Direct Identification Method Research Articles

An integrated scheme for a directional relay in the presence of a series-compensated line

This paper presents an integrated method to identify the fault direction in the presence of a series compensator via also identifying the power flow direction. The presented method relies on monitoring both measured angle of the positive-sequence (PS) currents and magnitude of PS voltage. The change of PS voltage magnitude is used to detect the current inversion case. The presented criteria depend on the power flow direction before the fault occurrence. Therefore, a power flow direction identification method is presented using only the change of the phase angle of the PS current. Different system configurations are investigated to test the reliability of the proposed protection scheme (PPS). The power and protection systems’ configurations contain different capacitor ratios leading to current and voltage inversion scenarios, reversing the power flow direction and single-pole tripping. Simulation experiments conducted via the software ATP-EMTP has shown the proper operability of the PPS.

Identification of a deterministic Wiener system based on input least squares algorithm and direct residual method

The Wiener system is a type of block-oriented system that consists of a linear model followed in series with a static nonlinear element. In this work, two novel identification methods are proposed to estimate the order and parameters of a class of Wiener systems whose linear part is a finite impulse response function and whose nonlinear inverse function is a polynomial. First, a direct order identification method using the input-output data rather than an unknown intermediate variable is designed to estimate the order of the linear part. The method decreases the computational cost and improves the accuracy of order estimation, because it does not require calculating the intermediate variable. Second, an identification algorithm minimising the input prediction error is developed to obtain parameters of the Wiener system. Third, a numerical simulation and a case study verify the proposed algorithm. The proposed methods, with a little modification, can be applied to identify other block-oriented systems.

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Specific Biomarkers: Potential New Key for Swift Identification of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is today the reference method for direct identification of microorganisms in diagnostic laboratories, as it is notably time- and cost-efficient. In the context of increasing cases of enteric diseases with emerging multi-drug resistance patterns, there is an urgent need to adopt an efficient workflow to characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Current approaches, such as antibiograms, are time-consuming and directly impact the “patient-physician” workflow. Through this mini-review, we summarize how the detection of specific patterns by MALDI-TOF MS, as well as bioinformatics, become more and more essential in research, and how these approaches will help diagnostics in the future. Along the same lines, the idea to export more precise biomarker identification steps by MALDI-TOF(/TOF) MS data towards AMR identification pipelines is discussed. The study also critically points out that there is currently still a lack of research data and knowledge on different foodborne pathogens as well as several antibiotics families such as macrolides and quinolones, and many questions are still remaining. Finally, the innovative combination of whole-genome sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS could be soon the future for diagnosis of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens.

System identification method by using inverse solution of equations of motion in time domain and noisy condition

In direct system identification (DSI) method, inverse solution of the equations of motion is applied to obtain physical parameters of a linear system (structural mass, damping, and stiffness matrices). With the small error in measurement, caused by sensor drift or signal noise, these physical parameters are identified with a significant drift. In this paper, a new simple post-processing method is proposed, for error reduction in DSI in the time domain in a manner that structural properties are identified without applying the optimization process. In noisy condition, baseline correction is applied through a nonic curve-fitting approach. The modified signals are partitioned into a number of sub-signals, and their mean is applied for system identification. The number of sub-signals is optimized so that the root mean square (RMS) of off-diagonal components of the mass matrix becomes near zero. Seeking more precision, the residual force in every time step at all degrees of freedom (DOFs) is minimized. The validity of the proposed method is tested on a multistory structure, subjected to a random force at the foundation level. In terms of incomplete measurement and 5% noise, identified parameters including mass, stiffness and damping matrices, have satisfying mean errors of 0.094%, 0.545%, and 4.42% with the coefficient of variations of 0.35%, 1.38% and 6.98%, respectively. The sensitivity of the proposed method to the noise level is also investigated. It is observed that the baseline slop of velocity and displacement signals are sharply increased when the noise level goes beyond 3%.

