Direct Current Machines Research Articles

Designing Energy-efficient DC Robotic Machines with Advanced Cyber Security for a Smart Grid System

In this paper, an energy-efficient direct current (DC) robotic machine (E2DCRM) is developed to revolutionize industrial automation, eliminating the rectification stage using brushless alternating direct current (BADC). E2DCRM is integrated with an advanced intelligent grid structure for enhancing the smooth and soft connection process. The emphasis on threats occurs because malicious attacks are overcome using deep learning algorithms. In this approach, a hybrid deep learning-based system is used to eliminate malicious attacks. The communication protocols might operate directly over the power lines, thus eliminating the need for rectification and enabling seamless integration with the smart grid. This research offers a comprehensive, integrated solution combining energy-efficient DC robotics with state-of-the-art cyber security measures. The proposed methodologies address current industrial limitations and set the stage for a resilient and sustainable future in innovative and safe grid technology.

Laser scanning patterns induced surface properties variations of Ti-V-Hf-Zr non-evaporable getter film with 316L stainless steel substrates

The effects of laser treatment scanning patterns on the properties of Ti-V-Hf-Zr non-evaporable getter (NEG) film on 316L stainless steel (316L SS) substrates were analyzed. 316L SS substrates were laser-treated with different patterns, which resulted in spherical structure and protrusions on the surface of the substrates. Subsequently, Ti-V-Hf-Zr NEG films were deposited on ultrasonically cleaned laser-treated 316L SS by a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering machine. Based on the XPS results of Ti-V-Hf-Zr, it has been revealed that the atomic proportions of film elements on the surface of samples #1-1∼#3–1 were about 2.2 (Ti):1.7 (Zr):0.9 (V):1.0 (Hf). In this paper, the Ar+-induced secondary electron yield (SEY) and surface resistivity of Ti-V-Hf-Zr NEG are discussed for the first time, and it has been observed that the laser treatment leads to an increase of the substrate surface roughness, which decreases the SEY and increases the surface resistivity.

Optimization of a fractional-order interval type-2 fuzzy PID controller based on BBO for real-time applications

This paper addresses the development of a robust controller for a nonlinear system to minimize the tracking errors and reduce the effects of external noise and disturbances. To achieve this, the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is utilized for an optimally robust interval type 2 fractional-order fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller (BB0-IT2FO-FPID) is proposed. The proposed method offers several advantages. Firstly, the proposed controller is optimized to achieve robustness and minimize tracking errors. Secondly, it effectively handles external noise and disturbances, making it suitable for real-world applications. Thirdly, the use of the BBO algorithm enhances the controller's performance by dynamically adjusting its parameters based on system requirements. The performance of the proposed controller is validated by applying it to control a robotic manipulator, which presents challenges due to its nonlinear characteristics and interacting multi-input multi-output (MIMO) dynamics. Additionally, a real-time evaluation of the proposed controller is conducted by applying it to the speed control of a direct current (DC) machine. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through simulation and practical experiments and comparisons with other optimized controllers, namely FO fuzzy type 1 PID (T1FO-FPID) and FOPID. The simulation and practical results demonstrate the superior performance of the BBO-IT2FO-FPID controller in the presence of system uncertainties and different types of disturbances.

Electromechanical energy storage device

Introduction. Short-term peak loads of machines and mechanisms create the need to accumulate mechanical energy for its subsequent pulsed use. This is quite relevant, for example, for tractors at the initial stage of towing heavy trailers. The use of a mechanical energy accumulator will reduce the power of the tractor engine and expand its functionality.Target. Development of a mathematical model of a mechanical energy accumulator.Research methods. The mechanical energy accumulator can be made in the form of a direct current electric machine or a valve machine, on the shaft of which a superflywheel is attached. When a machine is connected to a power source, a non-stationary process occurs, described by two differential equations: one for mechanical quantities, the other for electrical ones. Solutions of differential equations repeat the relationships for charging and discharging an electric capacitor.Results. From the resulting formulas it follows that for an electrical circuit, the mechanical energy accumulator in question is indistinguishable from an electrical capacitor. It follows from this that in this case we can talk about artificial electrical capacitance. In addition, artificial electrical resistance arises (which is not related to the resistivity, length and cross-sectional area of the conductors). In connection with the above, a mechanical energy accumulator can be interpreted as an artificial electric capacitor, which stores not the energy of the electric field, but the kinetic energy of rotation of the superflywheel.Conclusion. There are superflywheel designs that can store significant kinetic energy. Even the possibility of installing them on passenger vehicles was studied. In this sense, massive tractors have an undeniable advantage, since the increase in weight is not only not problematic for them, but in some cases it is desirable.

