Direct Confrontation Research Articles

Проблемы внешней политики Святого престола в период понтификата Григория XVI (1831–1846)

The analysis of the main directions of the foreign policy of the Holy See under Pope Gregory XVI (1831–1846) is carried out. A review of the scientific literature on the life and work of the pontiff is made. Attention is paid to the works of historians devoted to the international relations of the Roman court with individual states. Five main problems in the foreign policy of the Roman court in 1831–1846 are highlighted: 1) France and interaction with the July Monarchy; 2) the Polish problem; 3) the situation of Catholics in non-Catholic countries (primarily in Prussia and Great Britain); 4) the crisis on the Iberian Peninsula (the Miguelist War in Portugal and the First Carlist War in Spain); 5) the problem of relations with the former Spanish colonies in the New World. A brief analysis of the work of the Foreign Ministry of the Holy See in each of the identified areas is proposed. The different reactions of the Roman court to the liberalization of political regimes in a number of European countries are shown. Another range of problems of the Holy See in the era under study is related to the situation of the Catholic minority in non-Catholic countries. In this case, it is also possible to note different models of interaction between the Holy See and the authorities of these states: from direct confrontation (Prussia) to condemnation of the Polish uprising of 1830–1831, directed against the authorities of the Russian Empire. It is shown that the break with liberal Spain under Gregory XVI facilitated the simplification of the procedure for recognizing the independence of the former Spanish colonies in the New World.

Говард Фаст и советские писатели. Статья 2. «Жертва самого невероятного мошенничества": 1955-1959

The article reconstructs Howard Fast’s literary contacts with Soviet writers during the Khrushchev Thaw and traces the history of his painful break with the Communist movement. Based on Fast’s autobiographical books, personal correspondence, as well as articles in the Party press (Masses and Mainstream, Daily Worker), the paper demonstrates that at the beginning of 1956 the writer condemned the Stalinist regime as “bloody” and “criminal”. However, in his correspondence with the Soviet friends (Boris Izakov and Boris Polevoy) Fast tried not to enter into direct confrontation and only lamented the plight of the leftist movement in America. His Soviet friends learned about the writer’s departure from the US Communist Party from the press only in February 1957. Having every reason to believe that Fast would have informed them about such a serious step personally in a confidential manner, prominent functionaries of the Foreign Commission of the Soviet Writers’ Union became upset and furious having read Fast’s exclusive interview to Harry Schwartz, a newsman working for the New York Times. At this point Fast declared a fullfledged information war on the USSR: he accused the Soviet government of being anti- Semitic, antidemocratic and terroristic. In turn, Moscow launched a campaign to discredit Fast. After 1958, the writer was no longer mentioned in Soviet reviews, correspondence with him ceased, and all working contacts were broken off. In his post-communist period, Fast turned to the autobiographical genre, writing two books: The Naked God and Being Red, where, among other things, he provided insights into his difficult relationships with the representatives of the Soviet literary establishment. Fast’s correspondence with Boris Izakov and Boris Polevoy from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art is published in the addendum.

ОСМАНО-ПАПСЬКІ ВІДНОСИНИ ТА ЗАГАЛЬНОЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ КОНТЕКСТ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ЧИННИКА ПРИНЦА ДЖЕМА

The traditional view of historiography that the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the classical West were consistently hostile is partly justified, but still in a large part of aspects it does not correspond to reality. This can best be traced on the example of its relationship with the Holy See, which ideologically was its main opponent, as well as the center responsible for the organization of the crusade against the Ottomans and the organization of the entire anti-Ottoman struggle. Nevertheless, the Roman Popes did not hesitate to enter into political agreements with the Ottoman Sultan when the question arose of keeping his brother Jem in honorary captivity. Moreover, the Prince Jem factor caused an increase in internal contradictions within Christendom, leading to a direct confrontation between Pope Alexander VI Borgia and the French King Charles VIII, resulting in the Pope entering into a de facto alliance with Bayezid II. During these events, the Holy See lost a significant part of its authority among the states of Christian Europe, which, moreover, did not hesitate to protect their interests to its detriment, in particular, demanding Jem to bypass the Vatican in order to play their own political-diplomatic game with the Ottomans. These events show how deep intra-European contradictions were and how much they affected the general system of diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. In addition to this, from now on the Ottoman Empire took its place in the pan-European system of international relations, ceasing to be the image of an all-encompassing enemy, and becoming a very real situational partner and an organic element of inter-European diplomacy, which was actively used for mutual blackmail and sometimes as an effective lever of a peculiar system of restraints and counterbalance within Christendom.