Comparison of rapid BACpro\xae II, Sepsityper\xae kit and in-house preparation methods for direct identification of bacteria from blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS with and without Sepsityper\xae module analysis

There are several approaches available for purifying microorganisms prior to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. In the present study, rapid BACpro® II (Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), a new application, has been compared with Sepsityper® kit (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, USA) and an in-house method. Samples were also tested with two modules, standard and Sepsityper®, identified in the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS. The bottles having monomicrobial growth were included in the study according to Gram staining results. In total, two hundred blood culture bottles were included but there was no growth in one of the subcultures so 199 blood culture bottles were studied prospectively. With the standard MALDI-TOF MS analysis, rapid BACpro® II could successfully identify microorganisms in 174/199 (87.4%) of the bottles where Sepsityper® kit and in-house method were successful in 136/199 (68.3%) and 114/199 (57.3%), respectively. When the MALDI-TOF MS data were analysed by Sepsityper® module, the identification rates were increased to 94.4%, 82.1% and 69.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. In the Sepsityper® module, 72/73 (98.6%) of Gram-negative and 97/106 (91.5%) of Gram-positive microorganisms were detected by rapid BACpro® II method. The present study shows that rapid BACpro® II is a reliable preparation procedure and has higher rates of identification compared with Sepsityper® kit and in-house method. The use of the Sepsityper® module in blood cultures increases the chance of identification for all three methods studied.

Rapid Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Urinary Tract Pathogens by Direct Analysis of Urine Samples Using a MALDI-TOF MS-Based Combined Protocol.

Usually, 18–48 h are needed for the identification of microbial pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) by urine culture. Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) takes an additional 18–24 h. Rapid identification and AST of the pathogens allow fast and precise treatment. The objective of this study was to shorten the time of diagnosis of UTIs by combining pathogen screening through flow cytometry, microbial identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and AST using the VITEK 2 system for the direct analysis of urine samples. We analyzed 1,638 urine samples from patients with suspected UTIs submitted to the microbiology laboratory for culture. Each urine sample had an approximate volume of 30 mL and was divided into three aliquots. Urine processing included differential centrifugation and two washes to enrich the bacterial fraction for direct MALDI-TOF MS and direct AST. From a total of 1,638 urine samples, 307 were found to be positive through UF-1000i screening. Among them, 265 had significant growth of a single-microorganism. Direct identification was obtained in 229 (86.42%) out of these 265 samples, and no pathogens were misidentified. Moreover, species-level identification was obtained in 163 (88.59%) out of the 184 samples with Gram-negative bacteria, and 27 (38.03%) out of the 71 samples with Gram-positive bacteria. VITEK 2 AST was performed for 117 samples with a single-microorganism. Enterobacteriaceae data showed an agreement rate of antimicrobial categories of 94.83% (1,229/1,296), with minor, major, and very major error rates of 4.17% (54/1,296), 0.92% (12/1,296), and 0.08% (1/1,296), respectively. For Enterococcus spp., the overall categorical agreement was 92.94% (158/170), with a minor error rate of 2.94% (5/170) and major error rate of 4.12% (7/170). The turnaround time of this combined protocol to diagnose UTIs was 1 h for pathogen identification and 6–24 h for AST; noteworthily, only 6–8 h are needed for AST of Enterobacteriaceae using the VITEK 2 system. Overall, our findings show that the combination of flow cytometry, MALDI-TOF MS, and VITEK 2 provided a direct, rapid, and reliable identification and AST method for assessing urine samples, especially for Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Electrochemical low-frequency impedance spectroscopy algorithm for diagnostics of PEM fuel cell degradation

Prognostics and health management for fuel cells in real-world applications are important for optimization of lifetime and operation. A parameter that has been shown to indicate the state of ageing is the low-frequency intercept with the real axis of the Nyquist diagram in a fuel cell's impedance spectrum. This article presents a method for direct identification of this parameter, without the need to carry out a full electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and with an algorithm that can be realized within a typical fuel-cell control system. The proposed method is based on relay excitation feedback, a proven solution from controller tuning.