Mathematical model of discharge and charge in rechargeable polymer based lithium-ion battery

Shepherd’s model is considered as an improved and simple to-apply battery dynamic model. The experimental nominal parameters of five different capacities of Lithium-ion Polymer battery samples are established from the manufacturer’s datasheets. The discharge and charge dynamics of the battery sample with the highest capacity, 3100 mAh are examined and validated. The clarity to derive the dynamic model parameters from the battery datasheet is a fascinating attribute of this model. The experimental database is utilized to study its dynamic feature and subsequently the dynamic battery model, which describes the relationship between the state of charge, the open circuit voltage and ambient temperature. The model is implemented and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink tools. The current charge-discharge equations describe the optimized electrochemical activities with sustainable long cycle duration. The temperature model brings under control the aging effect, which plays down on the energy capacity of the battery. A steady load of 5 A is linked to the battery and used in a detail simulation of a direct current machine in determination of load effect. The compatibility of these equations and simulations implies that Shepherd’s model is promising to provide guidelines for the analysis of discharge and charge in rechargeable polymer based lithium-ion batteries. The results show that the model can precisely illustrate the dynamic behavior of the batteries.

Changes in Material Behavior according to the Amount of Recycled Magnetic Materials in Polymer-Bonded Magnets Based on Thermoplastics

The applications of polymer-bonded magnets are increasing within drive technology mostly because of new concepts concerning the magnetic excitation of direct current (DC) or synchronous machines. To satisfy this rising demand for hard magnetic filler particles—mainly rare earth materials—in polymer-bonded magnets, a recycling strategy for thermoplastic-based bonded magnets has to be found that can be applied to polymer-bonded magnets. The most important factor for the recycling strategy is the filler material, especially when using rare earth materials, as those particles are associated with limited resources and high costs. However, thermoplastic-based bonded magnets reveal the opportunity to reuse the compound material system without separation of the filler from the matrix. Most known recycling strategies focus on sintered magnets, which leads to highly limited knowledge in terms of strategies for recycling bonded magnets. This paper illustrates the impact of different amounts of recycling material within the material system on material behavior and magnetic properties that can be achieved by taking different flow conditions and varying gating systems into account. The recycled material is generated by the mechanical reuse of shreds. We found that a supporting effect can be achieved with up to 50% recycled material in the material system, which leads to only minimal changes in the material’s behavior. Furthermore, changes in magnetic properties in terms of recycled material are affected by the gating system. To reduce the reduction in magnetic properties, the number of pin points should be as low as possible, and they should located in the middle. The filler orientation of the recycled material is minimally influenced by the outer magnetic field and, therefore, mainly follows the flow conditions. These flow conditions are likely to be affected by elastic flow proportions with increasing amounts of recycled material.

Controller design and performance study of DC-DC bidirectional converter for speed regulation of permanent magnet direct current machine

This paper presents the design of a controller for a bidirectional DC-DC converter for speed control of a permanent magnet DC machine (PMDC). In recent years, this electric drive system has often been used in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. In this application, the development of a controller is required to support the various functions of the machine. The design methodology of the controller should provide satisfactory dynamic performance under both motor and generator operation of the PMDC machine. In this regard, the control of the bidirectional DC/DC converter is necessary. From the perspective of speed control, the condition for absolute stability is derived from the small-signal model of the PMDC drive system. Then the Ziegler-Nichols tuning table is used to determine the gain of the proportional-integral (PI) controller in the conventional way. From further investigation, it was found that the transient response and stability margin of the speed control loop in the conventional case are