The problem of climate change in the energy policy of the Biden administration

The U.S. energy policy has undergone profound changes in recent years. The introduction of new technologies in the energy sector, the widespread use of renewable energy sources allowed the United States to reduce its dependence on the import of hydrocarbon resources and increase their export, which, in turn, influenced the evolution of the energy strategy at the beginning of the 21st century. The economic, financial and technological advantages allow the U.S. to influence the global energy market. Since the Obama administration, there have been discussions in the United States regarding the gradual replacement of traditional hydrocarbon resources (oil, gas, coal) with renewable energy sources. "Traditionalists" tend to believe that the U.S. is still committed to the traditional principles of energy policy: diversifying the sources of oil and gas imports, promoting free trade in global energy, the need to maintain special relations with oil and gas exporting countries. Supporters of the intensive introduction of renewable energy sources are betting on the replacement of traditional energy resources with solar panels, batteries, and wind generation. The Trump's energy policy was aimed at the global energy dominance of the United States by increasing oil and gas production and exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the EU and other regions of the world. Under The Joe Biden administration the U.S. government has announced a plan for "clean" energy: reducing carbon emissions and actively transitioning the American economy to renewable energy sources in the context of the global climate agenda The author comes to the conclusion that the radical energy policy of the Joseph Biden administration aimed at solving climate problems is based on excessive expectations of the possible results of the widespread use of renewable energy sources, while the U.S. economy is still largely depending on fossil fuels, especially oil. The United States do not have a comprehensive energy strategy that simultaneously aims to ensure climate and energy security with avoiding direct confrontation and conflict with other countries.

“Time Is Out of Joint”: EU and Russia in Quest of Themselves in Time

The current direct confrontation between Russia and the Western countries in Europe was not unexpected, but its possible consequences are frightening. In this article the author suggests looking at the conflict between Russia and the EU through the lens of Aleida Assmann’s concept of “temporal breach” in the “modern time regime” (modernity). One of the reasons for the escalation is that the conflicting sides have different visions of the past, present and future, as well as of their place in the new world. The author also traces the development of modernization theory and analyzes the modernization practices Russia and EU countries chose to use after 1991 Russia has largely been practicing conservative modernization, where the state is the main actor relying on certain public demand. The EU countries have been implementing a multi-vector liberal modernization model in line with the goals of post-industrial society, with a variety of state and non-state actors involved and the focus put on the human rights value.

Checkered Past and Uncertain Future: UN Attempts to Define Terrorism

Defining terrorism was at one point a stand out feature of all UN conventions and resolutions on terrorism. Even though direct confrontation with the problem was usually avoided and the task was often delegated to future conventions, the matter was still deemed indispensible. Over time however, this failure to engage with the problem directly and the tendency to delegate the responsibility to future conventions proved to be detrimental. Among other things, it encouraged the UN to adopt indirect measures and approaches that were otherwise meant to be only provisional and auxiliary. Gradually and somewhat inadvertently, the UN began to treat these ad hoc approaches as a substitute for the definition of terrorism. By methodically dissecting the numerous UN conventions and resolutions on terrorism over the years, this article intends to expose the silent acceptance of these indirect approaches that were intended to be purely transitionary. It will evaluate the fallout of this tacit policy that seriously undermines the ultimate goal of defining and codifying terrorism.

Facing finitude: Death-awareness and sustainable transitions

In this paper we argue that our current value-systems contributing to unsustainable social practices and the dominant death-denying culture have a close relationship to each other. The ways society offers to alleviate the anxiety of death are avoidance and distraction especially through consumption. Consumption in this regard aims to raise individual self-esteem and to strengthen the current version of reality. The question we address in this paper is how we can move from this unsustainable cultural pattern to more death-aware and sustainable one. This question is pertinent because experimental evidence shows that a direct confrontation with death often leads to fundamental and long-lasting behavioural and value changes. These changes are in line with those emphasised by ecological economics as the possible basis for sustainable societies. The first section of the paper discusses the social theoretical background of the topic arguing that the emphasis we put on individual, bounded self leads to a heightened sense of death anxiety. The second section discusses on the one hand Terror Management Theory, and on the other the alternative but related Transcendence Management Theory with their different emphasis on ways of coping with death anxiety. The following section provides a theoretical model integrating these two strands of research and interpreting their main conclusions at a social level. This framework is the main contribution of the paper since it not only captures the social dynamics of these different ways of coping but also offers possible ways to move towards a more death-aware and sustainable social arrangement.

