Direct Flights Research Articles

When “More” Seems Like Less: Differential Price Framing Increases the Choice Share of Higher-Priced Options

Four experiments supported by six supplemental studies show that premium but higher-priced products (e.g., direct flights, larger-capacity data storage devices) are more popular when the additional cost is made explicit using differential price framing (DPF; e.g., “for $20 more”) rather than being left implicit, as in standard inclusive price framing (IPF; e.g., “for $60 total”). The DPF effect is driven by pricing focalism: relative to IPF, DPF creates a focus on the price difference, which, because it is smaller than the total price, leads to lower perceived expensiveness and thus greater choice share for the premium option. This price framing effect is robust to displaying the total cost of the purchase, bad deals, and easy-to-compute price differences, and it appears to be uniquely effective in pricing contexts. However, DPF effects are reduced among consumers who adopt a slow and effortful decision process. These findings have implications for research on price partitioning, the design of effective pricing strategy, the sources of expensiveness perceptions in the marketplace, and consumer welfare.

When “More” Seems Like Less: Differential Price Framing Increases the Choice Share of Higher-Priced Options:

Four experiments supported by six supplemental studies show that premium but higher-priced products (e.g., direct flights, larger-capacity data storage devices) are more popular when the additional...

Impacts of Climate Warming on Aviation Fuel Consumption

AbstractFactors affecting aviation fuel efficiency are thermal and propulsive efficiencies, and overall drag on aircraft. An along-the-route integration is made for all direct flights in a baseline year, 2010, under current and future atmospheric conditions obtained from 26 climate models under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Thermal efficiency and propulsive efficiency are affected differently, with the former decreasing by 0.38% and the latter increasing by 0.35%. Consequently, the overall engine efficiency decrease is merely <0.02%. Over the same period, the skin frictional drag increases ~3.5% from the increased air viscosity. This component is only 5.7% of the total drag, and the ~3.5% increase in air viscosity accounts for a 0.2% inefficiency in fuel consumption. A t test is performed for the multiple-model ensemble mean time series of fuel efficiency decrease for two 20-yr periods centered on years 2010 and 2090, respectively. The trend is found to be statistically significant (p value = 0.0017). The total decrease in aircraft fuel efficiency is equivalent to ~0.68 billion gallons of additional fuel annually, a qualitatively robust conclusion, but quantitatively there is a large interclimate model spread.

Infectious diseases spreading on a metapopulation network coupled with its second-neighbor network

Traditional infectious diseases models on metapopulation networks focus on direct transportations (e.g., direct flights), ignoring the effect of indirect transportations. Based on global aviation network, we turn the problem of indirect flights into a question of second neighbors, and propose a susceptible-infectious-susceptible model to study disease transmission on a connected metapopulation network coupled with its second-neighbor network (SNN). We calculate the basic reproduction number, which is independent of human mobility, and we prove the global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria of the model. Furthermore, the study shows that the behavior that all travelers travel along the SNN may hinder the spread of disease if the SNN is not connected. However, the behavior that individuals travel along the metapopulation network coupled with its SNN contributes to the spread of disease. Thus for an emerging infectious disease, if the real network and its SNN keep the same connectivity, indirect transportations may be a potential threat and need to be controlled. Our work can be generalized to high-speed train and rail networks, which may further promote other research on metapopulation networks.

What Determines the Loyalty of Airline Passengers? Findings of a Quantitative Data-Mining Study

Purpose – This research study aims to verify a deductive linear model which incorporates the variables to describe perceived airline service quality, perceived value for money, overall satisfaction, and loyalty. Design/Methodology/Approach – Quantitative data for this study were collected from airline passenger reviews posted on airlinequality.com. The database involved 127 airlines of all rankings (0, 2, 3, 4, and 5 stars) and types (traditional and low-cost carriers). Evaluations were provided by all types of travelers (business, couple leisure, family leisure, and solo leisure) in all types of cabins (economy, premium economy, business class, and first class) on both direct and connecting flights. Findings and implications – Analyses revealed that the human factor (cabin staff service and ground service) is the most important identifier of airline passengers’ perceived value for money, overall satisfaction, and loyalty. Traditional products and services (seat, food/beverages, and entertainment) were seen as more important than new ones (Wi-Fi). Limitations – First, there is no information about passenger profiles. Second, all the measures are composite ones. Third, only six service quality elements were included in the database. Originality – This research study is not a case study and its findings can provide meaningful implications for the management of airline service elements with regard to perceived value for money, passenger satisfaction, and passenger loyalty.

