Direct Control Research Articles

Multi-index comprehensive evaluation model for assessing risk to trainees in an emergency rescue training base for building collapse

Rescues from building collapse accidents present a significant challenge for China’s emergency rescue system. However, there are also many risk factors in a training scenario, which have been summarized in this study. A hierarchical indicator system for personnel safety was established, including 12 first-level indicators and 23s-level indicators. Then, an improved Grey-DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the level of risk. Influencing factor scores were determined according to the responses from the questionnaire survey. The influencing degree, influenced degree, centrality, and causality were identified, and the importance, relevance, and clustering of the various factors were obtained after making quantitative calculations. The results showed that the order of priority for solving the essential issues was safety education (A2), operating standards and proficiency (A10), equipment inspection (A4), equipment warehousing maintenance and records (A21). The solving of safety education was identified to be the most essential priority. The priority control order of direct causes was Scientific design and construction (A5), Potential fixed hazards in the facility (A12), Physical fitness of personnel (A1), Weather influences (A18), and Initiation efficiency of emergency plans (A20), and direct control measures for these five factors could achieve a relatively significant effect.

Local temperature control of magnon frequency and direction of supercurrents in a magnon Bose–Einstein condensate

The creation of temperature variations in magnetization, and hence in the frequencies of the magnon spectrum in laser-heated regions of magnetic films, is an important method for studying Bose–Einstein condensation of magnons, magnon supercurrents, Bogoliubov waves, and similar phenomena. In our study, we demonstrate analytically, numerically, and experimentally that, in addition to the magnetization variations, it is necessary to consider the connected variations of the demagnetizing field. In the case of a heat-induced local minimum of the saturation magnetization, the combination of these two effects results in a local increase in the minimum frequency value of the magnon dispersion at which the Bose–Einstein condensate emerges. As a result, a magnon supercurrent directed away from the hot region is formed.

On Torque Vectoring Control: Review and Comparison of State-of-the-Art Approaches

Torque vectoring is a widely known technique to improve vehicle handling and to increase stability in limit conditions. With the advent of electric vehicles, this is becoming a key topic since it is possible to have distributed powertrains, i.e., multiple motors are adopted, in which each motor is controlled separately from the others. Moreover, electric motors deliver the torque required by the controller faster and more precisely than internal combustion engines, active differentials and conventional hydraulic brakes. The state of the art of Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) techniques, ranging from classical to modern control theories, are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The aim is to give an overview of the currently available approaches while identifying their drawbacks regarding performances and robustness when dealing with common issues like model uncertainties, external disturbances, friction limit and common state estimation problems. This contribution analyzes all the steps from the lateral dynamics reference generation to the desired control action computation and allocation to the available actuators. In addition, some of the presented control logic is evaluated in a simulation environment for a passenger car. Results of both open-loop and closed-loop maneuvers allow the comparison and clarification of each control strategy’s key advantages.

A novel fullerene composite material for directional oil control and antioxidant.

