Direct Effect Of Training Research Articles

Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Melalui Motivasi Pada Karyawan PT PLN Unit Pelaksana Pengendalian Pembangkitan Tello

This research aimed to determine the effect of training on performance through motivation among employees of PT PLN Unit Pelaksana Pengendalian Pembangkitan Tello. The research used an associative research design. The sampling technique used was proportionate sampling with a total of 70 employees. Data analysis included tests for instrument validity and reliability, classica assumption tests, descriptive data analysis, inferential data analysis using T-test and F-testco efficient of determination analysis, path analysis, and Sobel test. The data was processed using SPSS for Windows version 25.0.Based on the research conducted by the researcher at PT PLN Unit Pelaksana Pengendalian Pembangkitan Tello, it was found that the training, performance, and employee motivation were excellent. The training significantly influenced performance, and it also had a significant effect on employee work motivation. Employee motivation had a significant effect on performance. The indirect effect of training on performance through motivation was smaller than the direct effect of training on employee performance, indicating that motivation mediated the relationship between training and performance improvement.

Peran pelatihan dan efikasi diri terhadap minat berwirausaha dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas kelompok tani di desa Putat Nutug Ciseeng, Bogor

This study aims to determine the effect of training and self-efficacy on interest in entrepreneurship to increase the productivity of farmer groups in Putat Nutug Village, Ciseeng, Bogor Regency. The population in this study were members of a farmer group of 150 people. Determination of the number of samples using the Slovin formula totaling 60 respondents, with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used structural equation modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results showed no direct effect of training on business interest and no direct influence of business interest on productivity. Training has a direct effect on productivity, self-efficacy on business interest, and self-efficacy on productivity. There is no effect of training on productivity through interest in entrepreneurship, and there is no effect of self-efficacy on productivity through interest in entrepreneurship.

Novel participant-level meta-analytic evidence for AbSANT efficacy.

The current study employed interrupted time series (ITS) models to analyze all available (published and unpublished) Abstract Semantic Associative Network Training (AbSANT) data. AbSANT is a semantically focused anomia treatment that targets not only concrete but abstract words, unique among existing anomia treatments. However, evidence to date for the positive effects of AbSANT comes only from small-sample, single-subject design studies, limiting the strength of this evidence and the inferences that can be drawn from it. The statistical power and greater representativeness afforded by this larger aggregated sample enabled us to look for group-level efficacy evidence for AbSANT, examine specific questions about AbSANT's direct training and generalization effects, and identify potential predictors and mechanisms of AbSANT treatment response. We found that across 33 participants from four different data sources, AbSANT appears to be a robust word retrieval therapy protocol, with overall direct training and generalization effects that were more meaningful than exposure effects. Similar to previous smaller-sample study conclusions, we found that in this large sample, training abstract words results not only in larger direct training effects than training concrete words, but also larger generalization effects, suggesting that while AbSANT successfully improves both abstract and concrete word retrieval, it may be better suited for training abstract words. In general, direct training effects were more persistent after treatment ended than generalization effects and effects for concrete words were more persistent than for abstract words. Additionally, the effects of generalization appear to be distinct from the effects of simple exposure to words, and generalization effects are consistent with AbSANT's hypothesized mechanism of action: spreading activation from directly trained concepts to related concepts. Also consistent with this mechanism, we found that milder aphasia and both conceptual and lexical semantic processing ability predicted both direct training and generalization gains, and that executive function was predictive of generalization effects. These factors are thus important to consider when evaluating the appropriateness of AbSANT for individual clients.