Substitution from Air to High-Speed Rail: The Case of Amsterdam Airport

In this paper we present the results of a study that aims to establish the potential for high-speed train travel as a substitute for short distance air travel at Amsterdam Airport. We investigated the 13 most important destinations that offer direct flights to and from Amsterdam Airport. Almost 40% of the air passengers travelling to/from these destinations are transfer passengers. Empirical evidence reveals that high-speed trains dominate the market for journeys of 2 hours or less, such as between Paris and Brussels. However, trains claim only a tiny market share of journeys longer than 5 to 6 hours; air travel dominates that market segment. Using these findings, we developed a model to estimate the substitution of air travel with high-speed train travel. The explanatory variables in this model are travel time, daily departure options, fares, and the inconvenience associated with transferring at airports. In a “minimum” scenario, we predict that in 2030 high-speed trains could replace approximately 1.9 million air journeys. This calculation is based on feasible reductions of train travel times and increased train frequencies for part of the rail network. In this scenario, Amsterdam–London accounts for more than three-quarters of the predicted substitution. In a “maximum” scenario, substitution could increase up to 3.7 million air journeys per year, provided that inconveniences for passengers when transferring at airports from plane to train are resolved and train ticket fares are reduced by 20%. These two scenarios imply a reduction of 2.5 to 5% of all flights to/from Amsterdam Airport in 2030.

Gender and Geography in the Boardroom: What Really Matters for Board Decisions?

Recent literature has shown that gender diversity in the boardroom seems to influence key monitoring decisions of boards. In this paper, we examine whether the observed relation between gender diversity and board decisions is due to a confounding factor, namely, directors’ geographic distance from headquarters. Using data on residential addresses for over 4,000 directors of S&P 1500 firms, we document that female directors cluster in large metropolitan areas and tend to live much farther away from headquarters compared to their male counterparts. We also reexamine prior findings in the literature on how boardroom gender diversity affects key board decisions. We use data on direct airline flights between U.S. locations to carry out an instrumental variables approach that exploits plausibly exogenous variation in both gender diversity and geographic distance. The results show that the effects of boardroom gender diversity on CEO compensation and CEO dismissal decisions found in the prior literature largely disappear when we account for geographic distance. Overall, our results support the view that gender-diverse boards are “tougher monitors” not because of gender differences per se, but rather because they are more geographically remote from headquarters and hence more reliant on hard information such as stock prices. The findings thus suggest that board gender policies, such as quotas, could have unintended consequences for some firms.

Comment on Reuel Schiller: The Curious Origins of Airline Deregulation: Economic Deregulation and the American Left

Air travel is unpleasant for many reasons, particularly in the post-9/11 age. Yet, blame for the cramped accommodations, bag fees, and lack of direct flights has to be assigned in part to the deregulation of the airline industry in the late 1970s. Airline deregulation and its consequences symbolize the ways in which neoliberal ideas and practices have come to shape economic policies as well as the daily lives of ordinary Americans.

I hope that one day Ukraine will become part of the European Family where it rightfully belongs

The article describes the cooperation between Norway and Ukraine, particularly the activities of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Norway to Ukraine. It is mentioned that Norway established diplomatic relations with Ukraine on 5 February 1992, and in December 1992, the Embassy of Norway to Ukraine started its operation. Mention is made that Norway remains one of the consistent advocates of the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. Norway has condemned the Russian aggression in the east of Ukraine, the occupation and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, which violated international legal norms. For the purposes of monitoring the course of the conflict via the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission, 15 Norwegians are involved, most of them engaged into operational activities near the contact line. Ukraine and Norway have forged close political contacts. Thus, the Prime Minister of Norway visited Kyiv in 2014, and the President of Ukraine reciprocated by visiting Oslo in October 2016. The article also considers an extensive aid package for Ukraine amounting to almost €20 million annually, a quarter of which has been allocated for humanitarian projects in the east of Ukraine, while the other 15 million have been spent for projects in the following realms: energy efficiency, rule of law, proper public management as well as the accomplishment of European integration and implementation of European standards. Besides, health protection will soon be added to this list. It is stated the volume of Norwegian export is experiencing a period of growth. Norwegian seafood and fish are in high demand among Ukrainians. Another equally important sphere of cooperation is culture. Mr Ambassador mentions that he has been in Ukraine for three years and has fallen deeply in love with it, not only because of beautiful landscapes but friendly, hospitable, smiling, and forward-looking people. Individualism is the feature that unites Norwegians and Ukrainians. The Ambassador expresses the hope to organise direct flights from Kyiv to Oslo to give impetus to tourism and streamline networking. His Excellency also dreams of the fulfillment of Ukraine’s aspirations and wishes that it took a rightful place among European nations, a fond wish of Ukrainians. Key words: Norway, cooperation, support package, exports, culture, diplomat’s experience.

