Direct Interest Research Articles

ՀԱՄԱԽԱՌՆ ՆԵՐՔԻՆ ԽՆԱՅՈՂՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ՄԱԿԱՐԴԱԿԻ ՎՐԱ ՄԱԿՐՈՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՆՆԵՐԻ ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏՈՒՄԸ/ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE RATE OF GROSS DOMESTIC SAVINGS/ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА УРОВЕНЬ ВАЛОВЫХ ВНУТРЕННИХ СБЕРЕЖЕНИЙ

The level of gross domestic savings in Armenia from the 1990s to 2003 was negative, but in the last almost two decades it has become positive, but not so high as to narrow the resource gap. In this research paper we have investigated factors that affect the rate of gross domestic saving using secondary annual data for the period 1993-2020. The data used here was taken from the World Bank database. We considered six groups of macro-economic factors: the depth of the financial system, monetary and fiscal policy, income, external and demographic. To assess the long-term and short-term determinants of national savings, the ARDL model was used. The results of the study revealed that per capita GDP, foreign direct investment, inflation, personal remittances, received and real interest rates have positive effect on gross domestic saving while broad money (M2), age dependency ratio, domestic credit to private sector and deposit interest rate influencing negatively to national savings of the country. Based on the results, it is recommended that the Government of the Republic of Armenia adopt appropriate policies to encourage savings in order to mobilize domestic resources and narrow the resource gap between gross domestic savings and gross fixed capital formation, and stimulate investment. Based on the results, it is recommended that the Government and the Central Bank adapt their policy strategies to the new realities of uncertainty in the implementation of new industrial and infrastructure projects in developing countries due to the global sharp decline in FDI flows, leading to the fact that domestic savings became dominant to overcoming the resource gap.

ПОРЯДОК ІНДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ РЕЗЕРВІВ ТА МЕТОДИКА ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ ЇХ В ОБЛІКУ – ІНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ РОЗРАХУНКІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

Іt is proved that business risk management of agro-industrial enterprises requires the introduction of an effective risk management system. In this aspect, the risk management methodology plays an important role and determines the future effectiveness of risk management methods, actions and measures. The study identified three groups of accounting reserves, which cover all components of calculations as an integrated object of accounting and are one of the effective methods of risk management in optimizing the impact of risk on the activities of the business entity. The procedure for selecting a reserve in risk management of enterprise settlements is developed, proposals are made in terms of methodology for calculating reserves taking into account the impact of risks, implemented through the matrix of risk calculations of agribusiness enterprises, group integrated risk indicator and individual risk indicator for individual settlements with debtors / creditors. It is determined that one of the methods of risk management of settlement operations of agribusiness enterprises is internal provisioning to cover the negative consequences of risks arising from non-receipt / non-repayment of receivables and payables for settlement operations with direct and indirect business interest. It is proposed to improve the method of forming reserves through the accumulation of information on the accrual of accounting reserves in transit account 841 "Reserves for settlements in risk conditions", in particular in social and environmental areas, which will assess the effectiveness of risk management in terms of internal provisions. integrated risk reporting on the components of the agribusiness company. It is determined, in addition to the formation and accounting of reserves for risk management of settlements, to keep off-balance sheet records of contingent assets and liabilities, as well as guarantees and collateral received / provided. This will allow to clearly identify possible threats, risk factors and the need to review the size of the reserve, the feasibility of additional accrual or reversal.

Rules, Preferences and Evolution from the Family Angle

This paper reviews the literature concerning the evolution of cultural traits in general and preferences in particular, and the emergence and persistence of rules or norms, from a family perspective. In models where every new person is effectively the clone of an existing one (either a parent or anyone else), there may be evolution only in the demographic sense that the share of the population who hold a certain trait increases or decreases. Evolution in the strict sense of new traits making their appearance occurs in models where the trait characterizing any given member of any given generation is a combination of traits drawn at random from those represented in the previous generation. Preferences may be altruistic or non-altruistic, but individuals may behave as if they were altruistic even if they are not, because a rule or norm may make it in their interest to do so. Evolutionary stability and renegotiation proofness play analogous roles, the former by selecting altruistic preferences, and the latter by selecting cooperation-inducing rules. The existence of population groups recognizable by outward characteristics like ethnicity or religious practice may convey useful information regarding imperfectly observable traits, such as preferences, of direct interest to individuals, but it may also lead individuals to judge others by their group membership rather than by their unobservable individual qualities, and thus to see them as possible foes.