Design and Analysis of Battery Management System for Electrical Vehicles

Abstract: The quantity of pollution that is emitted into the atmosphere will only continue to climb as the number of people who drive automobiles powered by internal combustion engines continues to rise. To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, academics and companies on every continent are now focusing their attention on the research and development of more sophisticated technologies for electric cars. During this investigation, we are going to model and create a two-way power converter for electric automobiles. Batteries, a dc-dc converter, and a dc motor are just a few of the many diverse parts that make up the power electronics module. It is advised that the starting battery be charged to about 90% of its capacity before using the motor mode, which has a discharge current of 44.5 A. The battery stack has a maximum capacity of 100 ampere-hours, and its nominal voltage is 350 volts. This is the greatest amount of energy that it can store. Direct current (DC) machines have the potential to generate up to 250 horsepower, provided that the armature voltage is 500 volts and the field voltage is 300 volts, respectively. The mode of operation for the power converter is determined by the readings of torque that are obtained by the DC machine when it is operating in the motor mode and the generator mode, respectively. The processes of charging and discharging batteries have been monitored and handled in relation to the wide variety of modes of operation that may be found in DC machines. This was done in order to make full use of the capabilities of these machines. The bidirectional dc-dc converter, which may operate in either direction, is managed by a fuzzy logic controller. This allows the converter to work in either direction. It's likely that the converter and controller that's been shown here are all that's needed for charge management and running the motor in electric automobiles.

A concepts and techniques related to the DC motor speed control system design: Systematic Review

The first sources of direct current (DC) were invented, DC machines were one of the first types of electro-mechanical machines used. DC machines are more advantageous over AC machines as regards to Speed regulation and versatility. A DC motor is an electrical actuator with a lot of control that is used in a lot of applications, like robotic manipulators, guided vehicles, steel rolling mills, cutting tools, overhead cranes, electrical traction, and other applications. Due to their speed-torque characteristics and ease of control, DC motors are utilized extensively in industries for demanding variable speed applications. In terms of controller design and implementation, the process control industry has seen numerous advancements over the past two decades. In the industry, there is a great demand for automatic controllers that can respond quickly and accurately to perform precise tasks. The feedback loop is an essential component of system control that must be utilized in order to achieve the desired performance in the majority of systems. Numerous control strategies have been developed for various feedback control systems in order to achieve rapid system dynamic response. Controls in a drive system are crucial if the reference speed is to be accurately and quickly tracked, with little or no steady-state error and as little overshoot as possible. This paper presents the Systematic literature review that was conducted as covers pertinent established concepts and techniques related to the DC motor speed control system design, for applications that require actuators with accurate speed characteristics. Simulation and real time implementation results employed for DC motor speed control systems in various literature are analysed and discussed.

ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИЙ НАКОПИТЕЛЬ ЭНЕРГИИ

Short-term peak loads of machines and mechanisms create the need to accumulate mechanical energy for its subsequent pulsed use. This is quite relevant, for example, for tractors at the initial stage of towing heavy trailers. The use of a mechanical energy accumulator will reduce the power of the tractor engine and expand its functionality. The mechanical energy accumulator can be made in the form of a direct current electric machine or a valve machine, on the shaft of which a superflywheel is attached. When a machine is connected to a power source, a nonstationary process occurs, described by two differential equations: one for mechanical quantities, the other for electrical ones. Solutions of differential equations repeat the relationships for charging and discharging an electric capacitor. From the resulting formulas it follows that for an electrical circuit, the mechanical energy accumulator in question is indistinguishable from an electrical capacitor. It follows from this that in this case we can talk about artificial electrical capacitance. In addition, artificial electrical resistance arises (which is not related to the resistivity, length and crosssectional area of the conductors). In connection with the above, a mechanical energy accumulator can be interpreted as an artificial electric capacitor, which stores not the energy of the electric field, but the kinetic energy of rotation of the superflywheel. There are superflywheel designs that can store significant kinetic energy. Even the possibility of installing them on passenger vehicles was studied. In this sense, massive tractors have an undeniable advantage, since the increase in weight is not only not problematic for them, but in some cases it is desirable.

РОЗВ'ЯЗАННЯ ЗАДАЧІ АНАЛІЗУ ДИНАМІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У ВЕНТИЛЬНІЙ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНІЙ МАШИНІ

