Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running Research Articles

Effect of Alumina and Bio‐Based Calcium Oxide Nanoadditives on Reduction of Emissions and Performance Improvement in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled with B20 Blend of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

This experimental study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a common rail direct injection diesel engine running on used cooking biodiesel prepared through transesterification. The nanoparticles calcium oxide (CaO) and alumina (Al2O3) are mixed with the B20 blend using an ultrasonicator to create a homogeneous mixture. The following five fuel series are used in the study: a B20 blend with three different nanoparticle ppms are blended to form Al2O3CaO 90 ppm, Al2O3 + CaO 60 ppm, and Al2O3 + CaO 30 ppm. The enhanced surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles enhances the degree of mixing and chemical reactivity during combustion. Also, the characteristics of diesel engines result in reduced specific fuel consumption. The test fuel B20 + 90 ppm (90 ppm nanoparticles dispersion) results 9% and 11% increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel and B20, respectively. The presence of nanoparticles in biodiesel has initiated the combustion slightly earlier due to its improved ignition qualities that permit catalytic combustion and a shorter ignition delay. In comparison to diesel and B20, the Al2O3CaO90 ppm fuel blend lowers NOx emissions by 18% and 21%, carbon monoxide emissions by 40% and 43%, hydrocarbon emissions by 35% and 40%, and smoke emissions by 24% and 29%, respectively.

A comparative analysis of the engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol (C4 alcohol) and biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) fuel blends

In this study, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine running on biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol and biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol fuel blends were investigated and compared with diesel fuel under different engine speeds and full load operating conditions. Test fuels were prepared with 5 and 10 vol% 1-butanol and n-pentanol. Engine test results indicated that brake powers and torques decreased as the amount of alcohol increased, while BSFC increased between 0.77% and 8.07%. Alcohol blended fuels acquired lower EGT and CO2, while observing higher O2 emission due to high oxygen content of alcohol compared to diesel fuel. Alcohol treated blends also diminished NOX by 0.56–2.65%, CO by 6.90–32.40%, and smoke by 10.47–44.43%. Moreover, n-pentanol blended fuels showed better performance and emission results than 1-butanol blends. Maximum in-cylinder pressure of higher alcohol blended fuels found between 94.55 and 95.82 bar at 371-372oCA for 1400 rpm, and between 78.19 and 82.19 bar at 375-376oCA for 2600 rpm. Alcohol addition into the blends increased maximum in-cylinder pressure up to 1.38% at low speed, whereas it decreased up to 3.75% at high speed. Furthermore, higher HRR values up to 8.5% were observed with the alcohol mixed fuels. Consequently, higher alcohols (n-pentanol and 1-butanol) can be utilized as alternative additives in biodiesel/diesel blends for diesel engines to improve emissions, although they adversely influence engine performance.

A study on performance and exhaust emissions of the steam injected DI diesel engine running with different diesel- conola oil methyl ester blends

Although biodiesels have low emission profiles, the main drawback of using biodiesel in diesel engines is higher NOx. Nowadays, the electronic controlled steam injection is a promising method for NOx control. This study investigates the effects of steam injection with diesel fuel-canola oil methyl ester (COME) blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine. Steam is injected into the inlet manifold during inlet period. The combustion of diesel-COME blends has been modeled using two zone combustion model. The results have been compared with each other in terms of performance and emissions. The maximum increments in engine torque and power were measured as 2.5% for 10% COME (B10) at 1200 rpm, 2.8% for 20% COME (B20) at 2200 rpm. The effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of the diesel engine running with B10 and B20 COME blends were also investigated. Satisfaction improvements have been obtained with the combination of steam injection and COME blends. The maximum torque of the engine running with B10 and 10% steam ratio combination (B10 + S10) and B20 and 10% steam ratio combinations (B20 + S10) were found as 2.4% at 1400 rpm and 0.6% at 1400 rpm, respectively. Significant reduction has been observed in NOx emission with B10-S10 combination. The reduction rate in NOx emissions were 22% with B10-S10 and 18% with B20-S10 at 1200 rpm. The study showed that steam injection is an effective tool for controlling NOx emissions without performance degradation in the diesel engines fueled with COME blends.

Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on fish oil biodiesel

The ever increasing demand and depletion of fossil fuels along with environmental concern has prompted search for alternate fuels. Biodiesel is poised to make important contributions to world energy since it is renewable, bio degradable and non-toxic in nature. Various oils have been used in biodiesel production owing to their availability among which fish oil is a significant one. In the present work, experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke, air cooled, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm at different loads and at different injection timings, 21°, 24° and 27°bTDC for studying the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled with Ethyl Ester of Fish Oil (EEFO) and its blends. For a diesel engine, injection timing is a major parameter that sensitively affects the engine performance, emission and durability. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Unburnt Hydrocarbon (UBHC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions in biodiesel blends were lower than diesel, whereas smoke was found to be higher. The brake thermal efficiency for B20 was higher compared to diesel in the entire load spectra. The ignition delay and combustion duration were shorter for biodiesel blends than diesel which results in lower heat release rate, peak pressure and rate of pressure rise. Retardation of injection timing caused decrease in emission and combustion parameters like NOx, HC, CO, peak pressure, ignition delay, combustion duration and heat release rate which increased with advancement in injection timing.

A comparative study of biodiesel engine performance optimization using enhanced hybrid PSO–GA and basic GA

Efficient optimization algorithms are critical to the development of new engine technology. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out on optimizing the performance of a four-cylinder, turbocharged, direct-injection diesel engine running with soy biodiesel. An effective hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) method using a small population was developed and tested to optimize five operating parameters, including EGR rate, pilot timing, pilot ratio, main injection timing, and injection pressure. Based on the measured engine performance and emissions, results show that the new hybrid algorithm can significantly speed up the optimization process and achieve a superior optimum as compared to the basic GA method. The new hybrid PSO–GA method is expected to perform as an effective tool for rapid engine performance optimization.

Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio, injection timing & pressure in a DI (direct injection) diesel engine running on carbon black-water-diesel emulsion

The aim of the present work is to experimentally investigate the combined effects of compression ratio, nozzle opening pressure and injection timing on the performance and emissions of a CI (compression ignition) engine operated with an emulsion fuel obtained from CB (carbon black). The emulsion contained CB 10%, 2% water, 85% diesel and 3% surfactant was denoted as CBWD10. Tests were carried out with the CBWD10 emulsion in a single-cylinder, four -stroke, air cooled, DI (direct injection) diesel engine developing power of 4.4 kW at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The experimental results were obtained for the performance and emission parameters of the emulsion fuelled engine when the engine was subjected to different injection timings, nozzle opening pressures and compression ratios. With respect to the original compression ratio of the engine which was 17.5, one lower (16.5) and one higher compression ratio (18.5) were used in the investigation. Similarly, injection timing was advanced to a maximum of 3 °CA, and the nozzle opening pressure was set at 200, 220 and 240 bar at a regular interval of 20 bar. The results were analysed and compared with those of the normal diesel engine operation and presented in this paper.

Performance, emissions, combustion and injection characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with canola oil–hazelnut soapstock biodiesel mixture

This study investigates performance, emissions, combustion and injection characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with blends of diesel fuel No. 2 and a mixture of canola oil–hazelnut soapstock biodiesels. The hazelnut soapstock biodiesel was mixed with the canola oil biodiesel to improve some properties of the canola oil biodiesel and to reduce the cost of the fuel. The experiments were performed on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running with No. 2 diesel (D100) and No. 2 diesel/biodiesel blends containing 5% (B5) and 10% (B10) biodiesel fuels. The experimental results showed that the injection and ignition delays and the maximum heat release rates decreased with the biodiesel addition while the injection and combustion durations increased. In addition, it was determined that the oxygen content of B5 enhanced the combustion resulting in increased NOx emission and decreased THC, CO and smoke emissions. However, B10 fuel deteriorated the combustion due to higher density, viscosity and surface tension. Therefore THC, CO and smoke emissions increased while NOx emission decreased. CO2 emissions for both blends were very similar to those of No. 2 diesel.

