdue for screening, the RR for screening completion was 1.90 (95% CI, 1.68–2.16; absolute difference 16.9% [95% CI, 13.8%–20.0%]) for direct mail compared with education. Of those with unknown screening history, the RR for screening completion was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03–1.25; absolute difference 2.2% [95% CI, 0.5%–3.9%]) for the opt-in group compared with education. The results of this randomized controlled trial showed that directly mailing HPV self-collection kits increased cervical cancer screening by over 14% compared with education alone. The effect was similar between participants that were due or overdue for screening, and an opt-in approach was found to minimally increase screening.

Public and patient perspectives on the use of clinical and administrative health data to identify and contact people at risk of future illness-The case of chronic kidney disease.

For decades, researchers have used linkable administrative health data for evaluating the health care system, subject to local privacy legislation. In Ontario, Canada, the relevant privacy legislation permits some organizations (prescribed entities) to conduct this kind of research but is silent on their ability to identify and contact individuals in those datasets. Following consultation with the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, we developed a pilot study to identify and contact by mail a sample of people at high risk for kidney failure within the next 2 years, based on laboratory and administrative data from provincial datasets held by ICES, to ensure they receive needed kidney care. Before proceeding, we conducted six focus groups to understand the acceptability to the public and people living with chronic kidney disease of direct mail outreach to people at high risk of developing kidney failure. While virtually all participants indicated they would likely participate in the study, most felt strongly that the message should come directly from their primary care provider or whoever ordered the laboratory tests, rather than from an unknown organization. If this is not possible, they felt the health care provider should be made aware of the concern related to their kidney health. Most agreed that, if health authorities could identify people at high risk of a treatable life-threatening illness if caught early enough, there is a social responsibility to notify people. While privacy laws allow for free flow of health information among health care providers who provide direct clinical care, the proposed case-finding and outreach falls outside that model. Enabling this kind of information flow will require greater clarity in existing laws or revisions to these laws. This also requires adequate notification and culture change for health care providers and the public around information uses and flows.

Content analysis of IQOS direct mail and email marketing in the US

ObjectiveNovel nicotine and tobacco products, including heated tobacco products (HTPs) like IQOS, are growing in global popularity. IQOS was the first HTP authorized for sale by the US Food and Drug Administration, entering the US market in 2019 and being removed in 2021 due to patent-related legal challenges, with the possibility of returning in 2024. Direct marketing is one method tobacco companies use to reach consumers of these products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of US IQOS direct mail and email marketing. MethodsDirect marketing items were collected between September 2019 and July 2021 by seven team members in the first US IQOS test market, Atlanta, Georgia. ResultsOverall, 101 marketing items were collected, 59 of which were unique. Among the unique items that showed images of persons (“models”), 70 % showed models appearing to be from racial/ethnic minoritized groups, 86.8 % showed at least one female-presenting model, and 37.5 % showed models appearing to be young adults (18–29 years). Items often had an embedded link/URL (91.5 %) and mentioned topics such as online services (54.2 %; for example, online ordering and tutorials), user experience (49.2 %), social media (44.1 %), and purchasing locations (37.3 %). When examined for their main purpose, items focused on subjects such as store experience (37.7 %), product introduction (18.6 %), and product use (15.3 %). ConclusionsOur study highlights the importance of better understanding how novel tobacco products are marketed, which can inform policymakers’ regulatory efforts and product authorization decisions.

Direct mailing of HPV self-sampling kits to women aged 50-65 non-participating in cervical screening in the Czech Republic.

A population-based cervical cancer screening programme is implemented in the Czech Republic. However, participation is insufficient among women over 50 years. This study aimed to estimate the potential improvement in participation through directly mailed HPV self-sampling kits (HPVssk) compared with standard invitation letters in women aged 50-65 non-participating in screening. The study recruited 1564 eligible women (no cervical cancer screening in the last 3 years or more, no previous treatment associated with cervical lesions or cervical cancer). Eight hundred women were mailed with an HPVssk (HPVssk group), and 764 women were sent a standard invitation letter (control group) inviting them to a routine screening (Pap test). The primary outcome was a comparison of the overall participation rate between study groups using a binominal regression model. The participation rate in the HPVssk group was 13.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.2-15.9%; 7.4% of women returned the HPVssk and 6.0% attended gynaecological examination] and 5.0% (95% CI 3.6-6.8%) in the control group. Using the binominal regression model, the difference between the groups was estimated as 7.6% (95% CI 5.0-10.2%; P < 0.001). In the HPVssk group, 22% of women who returned HPVssk had a positive result and 70% of them underwent a follow-up examination. Compared with traditional invitation letters, the direct mailing of the HPVssk achieved a significantly higher participation rate, along with a notable HPV positivity rate among HPVssk responders. This approach offers a potentially viable method for engaging women who have not yet attended a cervical screening programme.