Detection and Quantification of Circulating Tumor Cells in PBMCs or Blood Using Flow Cytometry

Abstract Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are cells that have detached from primary tumor tissues or metastases and entered into peripheral blood circulation, led to cancer recurrence and distal metastasis. Evaluation of CTCs conduces to tumor diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and prognosis. Tumor cell spiking assay was frequently used to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and repeatability of the methods or systems for enumeration of rare CTCs. In this work, a novel flow cytometer NovoCyte® Quanteon™ was employed to measure and quantify spiked human tumor cells of colon carcinoma (SW620) in normal PBMCs or peripheral blood. First, immunofluorescence labeled (EpCAM-APC antibody) SW620 cells (0–256 cells) were serially diluted in 1×106 PBMCs and tested directly on Quanteon. The data indicate that CTC detection using Quanteon has a sensitivity of 0.0001% (one CTC per million cells) and an excellent linear relationship between the number of cells detected and the predicted number added. Furthermore, SW620 cells (0–2000 cells) were serially diluted in 2mL normal whole blood, following the traditional isolation of PBMCs, magnetic EpCAM-positive selection, immunofluorescence labeling (CD45 FITC, EpCAM APC) and washing. The results show that the average recovery of CTCs is more than 75%. Flow cytometry is a valuable tool for therapeutic monitoring and prognosis assessment. Detection of CTC is critical for a “liquid biopsy”. These experimental results demonstrate that the NovoCyte Quanteon flow cytometer can provide high specificity and accuracy of CTC detection through both direct identification and EpCAM affinity bead-based enrichment methods.

Data‐driven method for the quantitative fault diagnosability analysis of dynamic systems

The main objective of this work is to propose a method for the data-driven evaluation of fault diagnosability in dynamic systems. This technique promises to be an efficient way to analyse the structural properties of unknown systems and can be used to optimise a system configuration, including sensor placement. The basic idea behind this method, which suitably integrates direct identification methods into the fault diagnosability evaluation, lies in the invariability of the characteristics of the dynamic behaviour corresponding to different fault cases. Data-driven realisations of distinguishability based on both fault-free data and fault data are proposed. Furthermore, a novel efficient method for computing distinguishability via the pseudoinverse is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated via numerical and practical examples.

Proteomic Identification of Protein Glutathionylation in Cardiomyocytes.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules, but their overproduction is associated with many cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathy. ROS induce various oxidative modifications, among which glutathionylation is one of the significant protein oxidations that occur under oxidative stress. Despite previous efforts, direct and site-specific identification of glutathionylated proteins in cardiomyocytes has been limited. In this report, we used a clickable glutathione approach in a HL-1 mouse cardiomyocyte cell line under exposure to hydrogen peroxide, finding 1763 glutathionylated peptides with specific Cys modification sites, which include many muscle-specific proteins. Bioinformatic and cluster analyses found 125 glutathionylated proteins, whose mutations or dysfunctions are associated with cardiomyopathy, many of which include sarcomeric structural and contractile proteins, chaperone, and other signaling or regulatory proteins. We further provide functional implication of glutathionylation for several identified proteins, including CSRP3/MLP and complex I, II, and III, by analyzing glutathionylated sites in their structures. Our report establishes a chemoselective method for direct identification of glutathionylated proteins and provides potential target proteins whose glutathionylation may contribute to muscle diseases.