The Effect of Training on Employee Motivation and Performance at the Secretariat of the DPRD of North Sumatra Province

The research was conducted to find out how the direct and indirect influence of Training (X) on Employee Performance (Y) at the Secretariat of the DPRD of North Sumatra Province through Motivation (Z). The population in the research was 107 civil servants with the number of samples used as many as 52 civil servants using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This research was conducted in 2022. The data used were primary data taken directly from respondents using a questionnaire. This research used quantitative data that was processed with SPSS 24.0 with path analysis. The results of the path analysis showed that training directly had a positive and significant effect on motivation with the Standardized Coefficients Beta Training value of 0.900 with a significant 0.000. Training directly had a positive and significant effect on employee performance with the Standardized Coefficients Beta Training value of 0.931 with a significant value of 0.000. Motivation directly had a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a value of Standardized Coefficients Beta Training of 0.942 with a significant value of 0.000. The results of the path analysis also showed that indirectly training did not have a significant effect on employee performance through motivation, which meant that motivation was not able to mediate the effect of training on employee performance. The indirect effect of training on employee performance through motivation was 0.848 which was smaller than the direct effect of training on employee performance of 0.931.

When and How Training Programs Influence Organizational Performance? A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Despite the proliferation of research on the relationship between human resource (HR) systems and organizational performance, our understanding of the impact of training programs on organizational performance is rather limited. In this article, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between training and organizational performance to (a) determine the magnitude of the relationship, (b) test a set of moderators of the relationship, and (c) suggest future research directions. The results from 613 correlations (N = 328,635) show that the relationship between training and organizational performance is positive and significant (rho = .12). More importantly, the effect size differs significantly across several moderators (e.g., training dimensions, inclusion of training, outcome dimensions, outcome measures, causal orders, industry, and region). Also, in a meta-analytic path analysis, we found support for the serial mediation model where the direct effect of training is stronger for more proximal outcomes than for more distal outcomes. Finally, in a post-hoc analysis, we found moderating effects of national culture in the relationship between training and organizational performance. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Training executive functions using an adaptive procedure over 21 days (10 training sessions) and an active control group.

The degree to which executive function (EF) abilities (including working memory [WM], inhibitory control [IC], and cognitive flexibility [CF]) can be enhanced through training is an important question; however, research in this area is inconsistent. Previous cognitive training studies largely agree that training leads to improvements in the trained task, but the generalisability of this improvement to other related tasks remains controversial. In this article, we present a pre-registered experiment that used an adaptive training procedure to examine whether EFs can be enhanced through cognitive training, and directly compared the efficacy and generalisability across sub-components of EF using training programmes that target WM, IC, or CF versus an active control group. Participants (n = 160) first completed a battery of tasks that assessed EFs, then were randomly assigned to one of the four training groups, and completed an adaptive procedure over 21 days (10 training sessions) that targeted a specific sub-component of EF (or was comparatively engaging and challenging, but did not train a specific EF). At post-test, participants returned to the lab to repeat the battery of EF tasks. Results revealed robust direct training effects (i.e., on trained task), but limited evidence to support near (i.e., same EF, different task) and far (i.e., different EF and task) transfer effects. Where indirect training benefits emerged, the effects were more readily attributable to the overlapping training/assessment task routines, rather than more general enhancements to the underlying cognitive processes or neural circuits.

High-Intensity Exercise Training Protects the Brain Against Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: Regulation of Microglial Redox and Pro-inflammatory Functions.

Background: Exercise training induces beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases, and specifically on multiple sclerosis (MS) and it’s model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unclear whether exercise training exerts direct protective effects on the central nervous system (CNS), nor are the mechanisms of neuroprotection fully understood. In this study, we investigated the direct neuroprotective effects of high-intensity continuous training (HICT) against the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation and the role of resident microglia.Methods: We used the transfer EAE model to examine the direct effects of training on the CNS. Healthy mice performed HICT by treadmill running, followed by injection of encephalitogenic proteolipid (PLP)-reactive T-cells to induce EAE. EAE severity was assessed clinically and pathologically. Brain microglia from sedentary (SED) and HICT healthy mice, as well as 5-days post EAE induction (before the onset of disease), were analyzed ex vivo for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation, mRNA expression of M1/M2 markers and neurotrophic factors, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines.Results: Transfer of encephalitogenic T-cells into HICT mice resulted in milder EAE, compared to sedentary mice, as indicated by reduced clinical severity, attenuated T-cell, and neurotoxic macrophage/microglial infiltration, and reduced loss of myelin and axons. In healthy mice, HICT reduced the number of resident microglia without affecting their profile. Isolated microglia from HICT mice after transfer of encephalitogenic T-cells exhibited reduced ROS formation and released less IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) in response to PLP-stimulation.Conclusions: These findings point to the critical role of training intensity in neuroprotection. HICT protects the CNS against autoimmune neuroinflammation by reducing microglial-derived ROS formation, neurotoxicity, and pro-inflammatory responses involved in the propagation of autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Abstract Semantic Associative Network Training: A Replication and Update of an Abstract Word Retrieval Therapy Program.