Eye Diseases Direct Interest to Complement Pathway and Macrophages as Regulators of Inflammation in COVID-19.

Many of the risk factors for developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are also risk factors for eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). During the past decades, macrophages and the complement pathway (as a part of the innate immune system) have been identified as important contributors to the development of AMD, and we suggest that these mechanisms are of similar importance for the clinical course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Based on the experience with AMD, we discuss how behavioral factors such as diet, smoking and higher body mass index, as well as genetic determinants such as the complement and immune pathway genes may lead to the overactive inflammatory phenotypes seen in some patients with COVID-19, and may in part explain the heterogeneity of disease manifestations and outcomes. Based on this experience, we discuss potential genetic research projects and elaborate on preventive and treatment approaches related to COVID-19.

Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus in Pakistan

This study explores the nexus amongst trade openness and economic growth for Pakistan for 1981-2019. Trade-openness is a dependent variable, and it is measured as imports plus exports to GDP ratio. Economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, Exchange rate, and interest rate are taken as explanatory variables. Co-integration approach by Johansen and Juselius (1988, 1991) has been used for long-run relationships. Results indicate that Trade-Openness has significantly affected the economic growth and other control variables of the study for Pakistan. There exist bidirectional Granger Causality in the selected variables.

Psychological knowledge in Tatar theological heritage

The article presents the results of the study on how the Psychological issues were reflected in Tatar literature and in book-composing traditions, in textbooks and works of Tatar scientists, teachers, religious and public figures of the early 20th century. Ideological, aesthetic and artistic features of the works of Tatar literature representatives developed in accordance with Sufi traditions, with the domination and prevalence of didactic and humanistic principles. Without losing its eastern roots, which go deep into Sufi philosophical and aesthetic thought, Tatar literature in the early twentieth century becomes susceptible to the perception and creative rethinking of new, modernist experiments. Publications by Musa Bigiev, M. al-Gaffari, and others, which appeared in the early twentieth century, devoted to the problems of creating high art, in which religious ideals of Islamic society would be expressed and which would contribute to religious reform, were an important factor that played a role in the development of Tatar theoretical and literary thought in the early twentieth century, where there is a special interest in the psychological direction in Russian literature studies. At the same time, translated essays devoted to the issues of Psychology appear on the pages of Tatar periodicals; a number of educational institutions of a new type begin to teach these subjects. Some authors of tutorials seek to use language and speech techniques in their texts to influence and convey information to students, in the form of Psychological Pedagogy methods such as observation, conversation and analysis.

3D Modeling of craniofacial ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in children.

The range of normal variation of growth and development of the craniofacial region is of direct clinical interest but incompletely understood. Here we develop a statistical model of craniofacial growth and development to compare craniofacial ontogeny between age groups and sexes and pilot an approach to modeling that is relatively straightforward to apply in the context of clinical research and assessment. The sample comprises head surface meshes captured using a 3dMD five-camera system from 65 males and 47 females (range 3-20 years) from the Headspace project, Liverpool, UK. The surface meshes were parameterized using 16 anatomical landmarks and 59 semilandmarks on curves and surfaces. Modes and degrees of growth and development were assessed and compared among ages and sexes using Procrustes based geometric morphometric methods. Regression analyses indicate that 3-10year olds undergo greater changes than 11-20 year olds and that craniofacial growth and development differs between these age groups. The analyses indicate that males extend growth allometrically into larger size ranges, contributing substantially to adult dimorphism. Comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories between sexes find no significant differences, yet when hypermorphosis is accounted for in the older age group there is a significant residual sexual dimorphism. The study adds to knowledge of how adult craniofacial form and sexual dimorphism develop. It was carried out using readily available software which facilitates replication of this work in diverse populations to underpin clinical assessment of deformity and the outcomes of corrective interventions.

Senior housing in Scotland: a development and investment opportunity?

