Direct Current Resistivity Research Articles

Magnetic and High-Frequency Dielectric Parameters of Divalent Ion-Substituted W-Type Hexagonal Ferrites

Polycrystalline W-type hexagonal ferrites with chemical formulae Ba0.5Sr0.5 Co2−xMexFe16O27 (x = 0, 0.5, Me = Mn, Mg, Zn, Ni) have been prepared using sol–gel autocombustion. It has been reported in our earlier published work that all the samples exhibit a single-phase W-type hexagonal structure which was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The values of bulk density lie in the range of 4.64–4.78 g/cm3 for all the samples which are quite high as compared to those for other types of hexaferrites. It was also observed that Zn-substituted ferrite reflects the highest (14.7 × 107 Ω-cm) whereas Mn-substituted ferrite has the lowest (11.3 × 107 Ω-cm) values of direct current (DC) electrical resistivity. The observed values of saturation magnetization (Ms) are found to be in the range of 62.01–68.7 emu/g depending upon the type of cation substitution into the hexagonal lattice. All the samples exhibit a typical soft magnetic character with low values of coercivity (Hc) that are in the range of 26–85 Oe. These ferrites may be promising materials for microwave absorbers due to their higher saturation magnetization and low coercivities. Both the dielectric constant and tangent loss decrease with increasing frequency in the lower frequency region and become constant in the higher frequency region. The much lower dielectric constant obtained in this study makes the investigated ferrites very useful for high-frequency applications, i.e. dielectric resonators and for camouflaging military targets such as ships, tanks and aircrafts, etc.

Joint hydrogeophysical inversion: state estimation for seawater intrusion models in 3D

Seawater intrusion (SWI) is a complex process, where 3D modeling is often necessary in order to monitor and manage the affected aquifers. Here, we present a synthetic study to test a joint hydrogeophysical inversion approach aimed at solving the inverse problem of estimating initial and current saltwater distribution. First, we use a 3D groundwater model for variable density flow based on discretized flow and solute mass balance equations. In addition to the groundwater model, a 3D geophysical model was developed for direct current resistivity imaging and inversion. The objective function of the coupled problem consists of data misfit and regularization terms as well as a coupling term that relates groundwater and geophysical states. We present a novel approach to solve the inverse problem using an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to minimize this coupled objective function. The sensitivities are derived analytically for the discretized system of equations, which allows us to efficiently compute the gradients in the minimization procedure and reduce the computational complexity of the problem. The method was tested on different synthetic scenarios with groundwater and geophysical data represented by solute mass fraction data and direct current resistivity data. With the ADMM approach, we were able to obtain better estimates for the solute distribution, compared to just considering each data set separately or solving with a simple coupled approach.

Investigation of chlorinated solvent pollution with resistivity and induced polarization

Globally, an enormous number of polluted areas are in need of remediation to prevent adverse effects on health and environment. In situ remediation and especially the monitoring thereof needs further development to avoid costly and hazardous shipments associated with excavation. The monitoring of in situ remediation actions needs easier and cheaper nondestructive methods for evaluation and verification of remediation degree and degradation status of the contaminants. We investigate the Direct Current resistivity and time-domain Induced Polarization tomography (DCIP) method and its use within the context of a DNAPL (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids) contaminated site in Varberg, Sweden, where an in situ remediation pilot test has been performed by stimulated reductive dechlorination by push injection. Our results show that the DCIP technique is an emerging and promising technique for mapping of underground structures and possibly biogeochemical spatial and temporal changes. The methodology could in combination with drilling, sampling and other complementary methods give an almost continuous image of the underground structures and delineation of the pollutant situation. It can be expected to have a future in monitoring approaches measuring time lapse induced polarization (IP), if more research is performed on the parameters and processes affecting the IP-signals verifying the interpretations. The IP technique can possibly be used for verification of the effectiveness of in situ remediation actions, as the current sampling methodology is inadequate.