Biodiesel from saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and their influence over noise and air pollution

A combined analysis of exhaust and noise emissions of an three-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running on palm oil methyl esters (PME) and olive pomace oil methyl esters (OPME), both blended with diesel fuel in different proportions, is proposed to evaluate their suitability as partial substitute to fossil fuels. Moreover, engine sound quality (derived from the use of these fuels) based on loudness and roughness metrics has been analyzed. A strong correlation between sound pressure maximum level and loudness was found. Although it was observed that both parameters improved with the use of both set of blends, PME blends depicted the best behavior. In terms of roughness, OPME blends achieved the maximum attenuation. In addition, roughness attenuation was found to be more meaningful than loudness when the blends were used. Considering the exhaust emissions tests, it was observed that the use of both sets of fatty acid methyl ester blends allows a significant reduction of CO emissions. Moreover, lower NO exhaust emissions were produced when PME blends were used instead of OPME blends or diesel fuel. NOx emissions were lower when PME blends were used instead of OPME blends, though diesel fuel depicts the lowest values. In general terms, it may be concluded that saturated fatty acid methyl esters produce biodiesel with a positive influence over air and noise emissions.

Effect of injection timings on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on Calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil)

The present work examines the use of a non-edible vegetable oil namely honne oil, a new possible alternative fuel for diesel engine. A direct injection (DI) diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was operated on neat diesel (ND) and neat honne oil (H100). Static injection timing (start of static injection timing) was changed to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics. It was observed that advancing the injection timing with H100 from the rated static injection timing (23° bTDC) increased the brake thermal efficiency and reduced CO, HC emissions and smoke opacity; however, NOx emission was increased. The ignition delay with H100 was higher than that with ND for all static injection timing under consideration. Improved premixed heat release rate was observed with H100 when the static injection timing is advanced however, for 28° bTDC premixed heat release rates decreased. The best static injection timing was found to be 27° bTDC for H100 based on brake thermal efficiency.

Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Karanj methyl ester

Being a fuel of a different origin, the standard design parameters of a diesel engine are not optimum for Karanj methyl ester (KME). This study aims at finding the effect of the engine design parameters, viz. compression ratio (CR) and fuel injection pressure (IP) jointly on the performance and emissions. Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were considered for performance evaluation, and emission analysis was done for un-burnt hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity with KME as the fuel. Comparison of performance and emission was done for different values of CR along with IP to find the optimum combination for operating engine with KME. It is found that the combined increase in CR and IP increases the BTE and reduces BSFC while having lower emissions. For small-sized direct injection constant speed engines used for agricultural applications (3.5 kW), the optimum combination was found to be CR of 18 with IP of 250 bar.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on blends of honne oil/diesel fuel/kerosene/DMC

Honne oil (tamanu) (H), a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel. Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is scarce. The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, typically used in agricultural sector, over the entire load range, when fuelled with neat diesel (ND) and blends of diesel fuel (D)/DMC/H/ kerosene (K). DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND. Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20 (20%H + 80%D), HK (20%H + 40%K + 40%D) and HKD5 (20%H + 40%K + 35D + 5%DMC) to HKD15 in steps of 5% DMC keeping H and K percentages constant. The emissions (CO, HC and smoke density (SD)) of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest, with SD dropping significantly. The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND. The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND. There is a good trade off between NOx and SD. Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil)

Abstract: The present work examines the use of a non-edible vegetable oil namely honne oil, a new possible source of alternative fuel for diesel engine. A D irect I njection (DI) diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was operated on N eat D iesel (ND) and neat honne oil (H100). At maximum load, with H100, brake thermal efficiency and NO x emission decreased where as emissions like CO, HC, smoke opacity increased. With H100, peak cylinder pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise decreased compared to ND. With H100, occurrence of peak pressure is away from top dead center compared to ND. With H100, ignition delay and combustion duration increased compared to ND. Key words: n on edible vegetable oil, neat honne oil, diesel engine, performance, emissions, combustion DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.20 11 .0 1 .0 26 -0 34 Citation: Venkanna B K , Venkataramana Reddy C. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum i nophyllum linn oil (honne oil). Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 20 11 ; 4 ( 1 ): 26 <span style=font-size: 9pt; line-height: 140%; font-family:

Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Jatropha methyl ester

Being a fuel of different origin, the standard design parameters of a diesel engine may not be suitable for Jatropha methyl ester (JME). This study targets at finding the effects of the engine design parameters viz. compression ratio (CR) and fuel injection pressure (IP) jointly on the performance with regard to fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke opacity with JME as fuel. Comparison of performance and emission was done for different values of compression ratio along with injection pressure to find best possible combination for operating engine with JME. It is found that the combined increase of compression ratio and injection pressure increases the BTHE and reduces BSFC while having lower emissions. For small sized direct injection constant speed engines used for agricultural applications (3.5 kW), the optimum combination was found as CR of 18 with IP of 250 bar.