Purpose We report on a study that replicates previous treatment studies using Abstract Semantic Associative Network Training (AbSANT), which was developed to help persons with aphasia improve their ability to retrieve abstract words, as well as thematically related concrete words. We hypothesized that previous results would be replicated; that is, when abstract words are trained using this protocol, improvement would be observed for both abstract and concrete words in the same context-category, but when concrete words are trained, no improvement for abstract words would be observed. We then frame the results of this study with the results of previous studies that used AbSANT to provide better evidence for the utility of this therapeutic technique. We also discuss proposed mechanisms of AbSANT. Method Four persons with aphasia completed one phase of concrete word training and one phase of abstract word training using the AbSANT protocol. Effect sizes were calculated for each word type for each phase. Effect sizes for this study are compared with the effect sizes from previous studies. Results As predicted, training abstract words resulted in both direct training and generalization effects, whereas training concrete words resulted in only direct training effects. The reported results are consistent across studies. Furthermore, when the data are compared across studies, there is a distinct pattern of the added benefit of training abstract words using AbSANT. Conclusion Treatment for word retrieval in aphasia is most often aimed at concrete words, despite the usefulness and pervasiveness of abstract words in everyday conversation. We show the utility of AbSANT as a means of improving not only abstract word retrieval but also concrete word retrieval and hope this evidence will help foster its application in clinical practice.

Effects of Semantic Feature Type, Diversity, and Quantity on Semantic Feature Analysis Treatment Outcomes in Aphasia.

Purpose Semantic feature analysis (SFA) is a naming treatment found to improve naming performance for both treated and semantically related untreated words in aphasia. A crucial treatment component is the requirement that patients generate semantic features of treated items. This article examined the role feature generation plays in treatment response to SFA in several ways: It attempted to replicate preliminary findings from Gravier et al. (2018), which found feature generation predicted treatment-related gains for both trained and untrained words. It examined whether feature diversity or the number of features generated in specific categories differentially affected SFA treatment outcomes. Method SFA was administered to 44 participants with chronic aphasia daily for 4 weeks. Treatment was administered to multiple lists sequentially in a multiple-baseline design. Participant-generated features were captured during treatment and coded in terms of feature category, total average number of features generated per trial, and total number of unique features generated per item. Item-level naming accuracy was analyzed using logistic mixed-effects regression models. Results Producing more participant-generated features was found to improve treatment response for trained but not untrained items in SFA, in contrast to Gravier et al. (2018). There was no effect of participant-generated feature diversity or any differential effect of feature category on SFA treatment outcomes. Conclusions Patient-generated features remain a key predictor of direct training effects and overall treatment response in SFA. Aphasia severity was also a significant predictor of treatment outcomes. Future work should focus on identifying potential nonresponders to therapy and explore treatment modifications to improve treatment outcomes for these individuals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12462596.

PENGARUH PELATIHAN, JIWA KORSA DAN KERJA TIM TERHADAP KINERJA PRAJURIT BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

Special Forces of the Indonesian Air Force, is a force that has special advantages. The 'more special force' was called the Bravo 90 Unit, whose members consisted of a number of selected Paskhas personnel. The performance of this unit is very much needed in the context of completing tasks to support the main tasks of the Air Force. The purpose of this research is to look at performances that can be influenced by various variables including the training variables, the soul of the body and teamwork. Research using quantitative methods and path analysis techniques with survey design. The development of information technology can be used as a supporting device in achieving the desired performance. The results showed there was a positive direct effect of training on soldier performance, esprit de corps on soldier performance, teamwork on soldier performance, training on teamwork, esprit de corps on teamwork, and teamwork on esprit de corps. So that the variables that can affect the performance need to be fostered continuously cohesiveness in order to improve the performance of information technology-based soldiers.http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um021v4i22019p125