Cheap and rapid in-house method for direct identification of positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS technology

BackgroundRapid and accurate pathogen identification in blood cultures is very important for septic patients and has major consequences on morbidity and mortality rates. In recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based technology has become useful for highly specific and sensitive identification of bacteria and yeasts from clinical samples including sterile body fluids. Additional in-house methods enabled direct identification from blood cultures following various preparation protocols.MethodsBlood culture (5 ml) was harvested from each positive bottle following growth identification by BACTEC™ FX system and transferred into a VACUETTE® Z Serum Sep Clot Activator tube containing an inert gel, which following centrifugation separates microorganisms from the blood cells. We used MALDI-TOF MS analysis for identification of microorganisms collected from the gel surface.ResultsPositive blood culture bottles (186) were collected. In comparison with the routine method, 99% (184/186) and 90% (168/186) of the isolates were correctly identified by the SepsiTyper kit and the in-house method, respectively. We found high concordance (Pearson coefficient = 0.7, p < 0.0001) between our in-house method and the SepsiTyper kit. Additionally, high correlation was found in sub-groups of identified bacteria, with Pearson coefficients of 0.77 (p < 0.0001), 0.67 (p < 0.0001), and 0.73 (p < 0.007) for Gram negative, Gram positive, and anaerobic bacteria, respectively.ConclusionsOur in-house method was found to be in good agreement with the SepsiTyper kit. Considering the low costs and the rapid and easy implementation of this procedure, we propose our in-house method for the direct identification of bacteria from blood cultures.

Direct Identification of Biotinylated Proteins from Proximity Labeling (Spot-BioID).

Recently, proximity labeling has been developed to map spatially localized proteomes in live cells. Usually, these methods employ enzymatic biotinylation of the proximal proteins with reactive biotin species. The labeled proteins may contain biotinylated modifications, which can be enriched by streptavidin beads through affinity purification. However, during the bead enrichment process, unlabeled proteins can be enriched to have specific binding affinity toward the biotinylated proteins or high binding affinity to the bead surface. If the unlabeled proteins remain attached to the beads after washing and are analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) using the conventional workflow for the unlabeled peptidome, they would appear as proximal proteins in the targeted space. However, the unlabeled proteins, including the specific interaction partners of the biotinylated proteins, are false positives for proximity labeling. Including the unlabeled proteome in the identification list for proximity labeling does not provide a clear picture of the local proteome in the targeted space. This chapter is a detailed protocol of the first direct identification method (Spot-BioID) for identifying biotin-labeled proteomes of promiscuous biotin ligase (pBirA) labeling.

Molecular Methods For Diagnostics Of Dermatomycoses – Review Of Available Techniques And Evaluation Of Their Advantages And Disadvantages In Implementation For In Routine Use

Abstract Fungal infections of the skin, hairs, and nails undeniably dominate among all types of fungal infections. The etiological factors of the majority of superficial fungal infections are dermatophytes which, although they are the oldest microorganisms considered as pathogens, have long been unstable in the taxonomic position. From a diagnostic point of view, the species identification of dermatophytes is still a serious problem, often generating therapeutic errors. An increasing number of infections, including zoonoses, lack of taxonomic stability and ambiguous clinical picture of all cases of dermatomycosis induce to search for new, fast, repeatable and at the same time cheap methods of species identification of these fungi. In the last decade, revolutionary progress has been observed in the development of molecular methods for the diagnosis of fungal infections and the reliable identification of species of etiological factors that cause these dermatomycoses. The results of many studies indicate that the direct identification of fungi from dermatological samples based on molecular methods is much more reliable and much faster compared to that carried out by conventional methods. Often, the etiological factor of the observed changes was also identified, while the result of cultivation was negative. Particular molecular methods used in the species identification of fungi directly from the clinical material differ in the procedures of genomic DNA extraction, PCR techniques used, the molecular marker used and the results interpretation system. This paper reviews literature regarding different methods of diagnosing of superficial fungal infections based on molecular biology techniques, their advantages and limitations, as well as critical factors for their implementation for routine use. The position of microbiologists in this matter seems to be a foregone conclusion, the time when molecular diagnostics will replace the conventional techniques, based on the cultivation of dermatophytes and assessing their morphology, inexorably coming. Molecular methods of identifying aetiological factors of dermatomycoses directly from dermatological samples are much more attractive and have many advantages. 1. Introduction. 2. Importance of identification of dermatophyte species in dermatological samples. 3. Molecular species identification in pure dermatophyte cultures. 4. Methods for direct identification of fungi from clinical samples. 4.1. DNA isolation. 4.2. Classical PCRbased techniques of direct identification. 4.3. Real-time PCR-based techniques of direct identification. 5. Choice of an optimal method for routine use. 6. Advantages and drawbacks of molecular identification methods applied in mycology. 7. Summary

