Direct Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION PATTERNS IN LINKAGE OF INDUSTRIES WITH INVOLVEMENT OF CONSUMERS' EXPENDITURE

Carbon dioxide emission patterns in 1960-90 were examined in terms of industrial linkages and repercussions with involvement of households. The objective of this study is to clarify direct and indirect carbon dioxide emission patterns with internalization of households, and to discuss about the embodied emission patterns due to export and other final demand corresponding to the phase of rapid industrialization in Japan. The results are as follows: a) increased contribution of households to the emission was recognized in 1970-90 both through induced consumption and income repercussions, b) the trend of coefficients in the extended Leontief inverse matrix weighted by direct emission intensities of carbon dioxide showed patterns that the household sector had been likely to receive repercussion of the emission with reflection of post industrialization, c) the share of households in embodied carbon dioxide due to exports, especially of automobiles and household electric appliances, has rapidly increased following the phase of economic growth.

95/06704 Energy policies of the European Union

The pulp and paper industry accounts for approximately 5% of total industrial energy consumption and contributes 2% of direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industries. World paper and paperboard demand and production are increasing significantly, leading to an increase in this sector's energy use and CO2 emissions. Although current studies identify a wide range of energy-efficiency technologies that have already been commercialized for the pulp and paper industry, information is limited or scattered regarding new energy-efficiency technologies that are not yet fully commercialized. Development of emerging or advanced energy-efficiency technologies and their deployment in the market will be crucial for this industry's mid- and long-term energy saving and climate change mitigation strategies. This paper compiles available information on energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, and commercialization status for 25 emerging technologies to reduce the energy use and CO2 emissions. The purpose is to provide a well-structured comprehensive review on these emerging energy-efficiency technologies for engineers, researchers, investors, policy makers, pulp and/or paper companies, and other interested parties.

A general model for single-sludge wastewater treatment systems

In order to promote low-carbon sustainable operational management of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), automatic control and optimal operation technologies, which devote to improving effluent quality, operational costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have flourished in recent years. There is no consensus on the design procedure for optimal control/operation of sustainable WWTPs. In this review, we summarize recent researches on developing control and optimization strategies for GHG mitigation in WWTPs. Faced with the fact that direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (considered biological origin) are generally not included in the carbon footprint of WWTPs, direct emissions (nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4)) and indirect emissions are paid much attention. Firstly, the plant-wide models with GHG dynamic simulation, which are employed to design and evaluate the automatic control schemes as well as representative studies on identifying key factors affecting GHG emissions or comprehensive performance are outlined. Then, both traditional and advanced control methods commonly used in GHG mitigation are reviewed in detail, followed by the multi-objective optimization practices of control/operational parameters. Based on the mentioned control and (or) optimization strategies, a novel design framework for the optimal control/operation of sustainable WWTPs is proposed. The findings and design framework proposed in the paper will provide guidance for GHG mitigation and sustainable operation in WWTPs. It is foreseeable that more accurate and appropriate plant-wide models together with flexible control methods and intelligent optimization strategies will be developed to satisfy the upgrading requirements of WWTPs in the future.