The Gravity Model of Tourism Demand in the Philippines

This study has empirically examined the validity of gravity theorem in the context of international tourism demand in the Philippines. There is a growing trend of tourist arrivals in the Philippines and the benefits that the country gained from the tourism sector is increasing. The factors that explain these trends are therefore important to be fully understood given the significant contribution of the tourism sector in the socio-economic growth of the country. In this study, a panel data was set-up through statistical software consisting of 27 time-series set from 1991-2017 with the top 20 countries visiting the Philippines. Estimates from the random effects model show that gross domestic product, direct flights, common colonizers, population and distance have significantly affected tourism inflows in the Philippines over time. Results from both the classical and augmented gravity models conform to the prediction of gravity theorem that inflows of tourists in the Philippines are coming from countries with larger GDP and coming from countries that are closer in distance from the Philippines. Based on the results, the Philippines has to establish more direct flights with the identified origin countries of the tourists to increase international tourism demand and to further enhance the tourism sector’s contribution to the country’s economic growth.

Factors Impacting Airport Performance: the Case of Prishtina and Tirana

[full article and abstract in English]
 The market liberalization, airport privatization and increased number of low-cost carriers have significantly affected airport performance lately. The aim of this study is to determine and analyze passengers’ demographics and their interaction with the external macro environment by providing empirical evidence of their impact on airport performance. The combined two-group proportion test and loglinear analysis were applied as the main analytical methods, whereas a PESTEL analysis was used as an auxiliary tool to help explain quantitative findings. The results show that due to a large diaspora and difficult socioeconomic situation, there is a gap for more direct point-to-point flights offered by the low-cost carriers in general and, more specifically, if more direct flights are being offered from Prishtina Airport, their likelihood ratio is to increase twice in its absolute value, whereas in Tirana Airport, their likelihood ratio is to increase twice if they offer more connection flights. This confirms the conclusion that there is a gap for additional services to be provided, which could significantly affect the airport performance in return. In the end, this study also raises a new hypothesis: whether the younger generation of the diaspora, members of which were born and educated abroad, will negatively affect airport performance due to their decreasing tendency and interest to visit the homeland of their parents.

Evolution of the Kenyan Aviation Transport Industry From Colonisation to the Present: Towards Legal Compliance With the International Standards of Aviation Law

The President of Kenya recently announced Kenya has signed an International Agreement with the United States of America for direct flights from Kenya to the United States to take place. In order for this agreement to be implemented Kenya has to demonstrate that it has complied with International standards of aviation law and the aviation environment is properly, efficiently regulated to satisfy the United States standards. On February 2017 the Federal Aviation Authority of the United States of America granted Kenya a Category 1 status. This paper seeks to trace and lay down the aviation legal framework regulations and steps Kenya has taken to comply with the International legal standards. To determine whether it has complied with the same and is capable of maintaining its Category one status. In order to do I shall look at the various International laws and compare them to the Kenyan legal framework. To determine whether it has complied with the same and is capable of maintaining its Category one status. The study shall entail mostly deskwork research.

Economic Implication of Absence of National Carrier in the Nigeria Aviation Industry

The aim of the study is to access the economic implication of absence of National carrier in the Nigeria aviation industry. The airline industry is the key drive of the travel and tourism industry and also a major contributor to many countries’ overall economy through international tourist arrivals and departures. The study estimate the amount of revenue Nigeria is losing to capital flights for not having a viable national carrier over the past ten years that is from 2007 to 2016.The estimated amount of revenue loss was examined on airlines offering direct flights on Nigeria to London route, in which we have two foreign airlines (British airways and Virgin Atlantic airline)and a Nigeria’s private national carrier which is Med-view airline. The class of tickets and services in each class of ticket being offered by the airlines was examined. The study reveals an estimate of total of over $6 Billion revenue were being lost to hands of foreign competitors over the past ten years with British airways generating closely to $4 billion, while Virgin Atlantic generated over $2.3 billion and Med-view generated over $133 million in the past ten years. The study also reveals that the higher the passenger carried the higher the revenue and vice versa. However, establishing a national carrier by the federal government is imminent which will express Nigeria culture and to better serve passengers especially Nigerians. Finally, banks and other governmental financial institutions should make available enough funds with longer payback period and little interest for both existing airlines to upgrade their services and new entrants to be able to purchase necessary equipment’s to make them competitive in the market.