PurposeThis article aims to understand the housing needs of older people and to ascertain the level of demand and supply of age-related housing in Scotland. It also explores interest in different types of retirement accommodation and tenure options.Design/methodology/approachA review of existing literature is undertaken on senior housing preferences and residential satisfaction. Primary data is collected from an online survey of people over 55 in Scotland to ascertain demand side requirements with secondary data on current supply obtained from the Elderly Accommodation Counsel and data on future pipeline collated from market reports.FindingsThe results from the survey confirm earlier research that seniors when looking for accommodation in their retirement years particularly focus on the local area, access to shops, social relations with neighbours and the design of the home interior. Current analysis of the level of supply at a county level reveals that there is significant undersupply with some particularly striking regional differences. Along with a desire for owner occupation there is interest, particularly among the 75 plus age group, to lease their accommodation, perhaps a consequence of volatile property markets, insufficient pension provision or a desire to pass wealth to their family prior to death. This shortfall in supply highlights development opportunities and raises the possibility of introducing a build-to-rent senior housing offering, which may be of interest to institutional investors.Practical implicationsThe Scottish Government is currently reviewing its strategy for Scotland's older people. The results are of practical benefit as they expose the gaps in supply of age-related stock at county level. This may require the government to introduce policy measures to encourage a mix of housing types suited for the ageing demographics of the population. This research highlights opportunities for developers and investors to fill that gap and explains why advancements in technology should be incorporated in the design process.Originality/valueThis paper brings together supply side data of senior housing in Scotland and provides insights into the housing preferences of seniors. It will be of direct value and interest to developers and institutional investors.

Revisión del concepto clase política y análogos en la historia del departamento de Caldas

Objetivo: artículo de Revisión que busca identificar los desarrollos teóricos del concepto clase política y análogos; además, se trata de captar las diferencias de dichos conceptos para mostrar las transformaciones de la clase política en Caldas. Metodología: se aplicó meta-análisis cualitativo de los hallazgos, los cuales derivaron de la búsqueda documental en torno a los mencionados conceptos clave, a partir de determinadas categorías y criterios de análisis. Resultados: se llegó a una definición de clase política, entendida como grupo de individuos que tienen una relación orgánica con la política e intereses directos puestos en ella; esto, independientemente de que ejerzan o no un cargo público, aunque sí el poder político, como la posibilidad de tomar decisiones que afecten a los miembros de la esfera pública. Con esta categorización se hizo un análisis de los usos de estos conceptos en Colombia y Caldas. Allí se muestran las continuidades y transformaciones de su clase política desde la Colonización Antioqueña hasta la época actual, y se especifica su configuración como grupo dirigente y el papel desempeñado en el devenir del departamento. Conclusiones: se destaca el carácter cíclico de la política caldense en relación con sus élites políticas a la luz de los acontecimientos recientes. También se confirma la afirmación clásica en cuanto a la teoría de las élites, la cual asume estas agrupaciones como una constante en todas las democracias.

Memórias sobre tempos de peste: a linguagem Guaraní do século XVII sobre as doenças e epidemias (parte 1)

O registro linguístico sobre saúde e doença nas línguas Guarani começou no século XVII. Este artigo reúne 308 palavras e frases levantadas nos dicionários de Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, publicados nos anos 1639 e 1640. Além do interesse direto para medicina e saúde pública, também é fonte para a linguística histórico-comparativa e para a história da medicina Guarani praticada milenarmente por kuña paje e pajes, mulheres e homens sábios na arte de curar

Instrument Bias Correction With Machine Learning Algorithms: Application to Field-Portable Mass Spectrometry