A meta-analysis of voter mobilization tactics by electoral salience

After hundreds of field experiments assessing their effectiveness, voter mobilization tactics are often considered “settled science.” In this research note, we posit that this assumption is incorrect, due to inconsistent and insufficient attention to electoral salience in the literature. Researchers often conduct mobilization field experiments in low-salience elections due to limited resources and the need for adequate statistical power. However, practitioners often apply these findings in high-salience contexts. Theory suggests that effects of mobilization tactics will attenuate in high-salience elections due to heightened attention. We present refined meta-analytic estimates of common mobilization tactics in U.S. elections—canvassing, phone calls, direct mail, and SMS messages—based on electoral salience. Results show that effects of tactics attenuate 33%–76% from low- to high-salience contexts. We translate all findings into intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates to highlight the impact of declining contact rates. Finally, we identify significant gaps in the research and offer solutions.

Strategi Fundraising dalam Meningkatkan Perolehan Dana Zakat, Infaq dan Sedekah (ZIS) di BAZNAS Kabupaten Jombang

BAZNAS Jombang is one of the institutions operating in the field social services have an important role in distributing aid to parties who need it by implementing various programs that aim to improve the social conditions of society. To achieve This goal BAZNAS Jombang requires financial resources, which in this case can be obtained by collecting funds or fundraising. Therefore, this research aims to find out more about the fundraising strategies used by BAZNAS Jombang. In this research, the researcher used the method descriptive qualitative to describe the fundraising strategy used by BAZNAS Jombang. The research results obtained are In conducting fundraising, BAZNAS Jombang uses 2 (two) The first strategy is a direct (offline) strategy such as direct mail, establishment of UPZ, collaboration with local government, pick-up service zakat, manuals, and organizing events. Meanwhile, the second strategy namely indirect (online) strategies such as social media campaigns and print, transfer and QRIS. This research is expected to provide a description and information regarding the fundraising strategy used by BAZNAS Jombang in increasing the acquisition of ZIS funds.

Emotion vs conflict-generating communication in a hybrid media environment

The research is devoted to the phenomenon of emotional and conflict-generating communication. Pragmatic information was chosen as the object of study, which is based on the intention of implication, the hidden intention of the addresser. The subject of the study is special, provocative speech genres, regarded as tools for presenting pragmatic information, their system and typology. Provocative discourse is considered in the work as a special type of intentional discourse, and provoking is understood as the infection of the interlocutor with the real or imaginary (skillfully imitated) intentional state of the speaker. Provoking, therefore, is a typical example of emotional contagion, emotiogenicity. The material for the analysis was mass communication texts; the body of the study consisted of the headlines of direct mail advertising texts. Two basic provocative genre strategies - confession and concern - are identified, each of which includes, as identifiable elements, the (elementary) provocative genres of confession, presentation, maxim, demonstrative, complaint, advice, notation, reproach, provocative question, propheseme.

Strategies to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening With Mailed Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling Kits

Optimal strategies for increasing cervical cancer screening may differ by patient screening history and health care setting. Mailing human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling kits to individuals who are overdue for screening increases adherence; however, offering self-sampling kits to screening-adherent individuals has not been evaluated in the US. To evaluate the effectiveness of direct-mail and opt-in approaches for offering HPV self-sampling kits to individuals by cervical cancer screening history (screening-adherent and currently due, overdue, or unknown). Randomized clinical trial conducted in Kaiser Permanente Washington, a US integrated health care delivery system. Individuals aged 30 to 64 years with female sex, a primary care clinician, and no hysterectomy were identified through electronic health records (EHRs) and enrolled between November 20, 2020, and January 28, 2022, with follow-up through July 29, 2022. Individuals stratified as due (eg, at the time of randomization, these individuals have been previously screened and are due for their next screening in ≤3 months) were randomized to receive usual care (patient reminders and clinician EHR alerts [n = 3671]), education (usual care plus educational materials about screening [n = 3960]), direct mail (usual care plus educational materials and a mailed self-sampling kit [n = 1482]), or to opt in (usual care plus educational materials and the option to request a kit [n = 3956]). Individuals who were overdue for screening were randomized to receive usual care (n = 5488), education (n = 1408), or direct mail (n = 1415). Individuals with unknown history for screening were randomized to receive usual care (n = 2983), education (n = 3486), or to opt in (n = 3506). The primary outcome was screening completion within 6 months. Primary analyses compared direct-mail or opt-in participants with individuals randomized to the education group. The intention-to-treat analyses included 31 355 randomized individuals (mean [SD] age, 45.9 [10.4] years). Among those who were due for screening, compared with receiving education alone (1885 [47.6%]), screening completion was 14.1% (95% CI, 11.2%-16.9%) higher in the direct-mail group (914 [61.7%]) and 3.5% (95% CI, 1.2%-5.7%) higher in the opt-in group (2020 [51.1%]). Among individuals who were overdue, screening completion was 16.9% (95% CI, 13.8%-20.0%) higher in the direct-mail group (505 [35.7%]) compared with education alone (264 [18.8%]). Among those with unknown history, screening was 2.2% (95% CI, 0.5%-3.9%) higher in the opt-in group (634 [18.1%]) compared with education alone (555 [15.9%]). Within a US health care system, direct-mail self-sampling increased cervical cancer screening by more than 14% in individuals who were due or overdue for cervical cancer screening. The opt-in approach minimally increased screening. To increase screening adherence, systems implementing HPV self-sampling should prioritize direct-mail outreach for individuals who are due or overdue for screening. For individuals with unknown screening history, testing alternative outreach approaches and additional efforts to document screening history are warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04679675.