ANALISIS KINERJA: TRAINING, LINGKUNGAN KERJA, BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA

The purpose of this study is to test training, employee environment, and organizational culture on employee performance with satisfaction as an intervening variable. using a quantitative approach, the data of this study were collected from 100 employees Sekretariat Badan Pelatihan dan Pendidikan Keuangan Jakarta. The sampling technique used was random sampling. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used to test the hypothesis in this study by using SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study found that there is a significant positive effect of training on employee performance, there is a significant positive effect of the work environment on employee performance, and there is a significant positive effect of organizational culture on employee performance. then, there is a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, there is a work environment that has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, there is a significant positive organizational culture on job satisfaction, and there is a positive job satisfaction on employee performance. besides, it was found that the direct effect of training on employee performance was greater than the indirect effect of training on job satisfaction, there was a work environment that directly affected employee performance greater than the indirect influence of the work environment on job satisfaction, and there was an influential organizational culture directly on employee performance is greater than the indirect influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction.

ANALISIS KINERJA: TRAINING, LINGKUNGAN KERJA, BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA

The purpose of this study is to test training, employee environment, and organizational culture on employee performance with satisfaction as an intervening variable. using a quantitative approach, the data of this study were collected from 100 employees Sekretariat Badan Pelatihan dan Pendidikan Keuangan Jakarta. The sampling technique used was random sampling. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used to test the hypothesis in this study by using SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study found that there is a significant positive effect of training on employee performance, there is a significant positive effect of the work environment on employee performance, and there is a significant positive effect of organizational culture on employee performance. then, there is a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, there is a work environment that has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, there is a significant positive organizational culture on job satisfaction, and there is a positive job satisfaction on employee performance. besides, it was found that the direct effect of training on employee performance was greater than the indirect effect of training on job satisfaction, there was a work environment that directly affected employee performance greater than the indirect influence of the work environment on job satisfaction, and there was an influential organizational culture directly on employee performance is greater than the indirect influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF STATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL HEADMASTERS THROUGH TRAINING AND WORK ENVIRONMENT WITH MOTIVATION AS INTERVENING

This study aims to determine the effect of training and work environment on the performance of the heads of public elementary schools in sub-district Banjarsari of Surakarta city with motivation as an intervening variable. Methods of collecting data with questionnaires on a sample of 30 elementary school. Path analysis results conclude that: 1. The direct effect of training on performance of is greater than the indirect effect of training on performance with motivation mediation, meaning that motivation cannot function as an intervening variable. 2. The indirect effect of the work environment on motivation mediation performance is greater than the correlation between the work environment with motivation, motivation correlation with a performance, meaning that motivation cannot function as an intervening variable. 3. The total effect of training on performance is greater than the total effect of the work environment on performance. Test results concluded that to improve performance is most effective through increasing training without going through intervening variables.

The effect of training, mentality and entrepreneurship on business success for employee pensions

This study aims to analyze (1) the direct effect of training on business success for prospective retirees; (2) the direct effect of mentality on business success for prospective retirees; (3) the direct effect of entrepreneurship on business success for prospective retirees; (4) the direct effect of training on entrepreneurship for retirement candidates PT. Bank BNI; (5) the direct effect of mentality on entrepreneurship for prospective retirees; and (6) the direct effect of training on the mentality of prospective retirees. The population in this study was retired PT. BNI banks in the Indonesian region that attended pre-retirement training at the time of retirement (aged 50-55 years) was 264 people. The sampling technique using Slovin formula obtained as many as 160 respondents. The results of the study indicate that (1) the training implemented has been actualized to retired PT. Bank BNI employees to realize the success of the business that will be undertaken. The training was in the form of pre-retirement given to every retired PT. Bank BNI as a provision for entrepreneurship in retirement; (2) retired employees are mentally prepared to pursue business in realizing business success. This mentality is needed as the stability of the soul and personality to run the business to be successful; (3) retired employees carry out entrepreneurship to realize business success. Entrepreneurial desire is the main motive for realizing the success of the business he is engaged in; (4) provide continuous training to retired employees to prepare them for entrepreneurship. The results of the pre-retirement training that were followed provided benefits for running entrepreneurship; (5) every retired employee is ready to carry out the entrepreneurial mentality he is practicing. Mental readiness to dare to make entrepreneurial decisions in retirement; and (6) retired employees who attend training mentally are ready to face the retirement period with entrepreneurship. Training before retirement has led to the realization of a persistent mentality in entrepreneurship.