Chinese Outbound Tourist Preferences for All-Inclusive Group Package Tours: A Latent Class Choice Model

Extensive studies were conducted to understand package tour participants, but little is known about the selection and trade-off for a specific tour versus another. A stated choice experiment was conducted in this study with 270 prospective mainland Chinese outbound tourists, aiming to identify their heterogeneous preferences for package tours that involved eight attributes, each with varying levels. To identify the sources of preference heterogeneity, a latent class choice model was estimated to segment each of the three predetermined budget groups into two subgroups, and profile these subgroups by sociodemographic characteristics and consumption values. Different preference patterns for tour attributes were revealed among the subgroups, whereas majority of the respondents reported common preferences for fewer designated shops and direct flights. The results provide researchers and practitioners with innovative insights into the preferences and trade-offs of mainland Chinese package tour participants, as well as practical guidance for package tour design and pricing.

THE IMPACT OF AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT ON THE TOURISM IN THE GREEK ISLANDS OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN SEA

The current work focuses on the islands of the South Aegean and attempts to highlight the importance of airport infrastructure for their tourism development. The impact of other island characteristics (area, shore length, population, number of beds in various classes of accommodation, cost of accommodation, island’s attractiveness, distance from Piraeus port, etc.) was also investigated using regression analysis. The results revealed that airports having runways above 1,800m serve direct international flights and have a very significant contribution to the tourism development of the associated islands. On the contrary, islands having airports with short runways are served through Athens International Airport yet, the number of tourist arrivals by air is low, having a minor impact on their tourism product. The characteristics of these islands indicate that they have strong potential for further tourism growth given that their airport infrastructure will be improved overcoming technical and environmental barriers.

Estimating the global warming emissions of the LCAXVII conference: connecting flights matter

Conferences are an important element of scientific activity but can also be a major cause of environmental burden. With this in mind, we analysed the global warming emissions of the 2017 annual conference of the American Center for Life Cycle Assessment (ACLCA), in order to estimate the carbon footprint and identify potential ways to reduce it. We used survey data from participants as well as literature sources to complete an attributional assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions per participant. A method to calculate the ‘ideal’ location is proposed, which can be used to identify ‘unreasonably’ distant conference locations. The average emissions per participant were found to be 952 kg CO2eq, but with a large variability due to differences in travelled distance. Connecting flights were found to increase emissions up to 32% compared to direct flights, due to the increased number of take-offs and landings. Results indicate that future studies should use distance-dependent flight emissions to increase the accuracy of the assessment. Some measures, such as meat-free menus, had a relatively minor contribution to emission reductions, but could be important as scientists advocating for the reduction of environmental burden should lead by example.

STRATEGI PROMOSI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN MANCANEGARA KE CANDI PRAMBANAN JOGYAKARTA

This study aims to determine the strategies carried out by the managers of Prambanan Temple in increasing foreign tourist visits, the obstacles faced in increasing foreign tourist visits to visit Prambanan temple, and how to overcome the obstacles faced in increasing foreign tourist visits to the Prambanan Temple. The method used in this study was the observation method by the researchers directly observing Prambanan Temple in Yogyakarta and direct interviews with Prambanan Temple Managers both at the unit branch and at the center. The method used in this study is the theory of triangulation methods, namely from the data sources researchers draw conclusions. Data analysis of this study uses an interactive analysis model consisting of three activities that occur simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion or verification. The results of this study are promotional strategies carried out by Prambanan Temple Managers in increasing foreign tourist visits by conducting promotional and sales activities in collaboration with related stakeholders including Travel Agents, Ministry of Tourism, Indonesian Embassy, VITO, Managers of the overseas world heritage, through exhibitions, Sales Mission, table top and invite Family Trip for overseas tourism actors. Constraints faced by Prambanan Temple managers in increasing visits by foreign tourists to visit Prambanan temple are: a). Accessibility / Direct Flights from abroad to Jogja are still very limited which results in less competitive tour packages in Jogja, especially for visiting Prambanan Temple, b) competition with world heritage abroad, c). The occurrence of various natural disasters and security issues which resulted in a travel warning from potential countries of the foreign tourist market. How to overcome the obstacles faced by managers in increasing foreign tourist visits to visit Prambanan temple are: a). Increasing promotional activities in collaboration with relevant stakeholders to the Existing and Newmarket. b) improve the quality of services in tourism objects and improve access to information about products and services. c). Cooperate with distribution channels and online travel agents in destination ticket sales. d). Development of products and facilities that are in line with the concept of preservation of cultural heritage. The conclusion of this research is that the promotion strategies carried out by foreign managers both in units or centers have been carried out as much as possible and in various ways such as through exhibitions, Sales Missions, table top and inviting Family Trips to foreign tourists. And suggestions from this study required a lot of understanding human resources in IT to support promotional activities in the coming year. Keywords: strategy, promotion, tourist, foreign countries, prambanan temple

