Direct Economic Benefits Research Articles

Socioeconomic Factors of Forest Dependency in Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from the Bandarban Hill District of Bangladesh

Forests provide direct and indirect economic benefits to forest-dependent communities in the world, especially in the developing countries contributing to the national economy. The present study aims with the socioeconomic status and factors favoring forest conservation and influencing people’s dependency on forest resources in the Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh. The study was based on Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and socioeconomic survey through a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that peoples’ income from the forest and forest-related occupations were positively related to their forest dependency. However, respondent’s education level significantly reduced their dependency on forest resources. Thus, educating the forest-dependent people and supporting alternative livelihoods may be an option for effective forest management and conservation. This study represents an important pioneer step in taking a holistic view of the peoples’ dependency on forest resources which might be helpful for policymakers in the future to ensure sustainable forest management and conservation in developing countries like Bangladesh.

Why do firms issue green bonds?

The first green bond was issued by the European Investment Bank in 2007. Since then, the market has sharply increased from a less than USD1bn annual issuance to a higher than USD100bn annual issuance between 2007 and 2017. In this article, we investigate drivers of the green bond market’s success. We first look at whether green bonds benefit from any direct or indirect economic benefit as compared to non-green bonds. We then more deeply investigate the motives of firms deciding to issue green bonds. Aside from economic benefits, we show that firm characteristics, as well as the environment-related regulatory context, are key drivers of green bond issuance.

Practical Research on Fully Mechanized Caving Face in Extra Thick Coal Seam Based on Cutting Roof Pressure Relief Pre-fracturing Technology

In order to improve the top coal resources at both ends of fully mechanized top coal caving face in Extra-thick seam and the recovery rate of coal resources during the initial caving, reduce the impact of initial weighting on the working face during the initial caving, and reduce the rock pressure appearances during the mining period near the working face, the fracture damage theory is used to analyze the change of the breaking and caving step distance of roof rock girder and the initial pressure strength of fully mechanized top coal caving face after the roof cutting and unloading. It is concluded that the support pressure area of fully mechanized caving face moves forward, which enhances the caving ability of coal seam and the recovery rate of coal resources during the initial caving period. Taking a fully mechanized caving face of a coal mine in Shanxi Province as the research background, this paper compares and analyses the difference between the first weighting step and the first caving step of fully mechanized caving face with or without roof-cutting pre-fracturing before initial mining and at the end of two roadways. The results show that the first weighting step of fully mechanized caving face is shorter than that of non-pre-fracturing after the implementation of roof-cutting pre-fracturing technology. 1.1m, the first caving step is 16 m ahead of the time when the pre-cracking occurs; and by using borehole peeping technology, it is concluded that the top coal suspended in the triangle area of goaf breaks down along the fissures leading by pre-cracking blasting, effectively solving the problem of overhanging roof in the goaf of two roadways, bringing about direct economic and social benefits of 27.5 million yuan, which has broad prospects for popularization.

Potential of wastelands for carbon sequestration- A review

One of the most important issues of the 21st century in India is carbon (C) management through carbon sequestration and its long term storage. Enhancing carbon sequestration in degraded agricultural lands has direct environmental, economic, and social benefits for local people. The best practical method for sequestration of excess CO2 from atmosphere is by storing it into a biological system like plant biomass and finally into the soil. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2000) one of the best reservoirs of carbon is soil. Soil plays a major role in global carbon cycle as it is an important pool of active carbon. Restoration of depleted soils can lead to a new SOC equilibrium over 25 to 50 years through adoption of Recommended Management Practices (RMP) (Lal et al., 1998) [15]. The average rate of carbon sequestration in uplands is 300-500 kg ha-1 (0.01- 0.02%) and in wet lands, 800-1000 kg ha-1 (0.04- 0.05%) (Lal et al., 2007) [20]. Soils with greatest potential for C accumulation are those that are severely C depleted but still retaining the requisites such as nutrients, structure and microbial population for primary production or can be suitably managed to increase the productivity in short term. Several approaches and tools are required to develop reliable estimates of changes in soil C at scales ranging from the individual experimental plot to whole regional and national inventories. Increasing the soil organic carbon pool is a long term process. Practice of combined land use system will serve the purpose. Knowledge of soils related to SOC pool sequestration and their sustainable management on priority basis is a must to increase the SOC levels for enhancing productivity and sustainability.