There are very few cosmetic ingredients that can target oil control and extend the wear time. Fullerenes have been reported to have excellent antioxidant capacity and a variety of biological activities, such as quenching free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and promoting lipid flocculation. The purpose of applying foundation makeup on the face is to make the skin color even, but the secretion and oxidation of skin oil will make the makeup mottled and dull. In order to solve this problem, a fullerene composite material that can directionally absorb oil and resist oil oxidation has been developed. Fullerenes and hydroxyapatite composite was prepared by high pressure homogenization under alkaline condition. The indicated morphology and structure were characterized by SEM, UV-Vis, Raman, and XRD. The oil absorption capacity was determined by adding the C60-hydroxyapatite composite to a mixed solution of hexane and oil, shaking for 1 h, filtering, analyzed by GC-MS, and calculating the oil absorption by external standard method. Artificial sebum was prepared by adding different mass of water and oleic acid to screen the optimum ratio. C60-hydroxyapatite mixture and C60-hydroxyapatite composite were added to the artificial sebum to test the oil-absorbing capacity of the materials. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of C60-hydroxyapatite composite containing different fullerene contents was measured by X-band ESR spectroscopy, and the long-term radical scavenging ability of the composites was tested in comparison with VC. Antioxidant experiment is adding C60-hydroxyapatite composite material, and hydroxyapatite to oleic acid, then the UV light irradiation is aimed to accelerate the oxidation of oleic acid. Oleic acid act as a control group, and make the detection of oleic acid peroxide value after 7 days. The safety of the materials was tested by using culture media to soak the C60-hydroxyapatite composite for 24 h and then used to culture cells. The characterization of SEM, UV-Vis, Raman, and XRD showed that fullerene clusters were dispersed on the surface of hydroxyapatite stably, and they formed a stable composite. The adsorption rates of C60-hydroxyapatite composites for oleic acid, phenyl trimethicone, caprylic capric glyceride, isooctyl palmitate, mineral oil, olive oil, and dimethicone were 60.5%, 9.3%, 9.15%, 5.24%, 2.94%, 1.01%, and 0%, respectively. The flocculation amount of artificial sebum was 5.9 g per gram of C60-hydroxyapatite mixture and 24.2 g per gram of C60-hydroxyapatite composite. C60-hydroxyapatite composites have excellent quenching ability for hydroxyl radicals. When the fullerene content is 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg, the quenching rates are 25.02%, 39.57%, 49.75%, and 62.24%, respectively. The quenching effect was enhanced with the increase of fullerene content, and it had strong long-term antioxidant properties. It can also be proved that C60-hydroxyapatite composites have strong antioxidant capacity through antioxidant experiments. The peroxide value of oleic acid on Day 0 was 2.8, and after 7 days of UV irradiation, the peroxide values of blank control, hydroxyapatite group, C60-hydroxyapatite composite containing 0.5% and 1% fullerenes four groups of materials were 8.02 meq O2/kg, 7.98 meq O2/kg, 7.11 meq O2/kg, and 6.87 meq O2/kg, respectively. The cell activity was 20.94% and 99.2% after the cells were cultured for 24 h using C60-hydroxyapatite composite and hydroxyapatite extracts, respectively, and the addition of fullerene was able to significantly increase the cell activity. Fullerene hydroxyapatite complex has excellent directional oil absorption characteristics, which can effectively remove free radicals and reduce skin oil oxidation.

A preview SMC driver modeling and simulation for the B-train doubles

B-train doubles have existed a greater risk of causing accidents. The research on the driver model for combination vehicles is crucial to the active safety control of B-train doubles. The direction control of the driver model forms an invaluable part of the closed-loop simulation of the human-vehicle-road system. Meanwhile, studies of driver models for long combination vehicles (LCVs) are limited. Driver modeling for the articulated heavy vehicle (AHV), a preview driver model for B-train doubles, has been proposed, on the basis of Sliding Mode Control (SMC), considering the low-speed path-tracking and high-speed stability, with the constant speed approach rate and optimal approach rate of the SMC, respectively. The simulation proved that, the proposed driver model can significantly eliminate the chattering phenomena of the front wheel angle, enhance the lateral stability of the B-train doubles, and decrease in peak magnitude of lateral acceleration and yaw angular velocity, and achieve better path following ability.

Abnormal expression of PRKAG2-AS1 in endothelial cells induced inflammation and apoptosis by reducing PRKAG2 expression

PRKAG2 is required for the maintenance of cellular energy balance. PRKAG2-AS1, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), was found within the promoter region of PRKAG2. Despite the extensive expression of PRKAG2-AS1 in endothelial cells, the precise function and mechanism of this gene in endothelial cells have yet to be elucidated. The localization of PRKAG2-AS1 was predominantly observed in the nucleus, as revealed using nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The manipulation of PRKAG2-AS1 by knockdown and overexpression within the nucleus significantly altered PRKAG2 expression in a cis-regulatory manner. The expression of PRKAG2-AS1 and its target genes, PRKAG2b and PRKAG2d, was down-regulated in endothelial cells subjected to oxLDL and Hcy-induced injury. This finding suggests that PRKAG2-AS1 may be involved in the mechanism behind endothelial injury. The suppression of PRKAG2-AS1 specifically in the nucleus led to an upregulation of inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines in endothelial cells. Additionally, this nuclear suppression of PRKAG2-AS1 facilitated the adherence of THP1 cells to endothelial cells. We confirmed the role of nuclear knockdown PRKAG2-AS1 in the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and lumen formation through flow cytometry, TUNEL test, CCK8 assay, and cell scratching. Finally, it was determined that PRKAG2-AS1 exerts direct control over the transcription of PRKAG2 by its binding to their promoters. In conclusion, downregulation of PRKAG2-AS1 suppressed the proliferation and migration, promoted inflammation and apoptosis of endothelial cells, and thus contributed to the development of atherosclerosis resulting from endothelial cell injury.