Using Discrimination Response Ideation to Uncover Student Attitudes about Diversity and Inclusion in Computer Science

Helping students learn to identify and respond to situations involving discrimination is important, especially in fields like Computer Science where there is evidence of an unwelcoming climate that disproportionately drives underrepresented students out of the field. While students should not be considered responsible for fixing issues around discrimination in their institutions, they do have a role to play. In this paper, we present the results of a study in which 318 undergraduate computer science majors were presented with scenarios of discrimination and asked to identify the issues, rate the severity of the issues, and ideate 3–5 responses to address the described situations. They were also asked to identify which of their responses would likely be most effective in addressing discrimination and which of their responses they would be most likely to use if they were in the situation described in real life. Our results show that while students generally are able to identify various forms of discrimination (sexism, racism, religious discrimination, ethnic discrimination, etc.), any ambiguity in a scenario led to students describing the scenario as less severe and/or as an example of oversensitivity. We also show that students come up with many passive responses to scenarios of discrimination (such as ignoring the situation or wishing it had not happened in the first place). Students in our study were more likely to say they would deploy passive responses in real life, shying away from responses that involve direct confrontation. We observed some differences between student demographic subgroups. Women and BIPOC students in CS tend to think these issues are more severe than men and White and Asian students in CS. Women are more likely to ideate direct confrontation responses and report willingness to use direct confrontation responses in real situations. Our work contributes a methodology for examining student awareness and understanding of diversity issues as well as a demonstration that undergraduate computer science students need help in learning how to address common situations that involve either intentional or unintentional discrimination in an academic environment.

The Pang of Partition in Amitav Ghosh’s the Shadow Lines

Indian history is divided into past, present and future. The true national identity lies on the individual awareness and the nation’s heritage. The present paper is intended to examination of Amitav Ghosh treats the theme of nationalism and partition in his “The Shadow Lines” (1988) and how he describes the concept of nationalism. The continuous prompt of the nation by our ancestors has put into a questioning attitude of people recently. Ghosh views the traditional values by his animated and unendurable ideas. Amitav Ghosh has focused on the political interference in contemporary world in relation to her work “The Shadow Lines”. The political influence and violence in contemporary world are aptly marked out in this novel. The partition provided the writers with the occasion to write about the plight of the people in the subcontinent in order to bring home mainly to the western world, the impact of British rule, which had previously boasted of civilizing mission. The partition theme in Indian novels in English set the dystopian tune, which would be later on carried on to the tone of the postcolonial theories. Post-colonialism began as recognition of the dominant post-war economic and political conditions which were prevalent all over the world. Amitav Ghosh explores the ideas of nationhood and Diasporas ideas that involve relationships between individuals belonging to the same or to different communities that sometimes transgress and transcend the shadow lines of political borders. The Shadow Lines represents Ghosh’s most direct confrontation with nationalism and national identity and it is simultaneously about each character’s personal identity.

Like our foremothers survived: Self-education, direct confrontation, and humor as resistance coping in Black womxn and femme college student being

In our continued study of Blackness and being, we must emphasize the quotidian—or everyday—strategies that young Black womxn and femmes employ to cope with anti-Black gendered racism and its psychological impact at historically and predominantly white institutions. As such, the purpose of this article is to give prominence to the resistance types of coping strategies that Black womxn and femme college students used to maintain their dignity at a predominantly white university of the American West, where the psychological aftermath of anti-Black gendered racism remains hidden under dense layers of neoliberalism, affluence, faux progressivism, and whiteness. I approach this topic from the conceptual perspective of Blackness and being at the nexus of gender by combining discourses on the ontologies of Blackness, and Black feminist thought and epistemology. In the study that informs this article, I utilized qualitative mixed methods—one-on-one interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation. Like our foremothers whose survival was predicated on the subtle and purposeful coping strategies they engaged, Black womxn and femme college students’ resistance coping styles were demonstrated in the everyday presence of anti-Black gendered racism. Findings reveal that Black womxn and femme undergraduate students demonstrated three main types of resistance coping when experiencing anti-Black gendered racism: (1) self-education; (2) direct confrontation with aggressors (e.g., racists, sexists, homophobes, elitists); and (3) humor. I conclude with recommendations on transformative justice, monetary trusts, longitudinal data collection, and critical curriculum at historically and predominantly white educational institutions.

Aspectos existenciais e bioéticos nos cuidados paliativos oncológicos

Abstract Severe illness places individuals in direct confrontation with death, an element of the experience of living. A total of 12 interviews were conducted with adults undergoing palliative care in cancer, and investigated by phenomenological analysis, describing the axes of meaning produced in the narratives. Analysis of the ways individuals (re)organize their life projects based on illness and finitude identified three dimensions: spirituality/religiosity; life in the family; relationship with death. The meaning patients attribute to existential trajectories and the relationship established with their life project are essential for treatment adherence and coping with death. Resignifying life, illness and death can relieve suffering and help patients give meaning to the time left. Such questions help us reflect on the bioethical dimension of palliative care and enable planning in this modality of care.