A comparison of environmental and economic sustainability across seafood and livestock product value chains

This paper uses an environmentally extended input-output model of the Irish economy to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic output multipliers in 2010 for two aquatic (aquaculture products and sea fisheries) and five land-based livestock products (beef and veal, sheep meat, pig meat, poultry meat, and dairy products). Moreover, the Global Value Chain (GVC) framework is adopted to qualitatively understand the structure of Irish food sectors and identify segments of the food value chains with the greatest emissions efficiency and economic potential. Aquaculture is found to have the highest output multiplier and a low to medium carbon footprint compared to pastoral livestock products (beef and veal, sheep meat, dairy). The direct and indirect economic benefits of the aquaculture sector along with the relatively low carbon footprint suggest that additional benefits from an expansion of Ireland's aquaculture sector can be gained. However, aquaculture is energy intensive, and therefore production requires the efficient use of energy and resources, and the employment of low carbon technologies that strengthen aquaculture's sustainability.

The Economic Value of Shark and Ray Tourism in Indonesia and Its Role in Delivering Conservation Outcomes

As a hotspot of species diversity and fishing pressure, Indonesia is a global priority for the conservation of sharks, rays and their cartilaginous relatives (herein 'sharks'). The high value marine tourism industry in Indonesia can create economic incentives for protecting and sustainably managing marine ecosystems and species, including sharks. This study estimates the economic value of shark and ray tourism in Indonesia and explores tourist preferences and local community perceptions of the tourism industry to understand the current and potential future role of this industry in shark and ray conservation. We identified 24 shark tourism hotspots across 14 provinces, with primary data collected from 365 tourists and 84 local community members over six case study sites. We use Purchasing Power Parity and travel efforts to extrapolate expenditures to other tourism sites. We estimate that at least 188,931 dedicated or partially dedicated shark tourists visit Indonesia each year. The median annual expenditures of these shark tourists is estimated at USD 22 million (for 2017), accounting for at least 7% of the total USD 1 billion marine tourism revenue in Indonesia in 2017 and 1.45x the value of annual shark exports in the country (inflation-adjusted to 2017 values). If sharks were absent from the surveyed sites, Indonesia's tourism industry could lose ~ 25% of these dive tourist expenditures. Despite this considerable value, our study indicates a mismatch between the absolute economic value of shark and ray tourism and its role in providing an incentive for conservation. Results from interviews with local communities in or near shark and ray tourism sites indicate that shark fishers are not well placed to receive direct economic benefits from shark and ray tourism. Since overfishing is the primary threat to shark populations, failure to engage with and appropriately incentivise these stakeholders will be detrimental to the success of Indonesia's shark conservation efforts. If shark populations continue to decline due to insufficient conservation actions, the tourism industry could suffer economic losses from shark and ray tourism of more than USD 121 million per annum by 2027, as well as detrimental impacts on species, marine ecosystems, fisheries and people.

Innovative Models of Enterprise Marketing Activity

The papers considers the following six innovative models of marketing activity: event marketing, brand immersion, geolocation internet-marketing, lead generation internet-marketing, single commodity distribution and trade-service network, van selling. Even marketing is a systematic execution of events used as a platform for presentation of products while attracting attention of potential consumers and exerting emotional impact on them. The model is directed on four targeted objects: consu-mers, partners, market and own personnel. Brand immersion is the involvement of consumers in emotional perception and expe-rience of brand. Geolocation internet-marketing is data penetration (location) of a large circle of consumers via the Internet on a wide geographic site. Lead generation internet-marketing is attraction (generation) of potential consumers (leads) via the Internet. Single commodity distribution and trade-service network is an aggregate of firms or individuals which and who take over or help to transfer ownership of a particular product or service to someone else on their way from a manufacturer to a consumer as well as providing trade and service services. Links of the commodity distribution network are: manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, dealers, brokers, agents, consignees, retailers, service and repair companies. Van selling is wholesale trade with prompt delivery of goods to consumers and placing orders on the spot (sale from wheels). The essence of each model has been revealed and their values and advantages in commercial activity have been considered in the paper. It has been shown that an introduction of innovations is hindered by various factors: stereotypes of thinking, organizational difficulties, additional material costs, possible lack of direct economic benefits for some participants in the trade. All this makes it difficult to create and implement innovations in trade practice including the use of computer technologies in trade, for example, in the field of public procurement. The paper proposes methods for eliminating these obstacles.