Augmented-reality based brain-computer interface of robot control

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a new approach to human-computer interaction. It can control the external devices directly with the brain without words and body movements. Brain-controlled robot is a major research area in the field of BCI, which organically integrates BCI with robotic systems to achieve safe and effective real-time control of robots using the user's electroencephalogram (EEG). Currently, there are two types of control methods for brain-controlled robots. One is direct control and the other is shared control. Direct brain control has its shortcomings, namely, low control efficiency and easy user fatigue. Shared control technique can effectively improve the control of brain-controlled robots and reduce the thinking ability of brain-controlled robots, thus making it the main control method of brain-controlled robots. The brain-computer collaborative control system based on augmented reality (AR) technology studied in this paper is a human-computer shared control method. In the experimental analysis of virtual reality (VR) systems and AR systems, this paper processes polylines through a series of control vertices with specific coordinates, using the relative distance measured between each point and the starting point as the relative coordinates, and calculates the operational errors of the two types of systems. In the system error of machining broken lines, when the relative coordinates are (10, 20), (40, 50), and (70, 80), the error values of the VR system are 0.17 mm, 0.36 mm, and 0.55 mm, respectively, while the error values of the AR system are 0.11 mm, 0.24 mm, and 0.41 mm, respectively. Therefore, the studies have illustrated the importance of AR systems for the study of brain-computer collaborative control of robots.

Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Silicon Electronics.

Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a key technique that involves the direct control of atoms in order to manufacture products or components of products. It has been developed most successfully using scanning probe methods and has received particular attention for developing atom scale electronics with a focus on silicon-based systems. This review captures the development of silicon atom-based electronics and is divided into several sections that will cover characterization and atom manipulation of silicon surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, development of silicon dangling bonds as atomic quantum dots, creation of atom scale devices, and the wiring and packaging of those circuits. The review will also cover the advance of silicon dangling bond logic design and the progress of silicon quantum atomic designer (SiQAD) simulators. Finally, an outlook of APM and silicon atom electronics will be provided.

Deadzone-adapted disturbance suppression control for global practical IOS and zero asymptotic gain to matched uncertainties

For control-affine nonlinear systems with a disturbance and unknown parameters satisfying a matching condition but not having a known bound, we introduce a direct adaptive control scheme with three design elements: (a) nonlinear damping, (b) single-gain adjustment, and (c) deadzone in the update law. Combining these three ingredients for the first time, we guarantee the following previously unattained property: an attenuation of the plant state to an assignable small level, despite unknown bounds on the parameters and disturbance, without a drift of the gain, state, and input. Given the tools and results, we refer to the proposed scheme as a Deadzone-Adapted Disturbance Suppression (DADS) Controller.

Design of a Novel Chaotic Horse Herd Optimizer and Application to MPPT for Optimal Performance of Stand-Alone Solar PV Water Pumping Systems

A significant part of agricultural farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are in off-grid sites where there is a lack of sufficient water supply despite its availability from groundwater resources in several regions of the country. Since abundant agricultural production is mainly dependent on water, farmers are forced to pump water using diesel generators. This investigation deals with the increase in the effectiveness of a solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS). It investigated, from a distinct perspective, the nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic modules that affects the induction motor-pump because of the repeated transitions between the current and the voltage. A new chaotic Horse Herd Optimization (CHHO)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking technique (MPPT) is proposed. This algorithm integrates the capabilities of chaotic search methods to solve the model with a boost converter to maximize power harvest while managing the nonlinear and unpredictable dynamical loads. The analytical modeling for the proposed SPVWPS components and the implemented control strategies of the optimal duty cycle of the DC–DC chopper duty cycle and the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Induction Motor (IM) has been conducted. Otherwise, the discussions and evaluations of the proposed model performance in guaranteeing the maximum water flow rate and the operation at MPP of the SPVWPS under partial shading conditions (PSC) and changing weather conditions have been carried out. A comparative study with competitive algorithms was conducted, and the proposed control system’s accuracy and its significant appropriateness to improve the tracking ability for SPVWPS application have been proven in steady and dynamic operating climates and PSC conditions.