Evaluation of hazelnut kernel oil of Turkish origin as alternative fuel in diesel engines

In the present study, hazelnut kernel oil of Turkish origin was evaluated as alternative fuel in a diesel engine. Potential hazelnut production throughout the world and the status of Turkey were examined. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) kernel oil was transesterified with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain hazelnut kernel oil methyl ester (HOME) and a comprehensive experimental investigation was carried out to examine performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine running with HOME and its blends with diesel fuel. Experimental parameters included the percentage of HOME in the blend, engine load, injection timing, compression ratio, and injector. The cost analysis of HOME production comparing to the price of conventional diesel fuel was performed for last decade was performed. Results showed that HOME and its blends with diesel fuel are generally comparable to diesel fuel and small modifications such as increasing injection timing, compression ratio and injector opening pressure provide significant improvement in performance and emissions. It is also expected that the price of HOME will be lower than the price of conventional diesel fuel in the near future.

Development and application of multi-zone model for combustion and pollutants formation in direct injection diesel engine running with vegetable oil or its bio-diesel

Abstract A multi-zone model for calculation of the closed cycle of a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine is presented and applied for the interesting case of its operation with vegetable oil (cottonseed) or its derived bio-diesel (methyl ester) as fuels, which recently are considered as promising alternatives (bio-fuels) to petroleum distillates. Although there are many experimental studies, there is an apparent scarcity of theoretical models scrutinizing the formation mechanisms of combustion generated emissions when using these fuels. The model is two dimensional, multi-zone with the issuing jets (from the nozzle) divided into several discrete volumes, called ‘zones’, formed along the direction of the fuel injection and across it. The model follows each zone, with its own time history, as the spray penetrates into the swirling air environment (forming the non-burning zone) of the combustion chamber, before and after wall impingement. Droplet evaporation and jet mixing models are used to determine the amount of fuel and entrained air in each zone available for combustion. The mass, energy and state equations are applied in each zone to yield local temperatures and cylinder pressure histories. The concentrations of the various constituents are calculated by adopting a chemical equilibrium scheme for the C–H–O–N system of 11 species considered, together with the chemical rate equations for the calculation of nitric oxide (NO). A model for evaluation of soot formation and oxidation rates is included. The results from the relevant computer program for the in cylinder pressure, exhaust nitric oxide concentration (NO) and soot density are compared favorably with the corresponding measurements from an experimental investigation conducted on a fully automated test bed, standard ‘Hydra’, DI Diesel engine installed at the authors’ laboratory. Iso-contour plots of equivalence ratio, temperature, NO and soot inside the combustion chamber at various instants of time when using these fuels against Diesel fuel (baseline fuel) shed light on the mechanisms underlying the combustion and pollutants formation and reveal how the widely differing properties of these fuels, against the normal Diesel fuel, affect greatly the spray formation, combustion mechanism and the related emissions.

Investigation on exhaust emissions of a common rail high-speed direct injection diesel engine running with dimethyl ether

This research investigates engine performance and the potential to reduce exhaust emissions by using dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel to diesel for compression ignition engines. The main objective of this study it to evaluate on a test-bed the performance and emissions reduction potential of a four-cylinder passenger car HSDI common rail turbocharged diesel engine running with DME in the absence of specific modifications to the engine itself but some modifications to the fuel injection system. The results obtained from this engine running with DME using diesel fuel as reference are encouraging. In the next phase of this study the injection rate will be adapted to DME operation and to the geometric and thermodynamic conditions of the combustion process. A study of combustion reaction is also necessary in order to optimize the turbocharging system for exclusive DME operation.