The Effect of Race Training on the Basal Gene Expression of Alveolar Macrophages Derived From Standardbred Racehorses

Mild-to-moderate equine asthma is prevalent in young racehorses, particularly early in their training period. Although the precise etiopathogenesis remains undetermined, it is possible that the susceptibility of this population might partly reflect an exercise-associated immune derangement at the level of the airway. We performed a genome-wide basal gene expression scan on alveolar macrophages (AMs) isolated from Standardbred racehorses before and after commencement of competition race training with a view to identifying any exercise-associated gene expression modulation consistent with functional alterations, which might reflect training-associated immunological derangement. Microarray technology was used to analyze the basal gene expression profiles of bronchoalveolar fluid–derived AMs, harvested from six systemically healthy Standardbred racehorses before (T0) and after (T1) entry into training. In addition, AM lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α and IL-10 release at T0 and T1 was assessed. Although the data revealed significant interhorse heterogeneity in relation to the magnitude of individual gene expression at each timepoint, within each horse, several inflammatory-related genes [e.g., chemokine ligands, interferons, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB)] declined in expression from T0 to T1. Entry into training did not significantly alter AM LPS-induced TNF-α or IL-10 release. The data support a direct effect of training on AM basal gene expression, particularly with respect to immune-related genes. The pattern of training-associated differential gene expression may indicate relative downregulation of inflammatory-related genes, consistent with an immunosuppressive effect of training and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens.

An empirical investigation of workplace factors affecting lean performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify workplace factors with an impact on lean performance (LP). This can lead to better LP outcomes, thus facilitating organizations to smoothly move from the conventional to lean management.Design/methodology/approachThe direct effects of training, knowledge acquisition and organizational culture are empirically investigated using data from 126 managers employed at a global company, which recently has improved its LP. Study’s hypotheses were analyzed with hierarchical regression models.FindingsThe findings suggest that not all of the aforementioned workplace factors holistically affect LP. Only organizational culture is associated to the four LP variables (i.e. continuous improvement, waste, ergonomy and product quality). Training and knowledge acquisition offer partially effects on LP with training to contribute mostly to predicting continuous improvements. Knowledge acquisition alone, has significant yet negative impact on both continuous improvement and ergonomy. Even more, when training is combined with knowledge acquisition the results are different.Originality/valueAs this study highlights the impact of workplace practices on LP, attributes mainly importance to the distinct effects that each of the aforementioned factors has on the four distinct LP variables. Although the study results reflect a particular case, its recommendations could facilitate practitioners to achieve better lean outcomes.

The Effect of Value Chain Interventions for Staple Crops: Evidence from Small-Scale Farmers in Nicaragua

This paper quantitatively assesses the effect of value chain development projects on market linkages of small-scale farmers of a staple crop and agricultural income. We focus on Nicaraguan bean producers participating in a value chain development project. Using a panel data set, we apply difference-in-differences and instrumental variables estimators to identify causal effects of programme participation. We first quantify the positive direct effect of training on bean sales in terms of quantity and percentage of beans sold in linked markets. Second, we show that intensified commercialisation contributes to total agricultural income, suggesting a positive indirect effect of the intervention. Our results indicate that market linkage of smallholder farmers requires different sets of intervention tools than farm technical assistance.

A deep learning method for classifying mammographic breast density categories.