The work solves an actual problem related to the development of a mathematical description and creation of models of valve machines, which are of important scientific and practical importance for the study of operating characteristics and the design of new control algorithms. We proposed a solution to the problem of analysis of dynamic processes in a valve electric machine using the Simulink application of the MATLAB environment. We proposed a solution to the problem of analysis of dynamic processes in a valve electric machine using the Simulink application of the MATLAB environment. The created models make it possible to obtain the main characteristics by which the working properties of engines are evaluated: electromechanical, mechanical. The results show that the operation of the valve machine is practically similar to the direct current machine. When building a model of a valve electric machine, control with current feedback and maintaining id = 0 should be carried out. This reduces the deterioration of mechanical, control and energy characteristics in a stable mode of operation. In general, if we compare a valve machine with a direct current machine, then its features are mainly manifested in the stable mode in the form of deterioration of mechanical, control and energy characteristics. As for the dynamics, the simulation results show that the valve machine is practically analogous to the DC machine. Analyzing the model as a whole and using the measuring tools provided by Simulink, it is possible to determine the losses in the motor, calculate the equivalent currents, torques and powers and check the correctness of the motor selection. The results obtained from such a generalized analysis can be extended to different engine operating modes. The proposed model for solving the problem of analysis of dynamic processes in a valve electric machine using the Simulink application of the MATLAB environment is characterized by functionality and the possibility of using the obtained results and the model itself in the design of modern electrical equipment.

USE OF T-SHAPED TOOTH IN A DIRECT CURRENT MACHINE WITH A WINDLESS ROTOR

The electric direct current machine with a windingless rotor (DCWR) is significantly different from the classic direct current machine; its magnetic system does not have a common yoke and consists of a number of magnetically loose teeth and grooves open on both sides. The presence of grooves in which there is no bottom creates a number of air gaps, which leads to a decrease in the magnetic conductivity of the magnetic conductor in the transverse direction, which, again, leads to a weakening of the reaction field of the Фa armature and the rejection of additional poles and compensation winding. Therefore, the size of the working air gap can be reduced to the minimum possible value from a technological point of view. According to the structural schemes, the DCWR belongs to the type of induction machines with two stationary windings on the stator and a toothed magnetic conductor of the rotor, in which the magnetic induction in the working air gap changes only in magnitude without changing the sign. Therefore, the rotor in the DCWR is not remagnetized and is made of ordinary structural steel. The inductor type of the magnetic system allows having only one, common for all poles, excitation winding in the DCWR, and the rotor is very similar to the rotor of multi-pole synchronous machines with permanent incorporated magnets. At the same time, DCWR does not have permanent magnets, which allows to significantly reduce the cost of an electric machine. Replacing straight teeth with T-shaped ones allows you to significantly increase the efficiency of the DCWR design by improving its heat dissipation. The results of calculations and modeling of the stationary thermal field presented in the article show that the use of T-shaped teeth allows you to significantly increase the overload capacity of the DCWR or increase its power.

Possibilities in Recycling Magnetic Materials in Applications of Polymer-Bonded Magnets

Polymer-bonded magnets have increased significantly in the application of drive technology, especially in terms of new concepts for the magnetic excitation of synchronous or direct current (DC) machines. To satisfy the increasing demand of hard magnetic filler particles and especially rare earth materials in polymer-bonded magnets, different strategies are possible. In addition to the reduction in products or the substitution of filler materials, the recycling of polymer-bonded magnets is possible. Different strategies have to be distinguished in terms of the target functions such as the recovery of the matrix material, the filler or both materials. In terms of polymer-bonded magnets, the filler material—especially regarding rare earth materials—is important for the recycling strategy due to the limited resource and high costs. This paper illustrates two different recycling strategies relative to the matrix system of polymer-bonded magnets. For thermoset-based magnets, a thermal strategy is portrayed which leads to similar magnetic properties in terms of the appropriated atmosphere and process management. The mechanical reusage of shreds is analyzed for thermoplastic-based magnets. The magnetic properties are reduced by about 20% and there is a change in the flow conditions and with that, an influence on the pole accuracy.

Mathematical modelling and control of bearingless brushless direct current machine with motor and generator double modes for flywheel battery

The performance of flywheel battery is affected by the vibration and friction of traditional mechanical bearing. A novel kind of bearingless brushless direct current machine (BBLDCM) with the hybrid capabilities of electrical machine and suspension is suitable for flywheel battery which reduces the losses and improves the power quality. The structure and the principle of suspension force in generator are introduced first. Then, the mathematical models of BBLDCM are deduced, especially the mathematical models of suspension force in motor and generator modes. The finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out to prove the validity of the mathematical model and distinguish the difference of mathematical models between the motor mode and the generator mode. Furthermore, the control system of the BBLDCM is established according to the mathematical model deduced above. The simulations of rotation, power generation and suspension are accomplished. Finally, the experiments are carried out through the BBLDCM digital control platform. The results of simulations and experiments show an excellent working performance and a stable suspension of rotor without any mechanical contact of BBLDCM in both motor and generator modes which verify the validity of mathematical models.