Coordinated Control for the Trajectory Tracking of Four-Wheel Independent Drive–Four-Wheel Independent Steering Electric Vehicles Based on the Extension Dynamic Stability Domain

In order to achieve multi-objective chassis coordination control for 4WID-4WIS (four-wheel independent drive–four-wheel independent steering) electric vehicles, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on the extension dynamic stability domain. The strategy aims to improve trajectory tracking performance, handling stability, and economy. Firstly, expert PID and model predictive control (MPC) are used to achieve longitudinal speed tracking and lateral path tracking, respectively. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed to calculate the expected yaw moment based on the desired vehicle states. The extension theory is applied to construct the extension dynamic stability domain, taking into account the linear response characteristics of the vehicle. Different coordinated allocation strategies are devised within various extension domains, providing control targets for direct yaw moment control (DYC) and active rear steering (ARS). Additionally, a compound torque distribution strategy is formulated to optimize driving efficiency and tire adhesion rate, considering the vehicle’s economy and stability requirements. The optimal wheel torque is calculated based on this strategy. Simulation tests using the CarSim/Simulink co-simulation platform are conducted under slalom test and double-lane change to validate the control strategy. The test results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy not only achieves good trajectory tracking performance but also enhances handling stability and economy during driving.

Shaping the laser control landscape of a hydrogen transfer reaction by vibrational strong coupling. A direct optimal control approach.

Controlling molecular reactivity by shaped laser pulses is a long-standing goal in chemistry. Here, we suggest a direct optimal control approach that combines external pulse optimization with other control parameters arising in the upcoming field of vibro-polaritonic chemistry for enhanced controllability. The direct optimal control approach is characterized by a simultaneous simulation and optimization paradigm, meaning that the equations of motion are discretized and converted into a set of holonomic constraints for a nonlinear optimization problem given by the control functional. Compared with indirect optimal control, this procedure offers great flexibility, such as final time or Hamiltonian parameter optimization. A simultaneous direct optimal control theory will be applied to a model system describing H-atom transfer in a lossy Fabry-Pérot cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. Specifically, optimization of the cavity coupling strength and, thus, of the control landscape will be demonstrated.

Design and analysis of electric spring based on battery-less current-source inverter

PurposeElectric spring (ES) is a demand response method that can stabilize the voltage of critical loads and improve power quality, especially in a weak power grid with a high proportion of renewable energy sources. Most of existing ESs are implemented by voltage-source inverter (VSI), which has some shortcomings. For example, the DC-link capacitor limits the service life of ES, and the battery is costly and hard to recycle. Besides, conventional VSI cannot boost the voltage, which limits the application of ES in high-voltage occasions. This study aims to propose a novel scheme of ES to solve the above problems.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, an ES topology based on current-source inverter (CSI) without a battery is presented, and a direct current control strategy is proposed. The operating principles, voltage regulation range and parameter design of the proposed ES are discussed in detail.FindingsThe proposed ES is applicable to various voltage levels, and the harmonics are effectively suppressed, which have been validated via the experimental results in both ideal and distorted grid conditions.Originality/valueAn ES topology based on battery-less CSI is proposed for the first time, which reduces the cost and prolongs the service time of ES. A novel control strategy is proposed to realize the functions of voltage regulation and harmonic suppression.

Digital Economy and Baumol’s Cost Disease of Performing Arts: An Empirical Research in China

In the past decade, the Chinese government’s financial subsidies for performing arts troupes accounted for an average of 50.57% of their total income. By the end of 2021, China has 18,370 performing arts troupes and 3,093 performing arts venues. The research conclusions of this paper include the following four points: (1) Digital live-streaming theater(DLT) is an “innovation” for traditional Stage Theater(ST) performance, and its changes in creation mechanism, audience-actors relationship, technical esthetics and business model are worthy of further study. (2) Data from 2011 to 2021 show that Baumol’s cost disease also exists in Chinese performing arts. (3) The Chinese government has been reducing its direct management and control of arts troupes, trying to move toward “arm’s length” governance. (4) During the COVID-19 epidemic, performance case data from China show that DLT can indeed reduce the marginal cost, attract more young audiences, and increase performance revenue. However, considering the high technical cost input, whether digital technology can alleviate the cost disease of performing arts still needs more annual industry data analysis.