Mammographic breast density is an established risk marker for breast cancer and is visually assessed by radiologists in routine mammogram image reading, using four qualitative Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS) breast density categories. It is particularly difficult for radiologists to consistently distinguish the two most common and most variably assigned BI-RADS categories, i.e., "scattered density" and "heterogeneously dense". The aim of this work was to investigate a deep learning-based breast density classifier to consistently distinguish these two categories, aiming at providing a potential computerized tool to assist radiologists in assigning a BI-RADS category in current clinical workflow. In this study, we constructed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model coupled with a large (i.e., 22,000 images) digital mammogram imaging dataset to evaluate the classification performance between the two aforementioned breast density categories. All images were collected from a cohort of 1,427 women who underwent standard digital mammography screening from 2005 to 2016 at our institution. The truths of the density categories were based on standard clinical assessment made by board-certified breast imaging radiologists. Effects of direct training from scratch solely using digital mammogram images and transfer learning of a pretrained model on a large nonmedical imaging dataset were evaluated for the specific task of breast density classification. In order to measure the classification performance, the CNN classifier was also tested on a refined version of the mammogram image dataset by removing some potentially inaccurately labeled images. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to measure the accuracy of the classifier. The AUC was 0.9421 when the CNN-model was trained from scratch on our own mammogram images, and the accuracy increased gradually along with an increased size of training samples. Using the pretrained model followed by a fine-tuning process with as few as 500 mammogram images led to an AUC of 0.9265. After removing the potentially inaccurately labeled images, AUC was increased to 0.9882 and 0.9857 for without and with the pretrained model, respectively, both significantly higher (P<0.001) than when using the full imaging dataset. Our study demonstrated high classification accuracies between two difficult to distinguish breast density categories that are routinely assessed by radiologists. We anticipate that our approach will help enhance current clinical assessment of breast density and better support consistent density notification to patients in breast cancer screening.

Preparing School Counselors to Support LGBT Youth: The Roles of Graduate Education and Professional Development

This study examined whether school counselors’ LGBT-related graduate education and professional development predicted more frequent efforts to support LGBT students, and whether their LGBT-related self-efficacy mediated the relationship between their training experiences and supportive efforts. Results from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses indicated that more exposure to LGBT-related graduate education and professional development predicted more frequent engagement in LGBT-related practices among school counselors. Results from OLS regression-based path analysis further indicated that the direct effect of training on school counselors’ practices was partly explained by the positive effects of training on counselors’ LGBT-related self-efficacy. The article also discusses the study's implications and limitations.

Can attention be taught? Interspecific attention by dogs (Canis familiaris) performing obedience tasks

In the context of dog training it would be of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms that control how attention to humans is allocated by dogs, and how this can be modified by training. This study aimed at characterising the patterns of attention paid to their handler by dogs with different training level, while performing typical obedience tasks in conditions of increasing difficulty. The study involved 64 dogs, classified as expert (completed an obedience course of 6 months, N=20), intermediate (in training, N=21) and novice (no training received, N=23). In the experiment, the handler had to make the dog perform a sequence of three exercises. As first exercise (stay), handlers had to obtain a waiting posture by the dog, step back by 2.5m and wait 30s. The following two exercises were identical to the stay, but respectively a bowl with some food (food) and a toy (toy), were placed close to the dog before asking the desired waiting posture. The average duration of gazes (GL) and the frequency of gaze shifts towards the handler (GF) were collected in the two minutes preceding the exercises (baseline attention) and while the dogs were performing the requested exercises. In baseline GL was affected by the dog’s sex (F2,57=4.98, P=0.011, GLM anova), being highest in intact females, and training level (F2,57=5.27, P=0.008) being highest in expert dogs. During obedience exercises GL was affected by the exercise (F2,158=11.57, P<0.001) being highest in stay, and by the training level (F2,158=25.02, P<0.001), being highest in expert and lowest in novice dogs. The frequency of gaze shifting was affected by an exercise*sex interaction (F2,154=2.48, P=0.046), with intact females showing higher GF in toy than all other exercise*sex combination. Moreover, GF was affected by the dog’s training level (F2,154=6.64, P=0.002), being highest in novice dogs. Different mechanisms could contribute to explain our results, including direct effects of training on interspecific attention patterns as well as indirect effects of the dog-owner relationship. The role and weight of such mechanisms in shaping dogs’ attention to owners’ remains to be addressed.