Modernizations in the post-pandemic world

Abstract. Modernization has been a part of the lift industry for a very long time. There are buildings that are over 100 years old that have been modernized multiple times but continue to use the original direct current machine. Both societal changes and technical innovations will make the modernizations of the very near future different from the modernizations of the present.The motivations for modernization, the societal changes, and the technical innovations will be reviewed. The benefits of the next generation modernization will also be explored.

ПУСК ТЯГОВОГО ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЯ — УНИВЕРСАЛЬНОЕ ТЕСТОВОЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ

On the basis of analysis of means and methods for technical diagnostics the authors suggest to use a transient process of no-load starting of electric traction motors as a general-purpose testing action for determination of faults of electrical machines including reasons of bad commutation of motors. The authors have carried out experiments on starting of electric motors of various brands. As a result, they have got oscillograms of voltage of faulty and non-faulty direct current electrical machines precisely described in the paper.

Superior transient and stability performance of voltage regulation by battery-fed bidirectional converter for supporting various operational modes of PMDC machine

This paper presents a systematic procedure to design a voltage controller for achieving superior dynamic performance of a battery-fed bidirectional converter for supporting both motoring and regenerative operations of a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) machine. In this respect, derivation of a small signal model of overall system is given. Next, the condition for absolute stability is calculated from the model on the basis of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Then, gains of the proportional-integral (PI) controller have been tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning chart as per the conventional approach. But, the calculated gains from Ziegler-Nichols tuning chart do not provide satisfactory dynamic performance and sound stability margin under variable voltage conditions. Thus, performance of voltage regulation is deeply investigated and redesign of the voltage controller is emphasised through further mathematical analysis for achieving both superior dynamic performance and significantly stronger stability margin. Superiority of this proposed approach is verified in MATLAB-SIMULINK software based modelling of the physical system and also, in experimental platform.

Checking the adequacy of the mathematical model of the wear of electric brushes, taking into account the dynamics of their interaction with the collector

The adequacy of the mathematical model of the wear of electric brushes of direct current collector machines, taking into account the dynamics of their interaction with the collector surface, is verified. The wear of electric brushes in laboratory conditions and during operation of traction motors of rolling stock is analyzed. Comparison of the results of modeling and experimental studies using different criteria showed that the mathematical model of brush wear can be used to forecast the residual life of electric brushes with a given accuracy. Keywords: electric motor, electric brush, wear, mathematical modeling, forecasting, residual life. hvv-omgups@mail.ru, popovomsk@yandex.ru

Двигатели с электромагнитной редукцией частоты вращения с вентильным подмагничиванием

The paper presents design features of motors with electromagnetic reduction of rotation frequency with switched magnetization. The harmonic composition of the magnetic field of such motors is considered when using fractional slot windings. Analytical expressions for the magnetomotive force of the winding are given and data on operating harmonics for reluctance motors and motors with switched magnetization at different numbers of phases are presented. The principle of operation of such machines is described. The method of harmonic permeances was used to calculate the magnetic field in the air gap. As a result, analytical expressions were obtained for the distribution of the magnetic field in the air gap and the electromagnetic torque. After analy¬zing the expressions obtained, the paper presents the conditions under which the formation of an electromagnetic torque occurs. The design and the operation principle of motors with electromagnetic reduction of rotation frequency with switched magnetization is described and compared visually with reluctance motors. It illustrates a better use of the active volume in machines with switched magnetization. In addition, a comparison between motors with switched magnetization and classical electric machines (synchronous, induction and direct current machines) in terms of the utilization of an active volume factor for different power values is given.

Direct adaptive control for nonlinear systems using a TSK fuzzy echo state network based on fractional-order learning algorithm

This paper presents a new Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy Echo State Neural Network (TSKFESN) structure to design a direct adaptive control for uncertain SISO nonlinear systems. The proposed TSKFESN structure is based on the echo state neural network framework containing multiple sub-reservoirs. Each sub-reservoir is weighted with a TSK fuzzy rule. The adaptive law of the TSKFESN-based direct adaptive controller is derived by using a fractional-order sliding mode learning algorithm. Moreover, the Lyapunov stability criterion is employed to verify the convergence of the fractional-order adaptive law of the controller parameters. The evaluation of the proposed direct adaptive control scheme is verified using two case studies, the regulation problem of a torsional pendulum and the speed control of a direct current (DC) machine as a real-time application. The simulation and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.