In situ sensors for environmental chemistry promise more thorough observations, which are necessary for high confidence predictions in earth systems science. However, these can be a challenge to interpret because the sensors are strongly influenced by temperature, humidity, pressure, or other secondary environmental conditions that are not of direct interest. We present a comparison of two statistical learning methods—a generalized additive model and a long short-term memory neural network model for bias correction of in situ sensor data. We discuss their performance and tradeoffs when the two bias correction methods are applied to data from submersible and shipboard mass spectrometers. Both instruments measure the most abundant gases dissolved in water and can be used to reconstruct biochemical metabolisms, including those that regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide. Both models demonstrate a high degree of skill at correcting for instrument bias using correlated environmental measurements; the difference in their respective performance is less than 1% in terms of root mean squared error. Overall, the long short-term memory bias correction produced an error of 5% for O2 and 8.5% for CO2 when compared against independent membrane DO and laser spectrometer instruments. This represents a predictive accuracy of 92–95% for both gases. It is apparent that the most important factor in a skillful bias correction is the measurement of the secondary environmental conditions that are likely to correlate with the instrument bias. These statistical learning methods are extremely flexible and permit the inclusion of nearly an infinite number of correlates in finding the best bias correction solution.

Time To Go.

The Journal of Bacteriology (JB) is the flagship journal of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Indeed, many of the other current ASM journals are direct spin-offs of JB. In my opinion it is the most important journal in the fields of microbiology that fall within its scope. I have scanned the Table of Contents of every issue of JB published since I was a graduate student and it is rare that I do not find something of direct interest to ongoing research in my lab or to the graduate level course I teach on prokaryotic molecular biology. I have published more than 80 papers in JB and I count several as among my most important contributions. Indeed, what I think is the best of these was first rejected by multiple "high-profile" journals.

الصفة القانونیة فی رفع الدعاوى البیئیة دراسة تحلیلیة مقارنة فی ضوء التشریعات البیئیة والمواثیق الإقلیمیة والدولیة

الصفة القانونیة فی رفع الدعاوى البیئیة دراسة تحلیلیة مقارنة فی ضوء التشریعات البیئیة والمواثیق الإقلیمیة والدولیة

Patterns of transitions between relapse to and remission from heavy drinking over the first year after outpatient alcohol treatment and their relation to long-term outcomes.

Studying clinical course after alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment is central to understanding longer-term recovery. This study's two main objectives were to (a) replicate a recent study that identified heterogeneity in patterns of remission from/relapse to heavy drinking during the first year after outpatient treatment in an independent data set and (b) extend these recent findings by testing associations between patterns of remission/relapse and long-term alcohol-related and functioning outcomes. Latent profile analyses were conducted using data from Project MATCH (N = 952; M age = 38.9; 72.3% female) and COMBINE (N = 1,383; M age = 44.4; 69.1% male). Transitions between heavy and nonheavy drinking within consecutive 2-week periods over a 1-year posttreatment period were characterized for each participant. From this, latent profiles were identified based on participants' initial 2-week heavy drinking status, the number of observed transitions between 2-week periods of relapse and remission, and the average duration of observed remission/relapse episodes. In both MATCH and COMBINE, we identified six profiles: (a) "continuous remission," 25.3% of COMBINE sample/25.3% of MATCH sample; (b) "transition to remission," 19.6%/9.6%; (c) "few long transitions," 15.9%/33.7%; (d) "many short transitions," 13.2%/13.6%; (e) "transition to relapse," 7.2%/7.1%; and (f) "continuous relapse," 18.8%/10.5%. Profiles 1 and 2 had the best long-term outcomes, Profiles 5 and 6 had the worst, and Profiles 3 and 4 fell between these groups. That many individuals can remit from heavy drinking following one or more relapses to heavy drinking may be of direct interest to individuals in recovery from AUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Precision measurements of electric-field-induced frequency displacements of an ultranarrow optical transition in ions in a solid

We report a series of measurements of the effect of an electric field on the frequency of the ultranarrow linewidth F70→ D50 optical transition of Eu3+ ions in an Y2SiO5 matrix at cryogenic temperatures. We provide linear Stark coefficients along two dielectric axes and for the two different substitution sites of the Eu3+ ions, with an unprecedented accuracy and an upper limit for the quadratic Stark shift. The measurements, which indicate that the electric field sensitivity is a factor of seven larger for site 1 relative to site 2 for a particular direction of the electric field, are of direct interest in the context of both quantum information processing and laser frequency stabilization with rare-earth doped crystals, in which electric fields can be used to engineer experimental protocols by tuning transition frequencies.