Effect of dietary tannins on milk yield and composition, nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis.

Tannins are secondary plant compounds which have been extensively studied in order to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of ruminants. A meta-analysis was performed of 58 in vivo experiments comparing milk yield, composition and nitrogen metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed diets with or without tannins. The meta-analysis shows that tannins have no impact on corrected milk yield, fat and protein content or NUE (p>.05). However, tannins reduce ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (N) production by 16% (from 10.95 to 8.47mg/dl on average), milk urea by 9% (from 15.82 to 14.03mg/dl) and urinary N excretion (-11%; p<.05). This is compensated for by a lower apparent N digestibility (61.51% with dietary tannins compared to 66.17% without). The effect of tannin on N metabolism parameters increases with tannin dose (p<.05). The shift from urinary to faecal N may be beneficial for environment preservation, as urinary N induces more harmful emissions than faecal N. From a farmer's perspective, tannins seem unable to increase fat- and protein-corrected milk yield or reduce feed protein requirements and thus have no direct economic benefit. Potentially less costly than tannin extracts, forage or by-products naturally rich in tannins could still be useful to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant protein feeding.

Economic analysis of large-scale farm biogas power generation system considering environmental benefits based on LCA: A case study in China

Biogas power generation systems present significant environmental and social benefits. Various countries have attached great importance to clean energy production, although its direct economic benefits are not significant. Nonetheless, the increasing interest in biogas projects has enhanced the need for accurate economic analysis. In this paper, an economic analysis method combined with LCA is proposed, and the monetary value of environmental benefits are innovatively added to the income of a biogas project. First, LCA-based environmental benefit analysis is carried out. Second, environmental benefits are calculated in monetary terms with a quantitative method. Finally, environmental benefits are added to the project income. Specifically, the external effect is internalized. In addition, economic indicators of the project are calculated and compared, complemented by a sensitivity analysis. A case study of the Jing An biogas power generation project reveals that its environmental impact is lower by 6264.17 person-equivalent standard loads compared with the impact of coal-fired generation of equivalent power. Furthermore, the net present value and the internal rate of return of this project increase to 59.40 million RMB and 19.85%, respectively, after the monetary value of the environmental benefits is incorporated. The results suggest that the proposed analysis method can reflect the economic benefits of biogas power generation projects more accurately and comprehensively than standard economic analyses and is applicable to large-scale farm biogas power generation projects integrating agriculture, livestock, electricity and fertilizer.

Do environmental conservation programs contribute to sustainable livelihoods? Evidence from China's grain-for-green program in northern Shaanxi province

Several studies reported that conservation programs worldwide have profoundly reshaped participants' livelihoods and influenced other socio-economic processes. A fully understanding of how such conservation programs influence human lives is, therefore, crucial for their success. There, however, is little robust evidence of the effect of China's grain-for-green program (GGP), the largest conservation program in the world, on participants' livelihoods. That is, we do not know whether the program fulfills its goal of, at the very least, doing no harm to the lives of participants while simultaneously enhancing their environmental perception. To help fill this gap, we used a sustainable livelihood approach and structural equation modeling, based on household survey data from China's northern Shaanxi province, to compare the livelihood components of participants and non-participants in the GGP. We then characterized the interactions and pathways between their livelihood components and environmental perception. We found that the GGP indeed does no harm to participants' lives. Although participants suffer from a small reduction in natural capital due to a sharp decrease in their landholdings, they have much more off-farm income, subsidies, and financial and social assets than non-participants. Respondents commonly held positive attitudes toward the program's environmental benefits, but they had weak perceptions of the social and direct economic benefits of the GGP. Respondents' environmental perceptions of the GGP were significantly influenced by the number of available laborers, their education and health levels, off-farm income, subsidies, and the accessibility of transportation. Therefore, further resources should be dedicated to improving education as well as rural health care and infrastructure in order to create more off-farm job opportunities for GGP participants. In addition, decision makers should carefully redesign supporting policies, such as payments for ecosystem services, to help poor participants rebuild their livelihoods.

Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Umaya R, Hardjanto, Soekmadi R, Sunito S. 2020. Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 982-993. Merapi (Java, Indonesia) is recognized as the most active volcano in Indonesia. This area has also gazetted as a national park, called Gunung Merapi National Park (GNMP), despite the existence of humans who live adjacent to the park with high dependency on its resources. The objectives of this study were to determine direct use value (DUV) and investigate human dependence toward the goods and services generated from GNMP. The research was conducted in 27 sub-villages. In total 277 respondents and 62 key informants were selected using purposive sampling and 9 times focus group discussion. The DUV was estimated using market price approach. The results of this study found that the DUV of GMNP was IDR 87,947,589,505 year-1, generated from direct benefit of grasses for animal feedstock (41.74%), sand mining (31.32%), water consumption (20.23%), fuelwood collection (3.57%), ecotourism activities (1.65%), land management for agriculture (1.48%), and orchid conservation program (0.01%). The dominance of DUV derived from grasses collection, sand mining and water consumption was highly correlated with the characteristics of sub-villages communities, influenced by the events of eruption of Merapi volcano, changes in legal status of forest function and market situations. Sub-village communities have historically developed reciprocal relationships with Merapi volcano and its surrounding ecosystem in terms of ecological, economic, and cultural aspects, and they played important roles in natural resources management of Merapi volcano. The findings of this study suggest that an important strategy for GMNP authority is by positioning sub-village communities and their norms as resource beneficiaries and partners in managing the park, highlighting that their existence should not be neglected.

Optimal configuration of the energy storage system in ADN considering energy storage operation strategy and dynamic characteristic

To meet the needs of energy storage system configuration with distributed power supply and its operation in the active distribution network (ADN), establish the dynamics of the all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system (BESS). On this basis, an energy storage operation of ADN strategy is proposed to stabilise the power fluctuation of the system. The energy storage configuration model with optimising objectives such as the fixed cost, operating cost, direct economic benefit and environmental benefit of the BESS in the life cycle of the energy is constructed, and the energy storage installation capacity, power and installation position are used as decision variables, which are solved by the dynamic programming algorithm. On the basis of case 33 and case 69 node examples and typical daily load and distributed generations output curve, the simulation analysis is carried out to obtain the optimal configuration result. At the same time, the system tie-line power and the dynamic characteristics of the energy storage system before and after the installation of the energy storage device are obtained. The simulation results show the validity of the model.

Slavery and Anglo‐American capitalism revisited

AbstractBritish and American debates on the relationship between slavery and economic growth have had little interaction with each other. This article attempts intellectual arbitrage by joining these two literatures. The linkage turns on the neglected part two of the ‘Williams thesis’: that slavery and the slave trade, once vital for the expansion of British industry and commerce, were no longer needed by the nineteenth century. In contrast to recent assertions of the centrality of slavery for US economic development, the article argues that part two of the Williams thesis applies with equal force to nineteenth‐century America. Unlike sugar, cotton required no large investments of fixed capital and could be cultivated efficiently at any scale, in locations that would have been settled by free farmers in the absence of slavery. Cheap cotton was undoubtedly important for the growth of textiles, but cheap cotton did not require slavery. The best evidence for this claim is that after two decades of war, abolition, and Reconstruction, cotton prices returned to their prewar levels. In both countries, the rise of anti‐slavery sentiment was not driven by the prospect of direct economic benefits, but major economic interest groups acquiesced in abolition because they no longer saw slavery as indispensable.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI ANGGOTA KOPERASI (Kasus pada KUD Tenera Jaya Di Desa Banjar Panjang Kecamatan Kerumutan Kabupaten Pelalawan dan Koperasi Bina Usaha Desa Benayah Kecamatan Pusako Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau)

ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; Cooperation is a profit-oriented and family-based social organization that aim to help in increasing the budget. This study aims to analyze: characteristics of management, employees, and members of the Cooperation, factors related to the level of cooperation member participation. This research was carried out at the KUD Tenera Jaya, Banjar Panjang Village, Kerumutuan District, Pelalawan Regency and Bina Usaha Cooperative in Benayah Village, Pusako District, Siak Regency, Riau Province, during 6 months. The method used in this study is a survey method. The respondents consisted of members, management and employees. Management and Employee Respondents were taken in a census, that is, 3 cooperatives and 3 employees' cooperatives. Respondents from the Tenera Jaya Cooperative were taken by cluster sampling, 44 were taken from 370 people. Samples of members of the Cooperative Business Development taken by stratified sampling are 60 people out of 210 people. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. The results of the study were average of management age 51 years, employees of 35 years and 49.81 years. The average level of education of administrators was 10.5 years (not graduated from high school), 11.5 years employees (graduated from high school) and 8.45 years (equivalent to junior high school). The education level of management, employees, and members of the cooperation was relatively low. The average business experience of management was 10.06 years, employees were 10.33 years, and members were 12.45 years. The average amount of income from the management of palm oil was Rp 2.6 million per month, employees were Rp 2.28 million per month and members were Rp. 2.99 million per month. The average number of family management dependents was 3 people, 2 employees, and 3 members. Tenera Jaya cooperative business performance can be seen from the Value of Direct Economic Benefits and economic efficiency analysis. The level of overall participation of KUD Tenera Jaya members (participation in decision making in organizations, participation in the implementation of cooperative activities and services, participation in evaluating cooperative programs, participation in rights and obligations as members) received good category scores. The business performance of the Bina Usaha Cooperation was in a good category. The level of member participation in Bina Usaha cooperation was also a good category. Factors that significantly related to the level of farmer participation were the Cooperative Bina Usaha Performance and the experience of being a KUD member. While the other characteristic factors did not significantly relate. This means that the better the cooperative's business performance is felt by members and the more the level of member participation in the cooperative increases. In addition, the more experienced being a member of cooperation is the better the level of participation of cooperation members.

Economic benefit of ensuring uninterrupted water supply during prolonged electricity disruptions – City of Tshwane case study

Mitigating the impact of electricity disruptions on water supply was investigated as a case study on the City of Tshwane. This study found that current institutional arrangements between electricity suppliers (Eskom), water service providers and water service authorities are insufficient. Therefore, a Risk Analysis and Mitigation Framework of Integrated Water and Electricity Systems, or RAMFIWES, was developed. Risks associated with water supply interruptions due to electricity disruption events were analysed. Risk categories that were addressed are short-term disruptions of less than one day, medium-term disruptions of up to a week and long-term electricity disruptions up to a month or even longer. The direct economic benefits of ensuring uninterrupted water supply in the event of electricity disruption events were analysed through cost versus benefit analyses. It was found that the direct benefit/cost ratio of supplying water during electricity disruption events is 5.6 for wet-industries and an exceptional 117 for other economic sectors in Tshwane. The overall benefit/cost ratio is 15.5. This benefit is possible at a low increase in the normal municipal bills of only 0.5%.

Cost–benefit analysis of distributed energy systems considering multi-benefits and multi-stakeholders

Total costs and benefits examination of a distributed energy system (DES) is essential to estimate whether a project is economically beneficial or not. In addition, because a DES usually involves various stakeholders, to maintain the cooperative relationship of them, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) from each stakeholder’s perspective is also of vital importance. In this study, a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is proposed to deduce the optimal energy supply strategy of a DES. To execute a comprehensive assessment, besides the direct economic benefits, various non-energy ones are also paid enough attention to. Moreover, to implement the CBA, multi-benefits especially the non-energy ones are quantified and monetized using specific transferring methods to exploit their effects in monetary terms. As a result, a systematic CBA framework is developed considering both multi-benefits and multi-stakeholders for a DES. According to the simulation results of a case study, the exploitation of various non-energy benefits is significant which may entirely reflect the social values of a DES. Also, the CBA from each stakeholder’s viewpoint may increase their motivation to join the benefit-sharing union effectively. Furthermore, second benefit trade-off may be required to ensure the satisfied profit return for each stakeholder.