Improved sliding mode direct power control for low-carbon oriented MMC-HVDC of asymmetric offshore wind power flexible systems

The modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) is a dynamic power balancing system. The control system of MMC generally adopts a dual closed-loop vector control strategy based on the traditional instantaneous power model under asymmetric grid state, which has complex control structure and low control accuracy. This paper introduces a flexible instantaneous power model and establishes a general power equation with active power and new reactive power as control objects. Based on this, an improved sliding-mode MMC-HVDC direct power control strategy based on the new instantaneous power model is proposed which combines the flexible instantaneous power model and the improved sliding-mode control method to eliminate the twice grid-frequency ripples in both active and reactive power under asymmetric grid states. Furthermore, it omits the inner-loop controller and power compensation terms while optimizing the control structure. Simulation results show that the proposed method has better dynamic responsiveness, control accuracy and robustness under operating conditions such as asymmetric grid state and parameter perturbation which can better exploit the advantages of the flexible instantaneous power model.

Faynan, Nomads and the Western Negev in the Early Iron Age: A Critical Reappraisal

ABSTRACT The final report on the Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project concludes that local nomadic tribes created a complex polity at early Iron Age Faynan, in southern Jordan, that was responsible for a radical shift in copper production to an industrial scale. Erez Ben-Yosef has subsequently used these conclusions as the key example in a theoretical argument about the social complexity – and, usually, archaeological invisibility – of nomadic societies. A review of the archaeological evidence from Faynan indicates that the sudden change at the beginning of the 10th century bce should not be attributed to local nomads. Evidence from the Wadi Fidan 40 cemetery – both material culture and chemical analysis of teeth – shows that its nomadic inhabitants did not actively participate in the copper industry. There is no evidence of a process of transition from nomadism to sedentarism at Faynan, and its architecture does not reflect any influence or antecedents in the archaeology of nomads. The evidence shows close material culture connections with the western Negev and the major site of Tel Masos. The scenario that best fits the evidence is that Masos took direct control of copper production at Faynan and developed it as an industrial site to exponentially increase the copper trade – Masos had the resources, technical skills, an architectural tradition, and connections to trade networks that the local nomads lacked, and which transformed Faynan. Hundreds of sites in the Negev Highlands were settled by pastoralists who found employment both in production and transport in the burgeoning copper industry. The industrial transformation of Faynan, along with the settlement of Tel Masos and the Negev Highlands sites, was short-lived, and lasted little more than a hundred years.

Financial support to a supplier for quality improvement in a dual-channel supply chain

Outsourcing the production process to suppliers often places product quality beyond the direct control of buyers. While providing financial support to these suppliers can assist in overcoming working capital constraints in quality investments, there remains uncertainty regarding the reliability of suppliers in utilizing such investments for quality improvement. In theory, few papers have examined how effective the financial support is in encouraging quality investments by unreliable suppliers in a coopetitive context. This paper addresses the research gap by exploring whether a buyer will provide financial support to an unreliable supplier for quality improvement in a dual-channel supply chain. We develop models for cases where the buyer refrains from providing financial support, employs an advance payment scheme, or adopts an investment cost-sharing arrangement. Analysis of the equilibrium outcomes reveals that if the supplier has low working capital, the advance payment scheme benefits both parties; if the working capital is medium, no financial support is provided; otherwise, the investment cost-sharing scheme leads to a mutually beneficial outcome. Moreover, the advance payment (cost-sharing) scheme is more likely to be used when the supplier is perceived as more (less) reliable, the interest rate (cost-sharing ratio) decreases, or channel competition is lessened (intensified). Furthermore, we extend the base model to encompass scenarios where the retail prices are set simultaneously and where the supplier consistently leverages the investment to enhance product quality. We validate that the key findings remain valid in either case. Overall, our findings provide insights for buyers seeking to incentivize capital-constrained suppliers to enhance product quality through financial support under coopetition.