Comparison of Lyman-alpha and LI-COR infrared hygrometers for airborne measurement of turbulent fluctuations of water vapour

Abstract. To investigate if the LI-COR humidity sensor can be used as a replacement of the Lyman-alpha sensor for airborne applications, the measurement data of the Lyman-alpha and several LI-COR sensors are analysed in direct intercomparison flights on different airborne platforms. One vibration isolated closed-path and two non-isolated open-path LI-COR sensors were installed on a Dornier 128 twin engine turbo-prop aircraft. The closed-path sensor provided absolute values and fluctuations of the water vapour mixing ratio in good agreement with the Lyman-alpha. The signals of the two open-path sensors showed considerable high-frequency noise, and the absolute value of the mixing ratio was observed to drift with time in this vibrational environment. On the helicopter-towed sensor system Helipod, with very low vibration levels, the open-path LI-COR sensor agreed very well with the Lyman-alpha sensor over the entire frequency range up to 3 Hz. The results show that the LI-COR sensors are well suited for airborne measurements of humidity fluctuations, provided that a vibrationless environment is given, and this turns out to be more important than close sensor spacing.

Travel Distance and Corporate Investment Policy

We investigate how geographic distance relates to corporate investment decisions (i.e., investment location and ownership structure choices), using a setting of Taiwanese firms’ investment in mainland China. We measure geographic distance as travel time between parent firms (in Taiwan) and subsidiaries (in mainland China). Our identification strategy relates to the deregulation of flight routes between Taiwan and mainland China, which allows direct flights to each Chinese province. This deregulation results in variations in geographic distance across time and enables a difference-in-difference research design. Our analyses show that greater geographic distance is associated with a lower investment likelihood and a lower likelihood of 100% ownership (i.e., entire ownership) versus less than 100% ownership (i.e., shared ownership). We also find a negative association between geographic distance and investment performance. Geographic distance appears to limit firms’ access to information and thus influences their selection of investment locations and their control choice (i.e., ownership structure) to mitigate post-investment control problems.

ISTANBUL’S THIRD AIRPORT IN TERMS OF TRANSPORTATION GEOGRAPHY: GEOPOLITICS, REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS

More passengers have come to use airplanes in parallel with the developing aircraft technology. The remarkable and rapid development of commercial airlines after the World War II positively affected the costs to turn airborne transportation into a global activity taken up by masses. Doubtlessly, immense is the effect of developing airborne transportation on the emergence and dissemination of “globalization” herein. As one of the major components of airborne transportation, airports serve as spaces allowing for direct and connecting flights in a short time and make considerable contributions to the economy of the country they are located in. A region’s airborne accessibility enables the transportation of any goods and services to that particular region in a short while. Thus, accessibility is indispensable to the growth of a region’s economy. Taking the abovementioned as a premise, some airports have acquired new functions not only to regulate ordinary flight services and airborne transportation but also to turn into hubs to orchestrate interregional transportation. Such airports also function as tourism embassies. Among the hubs are the airports in Dubai, Bangkok, Frankfurt, London, Paris, and New York. In recent years, Istanbul has set out to be listed among the above hubs thanks to its geographical location and developing economy. Istanbul’s Third Airport, which has reached almost 70% of its construction and will come into service soon, has been designed to be the largest airport of the world. Istanbul is distinguished from the metropolitans listed above for the historical role it played and the diversity of its historical and cultural landmarks. Throughout its history of around 8000 years, Istanbul has served as a capital to the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires, which exerted substantial influences on the world history, and is teemed with cultural heritage of these civilizations. Every year, the city hosts some 12 million tourists. The present study discusses the probable global effects of Istanbul’s Third Airport under construction in terms of transportation geography and its geopolitical, regional, and economic effects in consideration of its projected mission.