Analysis of the energy security of the Republic of Moldova in the context of accesion and integration to the European Union

Energy security, which is defined by the availability at all times of energy in all its forms, in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices, without unacceptable or irreversible environmental impact, must be the central pillar of the strategic analysis of the national security of the Republic of Moldova, in the context of accession and integration to the European Union. Easy access to energy resources is an essential condition for the security and well-being of Moldovan individuals, businesses and communities. Given the status of the Republic of Moldova as an acceding state to the European Union, which is at the forefront of defense of the entire Euro-Atlantic space against the offensive of the hostile interests of the Russian Federation, the region has become the hottest geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic space for direct confrontation of the interests of the West and East, with a huge potential for escalation to a military conflict. Against this background, the preferred means of threat of the Russian Federation proves to be the energy weapon, used both for the promotion of major economic interests, as well as as as an instrument of influence and political blackmail. Therefore, energy is no longer only a factor of the equation of economic power of the Moldovan state, but also an element of political influence and control, with reflections in the military capabilities. The authors want to analyze the state of energy security regarding the state of energy resources and electricity.

Chivalry, Reading, and Women's Culture in Early Modern Spain: From Amadís de Gaula to Don Quixote

Chivalry, Reading, and Women's Culture in Early Modern Spain: From Amadís de Gaula to Don Quixote

Analyzing the Role of Great Powers in Creating the Durand Line and Its impact on Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations

The existence of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is the first country to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of the British and Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important, because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase, and with the passage of time and some major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence, not only failed, but the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interests between the two neighboring countries has led to the complexity of events which has been on the rise and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences to Afghanistan includes land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan

From Conquerors to Enchanters: Ways of Apprehending Reality Through Novelistic Creation

Creators of new worlds through their novels, André Malraux and Romain Gary equally reject the real universe – considered as odious, tragic, absurd – as well as any purely mimetic link between this universe and literary creation. But the two novelists translate this opposition into completely different registers. If Malraux’s writing seems to express the desire for a direct confrontation and defiance, Gary’s work is rather characterized by a mocking, disdainful attitude towards reality, which the writer intends to conquer mainly by humor. Our article aims to show that Gary’s literary response, far from being an escape, represents a rebellion that is just as powerful (and, in certain aspects, more relevant for our times) than the commitment and the fight explicitly assumed by Malrucian writing.

Exploring the Career Resilience Processes of Women in the Early Stages of Traditionally Male Careers

Although career resilience (CR) research has revealed insights about the conditions under which individuals overcome obstacles and achieve career success, it has not explicated the nature of CR processes or considered how CR processes may be unique to particular social groups. Based on interviews with 41 women who self-identified as being in the early stages of traditionally male careers (TMCs), this study integrates CR with the communication theory of resilience to elucidate how women persist in TMCs despite facing gender-based marginalization. Findings reveal three broad categories of CR processes that (a) engage gendered discourses (using stereotypes, defying stereotypes, justifying behavior, proving worth), (b) challenge gendered discourses (building confidence, direct confrontation, engaging with network) or (c) both engage and challenge gendered discourses (organizational belonging). These themes provide a more robust understanding of CR and suggest future research directions.

Indian Hybrid Warfare since 2008: Impacts on Pakistan Security

The study aims to highlight the Indian Hybrid Warfare, post 2008 Mumbai attack and its likely impact on Pakistan Security. The study succeeds in the Exploratory, Descriptive, and Predictive data analysis approaches. Both primary and secondary data was used to elaborate different aspects of the entire study. This study conducted Structured Interviews of Pakistani, Indian and Western retired military officers, diplomats, academicians with expertise in strategic studies. Hybrid warfare is not a new thing but it comes from centuries like a strategy and comes out with different perspectives. We know that India Pakistan is involve in this hybrid strategy from centuries against one another. Since 1947 tell now we can do Covert operations against one another. So, it is not a new concept in our context but in 2008 when Mumbai attack happened against India. So, from post 2008 the change which occurred in Indian hybrid strategy was phenomenal because before this such changes never happened which Impact on Pakistan Security However, the risk of limited war under the nuclear umbrella cannot be ruled out. Pakistan needs to improve its conventional deterrence to make it costly any misadventure by India. The prospects of direct military confrontation between India and Pakistan would decrease with an effective conventional answer by Pakistan. The study argues that, the hybrid warfare strategy has been more successful as compared to direct military engagement. Therefore, it is expected that this trend would continue unless Pakistan overcomes its political, socio-economic and ethno-religious vulnerabilities. The study determines that India and Pakistan cannot win against each other in any direct or indirect military confrontation, however it is advisable that both states must overcome their differences, resolve outstanding issues through consistent dialogue process in an amicable way for long term peace and stability in South Asia.