Studies on Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Mg-Substituted Nickel Ferrites

The semiconducting polycrystalline ferrite materials with the general formula Ni1−xMgxFe2O4 were synthesized by using the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrographs, and atomic force microscopy techniques were utilized to study the structural parameters. XRD confirms the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure of the ferrites. The crystallite sizes of ferrites determined using the Debye–Scherer formula ranges from 0.963 μm to 1.069 μm. The cation distribution of ferrite shows that Mg2+ ions occupy a tetrahedral site (A-site) and the Ni2+ ion occupy an octahedral site (B-site) whereas Fe3+ ions occupies an octahedral as well as a tetrahedral site. The study of elastic parameters such as the longitudinal modulus, rigidity modulus, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, and Debye temperature were estimated using the FTIR technique. The decrease of direct current (DC) resistivity with increase in temperature indicates the semiconducting nature of ferrites. The dielectric constant as well as loss tangent decreases with increase in frequency, and at still higher frequencies, they are almost constant. This shows usual dielectric dispersion behavior attributed to the Maxwell–Wagner type of interfacial polarization and is in accordance with Koop’s phenomenological theory. The linear increase of alternating current conductivity with increase of frequency shows the small polaron hopping type of conduction mechanism in all the ferrites. The magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (Ms), magnetic moment, coercivity, remnant magnetization (Mr), and the ratio of Mr/Ms was estimated using the M–H loop.

Two‐dimensional joint inversions of cross‐hole resistivity data and resolution analysis of combined arrays

ABSTRACTIn this study, a new two‐dimensional inversion algorithm was developed for the inversion of cross‐hole direct current resistivity measurements. In the last decades, various array optimisation methods were suggested for resistivity tomography. However, researchers have still collected data by using classical electrode arrays in most cross‐hole applications. Therefore, we investigated the accuracy of both the individual and the joint inversion of the classical cross‐hole arrays by using both synthetic and field data with the developed algorithm. We showed that the joint inversion of bipole–bipole, pole–bipole, bipole–pole, and pole–tripole electrode arrays gives inverse solutions that are closer to the real model than the individual inversions of the electrode array datasets for the synthetic data inversion. The model resolution matrix of the suggested arrays was used to analyse the inversion results. This model resolution analysis also showed the advantage of the joint inversion of bipole–bipole, pole–bipole, bipole–pole, and pole–tripole arrays. We also used sensitivity sections from each of the arrays and their superpositions to explain why joint inversion gives better resolution than the any individual inversion result.

Passive airborne EM and ground IP\\resistivity results over the Romero intermediate sulphidation epithermal gold deposits, Dominican Republic

The Romero gold-copper-zinc-silver deposits are located in the Province of San Juan, Dominican Republic, ~165 km west-north-west of Santo Domingo. Romero and Romero South orebodies contain stratabound gold mineralisation with copper, silver and zinc of intermediate sulphidation (IS), epithermal style. The gold mineralisation is associated with disseminated to semi-massive sulphides, sulphide veinlets and quartz-sulphide veins within quartz-pyrite, quartz-illite-pyrite and illite-chlorite-pyrite alteration.Ground direct current (DC) resistivity and induced polarisation (IP) supported by ground magnetics remain the preferred geophysical targeting tools for drill follow-up along with geologic mapping and geochemistry. However, Z-axis tipper electromagnetics (ZTEM) passive airborne electromagnetics (AEM) and magnetics have recently also been applied with success for reconnaissance mapping of deep alteration and fault structures regionally.The airborne ZTEM-magnetic surveys, supported by three-dimensional (3D) inversions, show good correlation with the ground IP\\resistivity surveys in the Romero and Romero South gold-copper-zinc-silver IS deposit area. The results have provided targets for ground follow-up and deep targeted drilling, and were successful in identifying a previously unknown deep (>500 m) continuity between the Romero and Romero South deposits.