A Walking Direction Identification Method Based on sEMG Signal of Leg Muscle

A Walking Direction Identification Method Based on sEMG Signal of Leg Muscle

Three-phase fault direction identification method for outgoing transmission line of DFIG-based wind farms

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm has the characteristic of transient fault with low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. A new three-phase fault direction identification method for the outgoing transmission line of the wind farm is presented. The ability of the new directional relay to differentiate between a three-phase fault in one direction or the other is obtained by using the increment of phase angle difference between the memory voltage signal and the fault current signal within a certain time, and using the amplitude variation of the fault current. It can be inferred that the fault current is supplied by the wind farm whether the phase angle differs or the current amplitude varies considerably. Different fault locations at the outgoing transmission line have been simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of the proposed technique. Results show that the new directional relay is of faster response when a three-phase fault occurs at the outgoing transmission line of a DFIG-based wind farm.

Enzyme immobilized on polyamidoamine-coated magnetic microspheres for α-glucosidase inhibitors screening from Radix Paeoniae Rubra extracts accompanied with molecular modeling

In this study, a method for direct screening and identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) from extracts of natural products was established based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) coated magnetic microspheres. A facile route to synthesize the magnetic PAMAM was employed and α-glucosidase was successfully covalently attached to its surface through cross linking of glutaraldehyde. Using the enzyme-loaded magnetic microspheres, potential inhibitors were fished out from crude extracts directly, followed by structure confirmation. The inhibitory activities of the screened components were further investigated by the enzyme-loaded magnetic microspheres. The Fe3O4 @PAMAM@α-Glu microspheres displayed favorable dispersibility, fast magnetic separation, large enzyme binding amount (42.9 μg•mg−1) and high enzyme activity. Moreover, the α-glucosidase on the surface of PAMAM coating maintained high storage stability and remarkable reusability. Taking advantage of specific interaction of the α-glucosidase with AGIs, the materials could selectively capture a known AGI (+)-catechin under the interference of an inactive compound salicylic acid, with a binding capacity as high as 15.4%. Additionally, using the Fe3O4 @PAMAM@α-Glu microspheres in the inhibition assay, the enzymatic reaction could be stopped by magnetic separation instead of the traditional addition of Na2CO3 solution, which not only eliminated the disturbance of termination reagent to the results, but also reused the immobilized α-glucosidase. The screening and inhibitory activity verification of potential ligands in Radix Paeoniae Rubra (“Chi-shao” in Chinese) extracts were achieved by using Fe3O4 @PAMAM@α-Glu microspheres, demonstrating practical applicability of our method. Therefore, the magnetic PAMAM-based screening approach could be a feasible and alternative strategy for discovering enzyme inhibitors from natural product extracts.

A novel two-dimensional liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry method for direct drug impurity identification from HPLC eluent containing ion-pairing reagent in mobile phases

In this study, a novel two dimensional liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method with use of a weak anion exchange column between the 1st DLC RP column and the 2nd DLC RP column (RP1-WAX-RP2) was developed and applied to identify drug impurities from MS incompatible mobile phases containing sodium 1-octanesulfonate and non-volatile buffer. The 1st DLC conditions follow exactly the original standard HPLC method recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP), European Pharmacopeia (EP) or US Pharmacopeia (USP). An impurity fraction was collected with a built-in sample loop (100 μL) and transferred to the WAX column where 1-octanesulfonate and phosphate were trapped and removed. While, the impurity and other cations were eluted to the 2nd D column (RP2) for separation and identification by connected IT-TOF MS. Methods were programmed and applied to identify impurities in two generic drugs, sulpiride (hydrophilic drug with logP 0.57) and dobutamine (hydrophobic drug with logP 3.6). The results indicate that the methods based on RP1-WAX-RP2 column configuration offer a feasible solution for direct impurity identification in generic drug product or API without needs of off-line desalting from the MS incompatible mobile phases containing ion-pairing reagent and non-volatile buffer.