Catering to the experts: food marketing and health professionals in the early 20th century

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the marketing strategies designed by three innovative early 1900s food companies. It traces the coordination of these businesses’ research funding, advertising, direct mail and promotional tactics to show how they intersected and impacted consumers and health professionals in the period when scientists were first able to quantify the relationship between good health and food. The paper analyzes internal company documents, advertisements and marketing materials from Knox Gelatine, Borden and Sunkist.Design/methodology/approachResearch for this paper benefited from the author’s unlimited access to the private documents of the Knox Gelatine Company and its executives. These documents were analyzed chronologically and thematically. They chronicled the company’s attempts to influence the medical world and the ways it cultivated home economists. The paper also used publicly available digitized documents from Sunkist and Borden. The paper would benefit from further detailed analysis of these documents to parse Knox’s targeting by race and ethnicity.FindingsIn the 1920s, Knox, Borden and Sunkist developed a marketing strategy which leveraged a new class of experts – the hundreds of thousands of medical professionals, home economists, teachers and government agents who advised American women. By distributing specific laboratory research on the nutritional benefits of their products to this emerging class of health professionals and the consumers who trusted them, these companies developed relationships with opinion leaders designed specifically to influence product sales.Research limitations/implicationsThis research benefited from access to the private documents of Knox Gelatine Company which divulge the company’s attempts to influence the medical world and cultivate home economists. The paper would benefit from further analysis of these documents to parse the company’s targeting by race and ethnicity as well as a deeper comparison to companies that tried to work with health professionals unsuccessfully and companies that adopted this tactic in the household products or tobacco area. Opportunities also exist to do a fuller analysis of variations in food marketing by rural versus urban as well as race.Originality/valueBy reconstructing the sequencing and content of these three companies’ 1920s marketing strategies, this research uncovers a form of early 20th century food marketing directed at health and science professionals which has been neglected in advertising histories.

Effectiveness of acute myocardial infarction interventions on selected outcomes among community dwelling-older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The older adult is an influential group experiencing acute myocardial infarction, delaying treatment and causing a high mortality rate. Factors related to their delay differ from other age groups, and their specific characteristics are barriers to recognizing their symptoms and learning new information. Therefore, specific innovative methods related to their limitations and needs should be considered when developing interventions promoting on-time treatment. This study aims to review intervention details and their effects on knowledge, belief, decision-making, rate of calling 911, and mortality among community-dwelling older adults at risk or after a first myocardial infarction compared to receiving usual care or no intervention. The 12 databases were searched unlimitedly until July 30, 2022. The two researchers independently reviewed the articles, and the third reviewer broke the tight when disagreement was found. Data were extracted, kinds of interventions were grouped, and intervention details were summarized narratively. Finally, the selected outcomes were analyzed by meta-analysis using a fixed and a random-effects model. Eleven articles were for final review. Interventions were categorized into eight groups: direct mail, community-based, multi-group health education, innovation methods, tailored education, structured education, tricked intervention promoting memory and concern, and nurse-based case management. Finally, the meta-analysis found that only innovative methods could increase the rate of calling 911 and taking aspirin (Odd ratio = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.01-6.44). In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in the rate of affecting time to first unplanned readmission or death and time delay to the emergency room. Results recommended that effective and specific interventions must be developed and strengthened to promote older adults surviving acute myocardial infarction.Clinical Trial Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42021247136.