Towards p-Type Conductivity in SnO2 Nanocrystals through Li Doping and Its Applications in Porous Diodes for Room Temperature Chlorine Gas Detection

This work examined electrical transport properties and Li doping in SnO2 synthesized by the sol–gel method. Solid-state 7Li-NMR line shapes revealed that Li ions occupy two distinct sites with differing dynamic mobilities. The chemical exchange rate between the two sites is, however, too slow for detection on the NMR timescale. Compressed nanoparticulate films of this doped semiconductor exhibited a positive Seebeck coefficient implying a p-type conductivity. A variable-temperature direct current conductivity, over a 25–350 °C temperature range, followed an Efros–Shklovskii variable range hopping (ES-VRH) conduction mechanism (ln(ρ) versus T −1/2) at temperatures below 100 °C with a crossover to 2D Mott variable range hopping (M-VRH) (ln(ρ) versus T −1/3) conduction at temperatures above 250 °C. In a transition region between these two limiting behaviors, direct current resistivity exhibited an anomalous temperature-independent plateau. We suggest that its origin may lie in a carrier inversion phenomenon wherein the majority carriers switch from holes to electrons due to Li ion expulsion from the crystalline core and creation of oxygen vacancies generated by loss of oxygen at elevated temperatures. Using a compression technique, porous diodes consisting of n-type (antimony doped SnO2) and the p-type (lithium-doped) nano-particulate films were prepared. Typical current-voltage curves of such devices resembled the behavior of a typical diode but for one key difference; owing to the porosity of the film, areas near the p-n interface and the p- and n-regions are accessible to gaseous analytes. This access is not possible in conventional diodes fabricated through contemporary planar technology. The gas sensing properties of the diodes were investigated by using Cl2, Br2, HCl, NO, NO2, CHCl3, NH3 and H2. Of all the gases tested, the sensor had very good sensitivity to Cl2 and had a response of 80 at 400 ppb of Cl2. The response time of the sensor was ~30 s at room temperature but the recovery time was temperature dependent. At room temperature the recovery time was 80s after 400 ppb chlorine exposure. The sensors were also found to recover quickly (~ 30 s) when the junctions were biased. Reverse biasing the diode provides a controllable band-bending at a p-n junction that could influence the electron-transfer rates from the adsorbates which create intra-band localized states. As a result reverse biasing can provide a means of desorbing the analyzed species. This approach eliminates the requirement to remove adsorbates by elevating the sensor temperature and hence improves on the energy efficiency of these types of sensors.

Geophysical and cryostratigraphic investigations for road design in northern Alaska

This study used combined geophysical and cryostratigraphic methods for permafrost characterization in Arctic road design and engineering. Two major study areas located in the continuous permafrost zone represented a range of terrain conditions including yedoma (syngenetically frozen ice-rich silts with large ice wedges) plateaus and hills, thaw-lake basins, river terraces, and modern floodplains. Direct-current resistivity - electrical resistivity tomography (DCR-ERT) using a Wenner array was applied over transects. Complementary site data including the results of drilling and active layer depths measurements were also obtained. The boreholes provided cryostratigraphic information on soil texture, cryostructures, ground ice, and gravimetric moisture content of frozen soils. The resistivity data supported evaluation of the presence/absence of permafrost; location and depth of the active and intermediate layers; and in some conditions changes in ice content. In contrast, the cryostratigraphic interpretation generally offered more nuanced analysis of the subsurface, but was limited in its ability to detect unconformities and the depth of drilling. Both techniques were enhanced by the availability of high-resolution geospatial information and can be used to optimize the location and density of the boreholes for road construction.

Exploration on nonlinear geo-electrical structures to detect coal mine goafs using three dimensional borehole resistivity imaging discrete approach

Due to risks caused by goaf collapses in coal mines, it is urgent to detect coal mine goafs to prevent severe accidents. The borehole resistivity exploration techniques have been proven efficient in coal mine goaf detection. However, it is often difficult to accurately identify a goaf using a one dimensional (1D) or two dimensional (2D) geo-electrical model because of the presence of the nonlinearity in the geo-electrical structures. A three dimensional (3D) model can explore the nonlinear characteristics of coal mine goafs. Unfortunately, very limited studies report the 3D geo-electrical models in coal mine goaf detection. To address this issue, this work presents an original 3D borehole resistivity approach using borehole direct current resistivity imaging to detect goaf collapses. The forward and inverse mathematical models were established to support the presented approach. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed 3D borehole resistivity approach is valid not only for the detection of single-layer goaf but also for double-layered goaf. Hence, this newly proposed 3D approach has practical importance in exploring coal mine goafs.

The Conducting Spin-Crossover Compound Combining Fe(II) Cation Complex with TCNQ in a Fractional Reduction State.