A process-based framework for adaptable modules in robotic clay 3D printing

Robotic Clay Printing (RCP) offers opportunities in sustainable architectural applications. This paper presents a framework to integrate locally sourced earth-based materials with robotic fabrication techniques while enhancing designer's control over the process. The methodology involves two key steps: first, refining critical 3DP (3DP) control parameters to develop an informed toolpath algorithm. This algorithm grants designers’ direct control over factors like layer height and extrusion speed, enabling customization and ensuring structural integrity. Second, the framework is applied to design and RCP of an interlocking modular wall component system. Evaluation encompasses the impact of 3DP control parameters, informed toolpath planning, RCP performance, and assembly possibilities.

Responses of soil seedbank and aboveground weed communities to globe artichoke–cropping systems: an on-farm analysis

AbstractGlobe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] is one of the most important crops across the Mediterranean basin, where weeds are an important biotic constraint limiting crop yields. However, the effects of globe artichoke–cropping systems on weeds have been rarely tested. Following the demand for eco-friendly weed management practices, a multi-location trial (13 farms) was carried out, measuring weed seedbanks and aboveground communities within four globe artichoke–cropping systems: globe artichoke monoculture (ART), past cultivation of globe artichoke (8 to 10 yr ago) (past-ART), a globe artichoke–durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) rotation (ART-WHEAT), and a control where globe artichoke was never grown. Both below- and aboveground weed communities were dominated by annual therophytes, but a low correspondence was found between both types of communities. Averaged over farms, ART highly reduced both the weed soil seedbank (1,600 seeds m−2 on average) and the aboveground weed biomass (only 3.4 g dry weight m−2) compared with the control, with a decrease of 72% in the soil seedbank and 99% in the aboveground flora. Moreover, on the farms where globe artichoke was previously grown, a very low aboveground weed biomass (77% less than control) was found. In addition, ART contributed to the preservation of high levels of weed diversity (except for aboveground communities) and therefore avoided the creation of a specialized weed flora. In conclusion, we suggest the inclusion of globe artichoke into crop rotation schemes in Mediterranean agroecosystems as a sustainable tool for reducing both the soil weed seedbank and aboveground weeds, thus reducing the requirement of direct weed control methods and preserving the environment.

Safety Behavior Analysis in the Drilling Rig Site Operations of Pertamina Hulu Mahakam

PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam is Indonesia national oil company that produce and operate gas and oil field in Mahakam, East Kalimantan Area. It spreads from swamp delta to shallow water offshore area. In 2022, the company operates 5 drilling rigs, which are 3 Jack Up Rigs and 2 Swamp Barge Rigs. The drilling rig is used to perform the operations of well construction activities for development and explorations wells, from spud, drilling, until well completion. The operations on the drilling rig have a high-risk profile. It involves handling equipment, tools, tripping hazard, lifting operations, moving object, drop object, power system, rotation system, high pressure lines and simultaneous operations. A safety system, campaign, initiatives, and measurement are deployed on the rig site to keep the rig crew away from incident. Despite safety initiatives in place on the rig site, however, incident still happens. If incident happened, there will be lost of productivity, man hours, medical cost, administration, and dedicated investigation time. The operations need to be stopped and reevaluated again before continuing the job. Due to the most common factor of incident is human factor, hence, to understand how safety initiatives conducted and implemented by people on the rig, the research uses the theory of planned behavior. The research took sample of questionnaires and interview from personnel on the rig, which are the actors of safety initiatives. It involves direct and indirect method, and comparison between descriptive (manual method) and PLS analysist. On PLS analysis, author compares independently the result between: Direct Measurement (A), Control Belief (B) and Control belief multiply to the outcome evaluation / motivation / power, depend on the factors of the TPB (B x C). From the result, it is observed that the determinant factors of the theory of planned behavior such as: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control is confirmed to have effect on the intention and safety incident avoidance. Based on the descriptive analysis, all variable element of TPB have high to very high category, except Direct Measurement of Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) that falls into medium category. This give indication that the level of control, ease or difficulties of rig workers in performing safety initiatives is low compare to the other factors. It is shown by the questionnaire result that despite they have control in performing safety initiatives, however, when incident happened, they state that they have less control. On the hypothesis result, the model B x C has the best output from reliability test, however, it is shown that the attitude has no effect on safety behavior intention. This finding relates to the answer on the level of worries and concern on safety of the rig crew which supposed to be undesirable when incident happened, however the answer was more on desirable. This part can be explored more on how the rig worker view the “worry or concern”, which due to their nature of their workplace, they might use this as a tool to keep vigilant and awareness on the workplace.