Evaluation of modified saponin preparation method for the direct identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing from positive blood culture

BackgroundWe evaluated the two in-house sample preparation methods (saponin method (SAP) and [saponin + Sputazyme] method (SSPZ)) for direct identification of microorganisms using MALDI-TOF MS from positive blood culture bottles. Also, we evaluated the [saponin + Sputazyme] method for direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using Vitek 2 system. MethodsFor direct identification, 163 prospective, monomicrobial positive blood culture bottles and 25 contrived blood culture bottles spiked with 25 infrequently isolated bacterial strains were included. For direct AST, pellets obtained by SSPZ method from 102 prospective blood culture bottles were tested. The results from the direct identification and AST were compared with those from the routine diagnostic method performed with colonies sub cultured on solid media. ResultsIn 163 prospective specimens, SAP method correctly identified 132/163 (81.0%) isolates and SSPZ method correctly identified 148/163 (90.8%) isolates (P = .018). Among the 92 Gram-positive isolates, the correct identification rate was significantly higher with the SSPZ method than the SAP method (92.4% vs. 81.5%), respectively (P = .041). However, the SSPZ method failed to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among the 64 Gram-negative isolates, the correct identification rate was 82.8% (53/64) and 87.5% (56/64) for the former and the latter method, respectively (P = .491). Compared with standard methods direct AST showed 98.5% (1523/1547) agreement. ConclusionThe addition of Sputazyme improved the identification of commonly isolated bacteria, especially for Gram-positive isolates and yeasts and can be applied for direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. Although SAP method showed better results for Campylobacter spp. and anaerobic bacteria, considering their very low incidence, routine use of SSPZ will be more practical.

Emerging Approaches for the Identification of Protein Targets of Small Molecules - A Practitioners' Perspective.

Small-molecule (SM) leads in the early drug discovery pipeline are progressed primarily based on potency against the intended target(s) and selectivity against a very narrow slice of the proteome. So, why is there a tendency to wait until SMs are matured before probing for a deeper mechanistic understanding? For one, there is a concern about the interpretation of complex -omic data outputs and the resources needed to test these hypotheses. However, with recent advances in broad endpoint profiling assays that have companion reference databases and refined technology integration strategies, we argue that data complexity can translate into meaningful decision-making. This same strategy can also prioritize phenotypic screening hits to increase the likelihood of accessing unprecedented target space. In this Perspective. we will highlight a cohesive process that supports SM hit prosecution, providing a data-driven rationale and a suite of methods for direct identification of SM targets driving relevant biological end points.

Development of an improved rapid BACpro® protocol and a method for direct identification from blood-culture-positive bottles using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been incorporated into pathogenic bacterial identification methods and has improved their rapidity. Various methods have been reported to directly identify bacteria with MALDI-TOF MS by pretreating culture medium in blood culture bottles. Rapid BACpro® (Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd.) is a pretreatment kit for effective collection of bacteria with cationic copolymers. However, the Rapid BACpro® pretreatment kit is adapted only for MALDI Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics K.K.), and there has been a desire to expand its use to VITEK MS (VMS; bioMerieux SA).We improved the protocol and made it possible to analyze with VMS. The culture medium bacteria collection method was changed to a method with centrifugation after hemolysis using saponin; the cationic copolymer concentration was changed to 30% of the original concentration; the sequence with which reagents were added was changed; and a change was made to an ethanol/formic acid extraction method.The improved protocol enhanced the identification performance. When VMS was used, the identification rate was 100% with control samples. With clinical samples, the identification agreement rate with the cell smear method was 96.3%.The improved protocol is effective in blood culture rapid identification, being both simpler and having an improved identification performance compared with the original.