The radical anion salt [Fe{HC(pz)3}2](TCNQ)3 demonstrates conductivity and spin-crossover (SCO) transition associated with Fe(II) complex cation subsystem. It was synthesized and structurally characterized at temperatures 100, 300, 400, and 450 K. The compound demonstrates unusual for 7,7,8,8,-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)-based salts quasi-two-dimensional conductivity. Pronounced changes of the in-plane direct-current resistivity and intensity of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal, originated from TCNQ subsystem, precede the SCO transition at the midpoint T* = 445 K. The boltzmannian growth of the total magnetic response and structural changes in the vicinity of T* uniquely show that half [Fe{HC(pz)3}2] cations exist in high-spin state. Robust broadening of the EPR signal triggered by the SCO transition is interpreted in terms of cross relaxation between the TCNQ and Fe(II) spin subsystems.

Structure–property relationship of halloysite nanotubes/ethylene–vinyl acetate–carbon monoxide terpolymer nanocomposites

Poly(ethylene- co-vinyl acetate- co-carbon monoxide) (EVACO)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposite films were solution cast. Dispersion of HNTs in the matrix was analyzed by elemental mapping and the role of HNTs on crystallizability, flammability and thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the polymer was evaluated. The nature of interaction between the EVACO matrix and HNTs was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The highest tensile strength was observed for the composite with 1% filler loading, whereas the highest crystallinity was observed for that with 3% filler loading. The decay in the tensile properties at higher filler loading was due to agglomeration of HNTs and debonding of polymer–filler interface. The electrical volume resistivity of the composites decreased with HNT loading because of the ionic charge transfer. The direct current electrical resistivity study of the composites proves that the addition of HNT can improve the antistatic properties of the polymer.

Pixels and their neighbors: Finite volume

We take you on the journey from continuous equations to their discrete matrix representations using the finite-volume method for the direct current (DC) resistivity problem. These techniques are widely applicable across geophysical simulation types and have their parallels in finite element and finite difference. We show derivations visually, as you would on a whiteboard, and have provided an accompanying notebook at http://github.com/seg to explore the numerical results using SimPEG ( Cockett et al., 2015 ).

Atomic and electronic structures evolution of the narrow band gap semiconductor Ag2Se under high pressure

Non-trivial electronic properties of silver telluride and other chalcogenides, such as the presence of a topological insulator state, electronic topological transitions, metallization, and the possible emergence of superconductivity under pressure have attracted attention in recent years. In this work, we studied the electronic properties of silver selenide (Ag2Se). We performed direct current electrical resistivity measurements, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction accompanied by ab initio calculations to explore pressure-induced changes to the atomic and electronic structure of Ag2Se. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity was measured up to 30 GPa in the 4–300 K temperature interval. Resistivity data showed an unusual increase in the thermal energy gap of phase I, which is a semiconductor under ambient conditions. Recently, a similar effect was reported for the 3D topological insulator Bi2Se3. Raman spectroscopy studies revealed lattice instability in phase I indicated by the softening of observed vibrational modes with pressure. Our hybrid functional band structure calculations predicted that phase I of Ag2Se would be a narrow band gap semiconductor, in accordance with experimental results. At a pressure of ~7.5 GPa, Ag2Se underwent a structural transition to phase II with an orthorhombic Pnma structure. The temperature dependence of the resistivity of Ag2Se phase II demonstrated its metallic character. Ag2Se phase III, which is stable above 16.5 GPa, is also metallic according to the resistivity data. No indication of the superconducting transition is found above 4 K in the studied pressure range.

Geophysical Monitoring of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils Remediated with a Bioelectrochemical System

Efficient noninvasive techniques are desired for monitoring the remediation process of contaminated soils. We applied the direct current resistivity technique to image conductivity changes in sandbox experiments where two sandy and clayey soils were initially contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon. The experiments were conducted over a 230 day period. The removal of hydrocarbon was enhanced by a bioelectrochemical system (BES) and the electrical potentials of the BES reactors were also monitored during the course of the experiment. We found that the variation in electrical conductivity shown in the tomograms correlate well with diesel removal from the sandy soil, but this is not the case with the clayey soil. The clayey soil is characterized by a larger specific surface area and therefore a larger surface conductivity. In sandy soil, the removal of the diesel and products from degradation leads to an increase in electrical conductivity during the first 69 days. This is expected since diesel is electrically insulating. For both soils, the activity of BES reactors is moderately imaged by the inverted conductivity tomogram of the reactor. An increase in current production by electrochemically active bacteria activity corresponds to an increase in conductivity of the reactor.

Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia

Abstract. Coastal erosion and flooding transform terrestrial landscapes into marine environments. In the Arctic, these processes inundate terrestrial permafrost with seawater and create submarine permafrost. Permafrost begins to warm under marine conditions, which can destabilize the sea floor and may release greenhouse gases. We report on the transition of terrestrial to submarine permafrost at a site where the timing of inundation can be inferred from the rate of coastline retreat. On Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia, changes in annual coastline position have been measured for decades and vary highly spatially. We hypothesize that these rates are inversely related to the inclination of the upper surface of submarine ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) based on the consequent duration of inundation with increasing distance from the shoreline. We compared rapidly eroding and stable coastal sections of Muostakh Island and find permafrost-table inclinations, determined using direct current resistivity, of 1 and 5 %, respectively. Determinations of submarine IBP depth from a drilling transect in the early 1980s were compared to resistivity profiles from 2011. Based on borehole observations, the thickness of unfrozen sediment overlying the IBP increased from 0 to 14 m below sea level with increasing distance from the shoreline. The geoelectrical profiles showed thickening of the unfrozen sediment overlying ice-bonded permafrost over the 28 years since drilling took place. We use geoelectrical estimates of IBP depth to estimate permafrost degradation rates since inundation. Degradation rates decreased from over 0.4 m a−1 following inundation to around 0.1 m a−1 at the latest after 60 to 110 years and remained constant at this level as the duration of inundation increased to 250 years. We suggest that long-term rates are lower than these values, as the depth to the IBP increases and thermal and porewater solute concentration gradients over depth decrease. For the study region, recent increases in coastal erosion rate and changes in benthic temperature and salinity regimes are expected to affect the depth to submarine permafrost, leading to coastal regions with shallower IBP.

Fabrication of Nd3+ and Mn2+ ions Co-doped Spinal Strontium Nanoferrites for High Frequency Device Applications

Microemulsion method has been used for the synthesis of high resistive spinal nanoferrites with nominal composition Sr1−x Nd x Fe2−y Mn y O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1, 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) for high frequency device applications. It has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) results that these ferrites have a cubic spinal structure with a mean crystallite size ranging from 34 mm to 47 nm. The co-substitution of Nd3+ and Mn2+ ions was performed, and its effect on electrical, dielectric and impedance properties was analyzed employing direct current (DC) resistivity measurements, dielectric measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The DC resistivity (ρ) value was the highest for the composition Sr0.90Nd0.1FeMnO4, but for the same composition, dielectric parameters and alternating current (AC) conductivity showed their minimum values. In the lower frequency range, the magnitudes of dielectric parameters decrease with increasing frequency and show an almost independent frequency response at higher frequencies. Dielectric polarization has been employed to explain these results. It was inferred from the results of EIS that the conduction process in the studied ferrite materials is predominantly governed by grain boundary volume.

Electrical conduction and polarization behaviors of low temperature sintered Sr1−xLaxFe12−xCoxO19 (x = 0–0.3) hexaferrites

Electrical conduction and polarization behaviors of the Sr1−xLaxFe12−xCoxO19 (x = 0–0.3) hexaferrites for use in low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology were investigated according to their temperature dependence of resistivity and complex dielectric permittivity, as well as the polarization versus electric field (P-E) curves. The direct-current (DC) resistivity from room temperature (RT) to 750 °C is mainly dominated by metallic-conduction mechanism and semi-conduction mechanism, which can be responsible for the single metal-semiconductor (M − S) transition behavior. But the double M − S transitions and conduction relaxation are observed with alternating current (AC) measurement in a frequency range of 1 kHz–10 MHz. These abnormal electrical transport behaviors are suggested to be attributed to the coexistence of conduction electrons with different activation energy. The multi particle polarization behavior is obtained in the ferrites from the variation of real permittivity and dielectric loss with temperature, and the space charge polarization mechanism is found to determine the non-linear relationship of P-E. Furthermore, the La3+-Co2+ substitution exhibits significant effects on the electrical transport and dielectric characteristics for the ferrites. Typically, when the substitution amount increases from 0 to 0.3, the activation energy Ea increases from 0.331 to 1.068 eV, the RT resistivity ρd increases from 2.2 × 109 to 3.7 × 109 Ω cm, and the average value of real permittivity ε′(RT-100 °C) measured at 1 kHz decreases from 4.15 to 2.29.