Economic value of trees based on water influence function in Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Sekaran Campus

UNNES has moral responsibility in reducing the decline of green open space in Gunungpati District. Due to the development of Semarang city towards the periphery is by conducting tree planting movements and adding green open space in the campus area. Trees in green open spaces have an important role for environmental quality and human health, but these roles and values have not been widely known because they are considered not to provide direct economic benefits. Regarding this, the assessment of the economic value of trees, especially based on the function of water absorption is necessary. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic value of trees based on the function of water absorption on the UNNES campuss. The economic value of trees based on the water absorption function is estimated through the calculation of the price of water infiltration by trees and the calculation of stand volume through field measurements of stand parameters, such as diameter, height, and number of trees, which collected from April to September 2018. The results showed that the total economic value of trees based on the function of water absorption on the campus is now around Rp. 49.937/m2/day.

IMPACT OF A SMALL UNIVERSITY ON A LOCAL ECONOMY: SARAJEVO EXAMPLE

Universities are not only centers for education but also serve as centers for knowledge production, innovation and technical development. However, in recent decades, universities are also considered as one of the key regional economic development engines for local economies. Universities contribute a great deal of economic activity in various forms to the geographical area within proximity of the campus. This study aims to be the first such study done in Bosnia and Herzegovina using the information and data obtained from International University of Sarajevo (IUS), its students and its staff members as well as their visitors. This study aims to find out direct economic impact of IUS on local spending and employment, and indirect and induced economic impacts of IUS on Sarajevo economy. The study finds that IUS contributes to the Ilidza and Sarajevo economy around 10 million KM in the form of direct economic benefits, over 24 million KM in indirect benefits, and 41 million KM in induced benefits. Total of these contributions reach to 75 million KM a year. In addition, IUS creates 231 jobs directly and 1,065 jobs indirectly (1,296 jobs in total) in Ilidza and Sarajevo area.

Direct Economic Impact Analysis of the World’s Top Five Busiest Airports in 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direct economic impacts of the world’s top five busiest airports in 2018 as they contribute to the economic well-being of the larger communities they serve. This study uses a descriptive case-study methodology since the direct economic impacts of the world’s top five busiest airports are going to be studied in a case-by-case with an intention of reporting the research findings that are not related to specific variables. Amongst the 17,678 commercial service airports in the world, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (USA), Beijing Capital International Airport (Peoples Republic of China), Dubai International Airport (United Arab Emirates), Los Angeles International Airport (USA), and Tokyo Haneda International Airport (Japan) have been ranked respectively as the top five busiest airports in the world on the basis of passenger volume handled in 2018. The research findings indicate that these airports have tremendously benefited their respective communities in terms of employment generation, income generation, and total direct economic impacts. These airports have generated a total of $181.4 billion worth of direct economic benefits to their respective communities and regions.

Optimal Allocation of Energy Storage System Considering Price-Based Demand Response and Dynamic Characteristics of VRB in Wind-PV-ES Hybrid Microgrid

Studying the influence of the demand response and dynamic characteristics of the battery energy storage on the configuration and optimal operation of battery energy storage system (BESS) in the Wind-Photovoltaic (PV)-Energy Storage (ES) hybrid microgrid. A demand response model that is based on electricity price elasticity is established based on the time-of-use price. Take the capital-operating cost and direct economic benefit of the BESS and the loss of abandoned photovoltaic and wind power as the optimization objective, an optimal configuration method that considers the dynamic characteristics of the BESS and the maximum absorption of photovoltaic and wind power is proposed while using particle swarm optimization to solve. The results show that the configuration results considering the demand side response of the microgrid BESS can obtain better economy and reduce the storage capacity requirement, and the result shows that the efficiency of BESS relates to the load of the system, the distributed generation (DG) characteristics, and the dynamic characteristics of BESS. Meanwhile, the capacity and power of the energy storage configuration increase as the DG permeability increases due to the reverse load characteristic of the wind power.