Reduction of threading dislocation density beyond the saturation limit by optimized reverse grading

The threading dislocation density (TDD) in plastically relaxed Ge/Si(001) heteroepitaxial films is commonly observed to decrease progressively with their thickness due to mutual annihilation. However, there exists a saturation limit, known as the geometrical limit, beyond which a further decrease of the TDD in the Ge film is hindered. Here, we show that such a limit can be overcome in SiGe/Ge/Si heterostructures thanks to the beneficial role of the second interface. Indeed, we show that ${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.06}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.94}/\mathrm{Ge}/\mathrm{Si}(001)$ films display a TDD remarkably lower than the saturation limit of Ge/Si(001). Such a result is interpreted with the help of dislocation dynamics simulations. The reduction of TDD is attributed to the enhanced mobility acquired by preexisting threading dislocations after bending at the new interface to release the strain in the upper layer. Importantly, we demonstrate that the low TDD achieved in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.06}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.94}/\mathrm{Ge}/\mathrm{Si}$ layers is preserved also when a second, relaxed Ge layer is subsequently deposited. This makes the present reverse-grading technique of direct interest also for achieving a low TDD in pure-Ge films.

Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta-analysis.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To compare the efficacy and safety of different prophylactic pharmacological interventions (antiemetic drugs) either against no treatment, placebo or against each other (as mono- or combination prophylaxis) for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia. To explore the best dose or dose range of the antiemetic drugs in terms of efficacy and safety. To generate a clinically useful ranking of antiemetic drugs (mono- and combination prophylaxis) according to efficacy and safety.

Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus in Pakistan

This study explores the nexus amongst trade openness and economic growth for Pakistan for 1981-2019. Trade-openness is a dependent variable, and it is measured as imports plus exports to GDP ratio. Economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, Exchange rate, and interest rate are taken as explanatory variables. Co-integration approach by Johansen and Juselius (1988, 1991) has been used for long-run relationships. Results indicate that Trade-Openness has significantly affected the economic growth and other control variables of the study for Pakistan. There exist bidirectional Granger Causality in the selected variables.

Effective Asymptotic Safety and Its Predictive Power: Gauge-Yukawa Theories

Effective field theory provides a new perspective on the predictive power of Renormalization Group fixed points. Critical trajectories between different fixed points confine the regions of UV-complete, IR-complete, as well as conformal theories. The associated boundary surfaces cannot be crossed by the Renormalization Group flow of any effective field theory. We delineate cases in which the boundary surface acts as an infrared attractor for generic effective field theories. Gauge-Yukawa theories serve as an example that is both perturbative and of direct phenomenological interest. We identify additional matter fields such that all the observed coupling values of the Standard Model, apart from the Abelian hypercharge, lie within the conformal region. We define a quantitative measure of the predictivity of effective asymptotic safety and demonstrate phenomenological constraints for the associated beyond Standard-Model Yukawa couplings.

Punishment controls helper defence against egg predators but not fish predators in cooperatively breeding cichlids

Helping behaviour in some cooperative breeders is apparently maintained by a combination of coercion and reciprocity. In such pay-to-stay systems, alloparental brood care of subordinate group members functions as a service to dominants, which tolerate subordinates based on how much help they provide. Cooperative territory defence is a key task of cooperative breeders, but it is unknown how territory defence by subordinates is socially regulated. Diverse costs and benefits associated with defending the territory against different threats suggest that these defence behaviours may be maintained through divergent selection regimes, and they might be regulated through different social processes. In the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, unrelated subordinates help defend the territory against egg predators even if they do not participate in reproduction and therefore do not suffer direct or indirect fitness costs through predators of eggs. This behaviour has therefore been interpreted as altruistic service to dominants. Subordinates also defend the group territory against predators of juveniles and adults, which might at least partly reflect their own direct fitness interests and could be maintained through mutualistic interactions among group members. Here, we directly compared the regulation of these two types of defence behaviours and tested whether they are enforced by breeders. We prevented subordinates from defending the territory against egg predators or predators of adults and observed whether they received more aggression in response to this treatment. We found that subordinates received more aggression from breeders after withholding defence against egg predators, but not after withholding defence against fish predators. This suggests that territory defence against egg predators by helpers is enforced by breeders and hence subject to negotiations and trading, whereas defence against fish predators is probably based on mutualistic fitness benefits.