The direct-current response of electrically conducting fractures excited by a grounded current source

Hydraulic fracture stimulation of low permeability reservoir rocks is an established and cross–cutting technology for enhancing hydrocarbon production in sedimentary formations and increasing heat exchange in crystalline geothermal systems. Whereas the primary measure of success is the ability to keep the newly generated fractures sufficiently open, long–term reservoir management requires a knowledge of the spatial extent, morphology, and distribution of the fractures — knowledge primarily informed by microseismic and ground deformation monitoring. To minimize the uncertainty associated with interpreting such data, we investigate through numerical simulation the usefulness of direct-current (DC) resistivity data for characterizing subsurface fractures with elevated electrical conductivity by considering a geophysical experiment consisting of a grounded current source deployed in a steel cased borehole. In doing so, the casing efficiently energizes the fractures with steady current. Finite element simulations of this experiment for a horizontal well intersecting a small set of vertical fractures indicate that the fractures manifest electrically in (at least) two ways: (1) a local perturbation in electric potential proximal to the fracture set, with limited farfield expression and (2) an overall reduction in the electric potential along the borehole casing due to enhanced current flow through the fractures into the surrounding formation. The change in casing potential results in a measurable effect that can be observed far from fractures themselves. Under these conditions, our results suggest that farfield, timelapse measurements of DC potentials can be interpreted by simple, linear inversion for a Coulomb charge distribution along the borehole path, including a local charge perturbation due to the fractures. This approach offers an inexpensive method for detecting and monitoring the time-evolution of electrically conducting fractures while ultimately providing an estimate of their effective conductivity — the latter providing an important measure independent of seismic methods on fracture shape, size, and hydraulic connectivity.

Adaptive finite element modeling of direct current resistivity in 2-D generally anisotropic structures

In this paper, we present an adaptive finite element (FE) algorithm for direct current (DC) resistivity modeling in 2-D generally anisotropic conductivity structures. Our algorithm is implemented on an unstructured triangular mesh that readily accommodates complex structures such as topography and dipping layers and so on. We implement a self-adaptive, goal-oriented grid refinement algorithm in which the finite element analysis is performed on a sequence of refined grids. The grid refinement process is guided by an a posteriori error estimator. The problem is formulated in terms of total potentials where mixed boundary conditions are incorporated. This type of boundary condition is superior to the Dirichlet type of conditions and improves numerical accuracy considerably according to model calculations. We have verified the adaptive finite element algorithm using a two-layered earth with azimuthal anisotropy. The FE algorithm with incorporation of mixed boundary conditions achieves high accuracy. The relative error between the numerical and analytical solutions is less than 1% except in the vicinity of the current source location, where the relative error is up to 2.4%. A 2-D anisotropic model is used to demonstrate the effects of anisotropy upon the apparent resistivity in DC soundings.

ELRIS2D: A MATLAB Package for the 2D Inversion of DC Resistivity/IP Data

ELRIS2D is an open source code written in MATLAB for the two-dimensional inversion of direct current resistivity (DCR) and time domain induced polarization (IP) data. The user interface of the program is designed for functionality and ease of use. All available settings of the program can be reached from the main window. The subsurface is discre-tized using a hybrid mesh generated by the combination of structured and unstructured meshes, which reduces the computational cost of the whole inversion procedure. The inversion routine is based on the smoothness constrained least squares method. In order to verify the program, responses of two test models and field data sets were inverted. The models inverted from the synthetic data sets are consistent with the original test models in both DC resistivity and IP cases. A field data set acquired in an archaeological site is also used for the verification of outcomes of the program in comparison with the excavation results.