Anthropocene, Technocene and the Problem of Philosophy of Education

The term Anthropocene began to appear more often in scientific discourse more than 20 years ago. It was an attempt to come closer to understanding the depth and seriousness of the impact of man and his activities on the planet Earth, with the intention in the future to mitigate these effects and prevent a possible globally catastrophic environmental collapse, which might involve the collapse of civilization itself. However, to date, our approach to the world has hardly changed at all. After the pandemic comes the threat of a world conflict, a nuclear war. Since our scientific wisdom seems powerless, even the most obvious and frightening scientific knowledge cannot somehow change the course of global society, we want to think about this situation from the perspective of the cosmological philosophy of education. We want to think about this situation from the perspective of the cosmological philosophy of education. Its central motive is the philosophical disclosure of the original ontological ground of our humanity, which is the world, the cosmos. This is a direct confrontation with the hitherto prevailing “market education”, which serves to maintain and consolidate the power schemes of capital policy.

Mathematical modeling of intracellular calcium in presence of receptor: a homeostatic model for endothelial cell.

Calcium is a ubiquitous molecule and second messenger that regulates many cellular functions ranging from exocytosis to cell proliferation at different time scales. In the vasculature, a constant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration is maintained because of ATP released by red blood cells(RBCs). These ATP molecules continuously react with purinergic receptors on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs). Consequently, a cascade of chemical reactions are triggered that result in a transient cytoplasmic calcium (Ca[Formula: see text]), followed by return to its basal concentration. The mathematical models proposed in the literature are able to reproduce the transient peak. However, the trailing concentration is always higher than the basal cytoplasmic Ca[Formula: see text] concentrations, and the Ca[Formula: see text] concentration in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains lower than its initial concentration. This means that the intracellular homeostasis is not recovered. We propose, herein, a minimal model of calcium kinetics. We find that the desensitization of EC surface receptors due to phosphorylation and recycling plays a vital role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the presence of a constant stimulus (ATP). The model is able to capture several experimental observations such as refilling of Ca[Formula: see text] in the ER, variation of cytoplasmic Ca[Formula: see text] transient peak in ECs, the resting cytoplasmic Ca[Formula: see text] concentration, the effect of removing ATP from the plasma on Ca[Formula: see text] homeostasis, and the saturation of cytoplasmic Ca[Formula: see text] transient peak with increase in ATP concentration. Direct confrontation with several experimental results is conducted. This work paves the way for systematic studies on coupling between blood flow and chemical signaling, and should contribute to a better understanding of the relation between (patho)physiological conditions and Ca[Formula: see text] kinetics.

EVALUATION OFTHE ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF INDIGENOUS TRICHODERMA SPECIES AGAINSTCOLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES, THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN CAUSINGMANGO ANTHRACNOSEIN SENEGAL

Mangois a major crop that represent 63% of fruit production in Senegal. The mango business suffers however from major phytosanitary constraints such as mango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungicides are usually sprayed for the control of this fungal pathogen with their downside of negative impacts on human health and on environment. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are reported to have great potentialfor biological control on pathogens. Their ability to control C. gloeosporioides was tested through confrontation with three isolates of Trichoderma asperellum(S3M4ZIG, F3GP3 and F3GP3-5), one isolate of Trichoderma viride (F2KV3) anda fifth isolate ofTrichoderma sp. (S5M5ZN). These isolates, obtained from mango tree organs in Senegal,were used in direct confrontation against C. gloeosporioidesin vitro and further onin vivo tests on fruits.The incidence and severity of anthracnose were evaluated after 20 days of incubation.In dual culture in the petri dishes, the isolate S5M5ZN inhibited totally the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides,followed by the strains F3GP3 (T. asperellum), F3GP3-5 (T. asperellum), F2KV3 (T. viride) and S3M4ZIG (T.asperellum), that caused respective reduction of mycelial growth of the pathogen by 89.41 ± 18.33%, 89.01 ±19.01%, 77.25 ± 19, 77%, 77.25 ± 12.95%.For thein vivotests, the mangoes soaked with distilled water (negative control) and those inoculated with onlyC.gloeosporioides(positive control) hada disease severity of respectively 20.36±4.39% and 50.69±6.58%. The Trichoderma isolateS3M4ZIG, showed the best efficacy on mango with the lowestdisease severity of 5.55±00.00%.