Direct Command Research Articles

User Interface and Navigation System for an Electric Vehicle for the Disabled

The purpose of this work is to link a natural user interface and an autonomous navigation system to a conventional wheelchair with two control modalities: manual and automatic. It is taken into account that not all people have the same type or degree of disability, for this reason we seek to implement a user interface that involves different forms of user-machine interaction, with which the user can choose the manual mode that allows direct commands to control the movement of the chair and the automatic mode, which only needs the point or place where you need to go and through predefined trajectories, the autonomous navigation system will execute the necessary movements for the chair to follow the desired route.

Analysis of the Compositional Techniques and Musical Style of “Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso”

In 1863, The violin and orchestra piece “Introduction and Rondo Capricioso” was created by French Romantic composer: Charles·Camille·Saint-Saëns. It is a violin and orchestra piece written for Spanish violin master Pablo·de·Sarasate, who first appeared as Saint-Saëns. The piece was first performed by Sarasate under the direct command of Saint-Saëns in 1865 and is the most popular of his small musical works. It was later adapted by George Bizarre as a violin and piano accompaniment. The version played and the double piano version adapted by Debussy were played the most frequently. This article mainly analyzes the style characteristics and composition techniques of the piece, in order to achieve a point to surface approach, while summarizing, absorbing, borrowing, and innovating, and further deepening the understanding of the work and elevating one’s own creative skills.

The Closing Conversation Strategies in Arabic Iraqi Society

This research paper examines specific strategies in conversation closings in Arabic Iraqi society. It concentrates on three primary strategies which are positive comments, excuses, and imperatives. They have specific functions to end the conversation and making a flexible interaction between the participants. The first strategy is the positive comment provide social ties by reflecting speakers' joy and satisfaction during conversations. The second strategy is excuse which involves providing justifications for ending a definite conversation. Hence, mitigating potential abruptness and maintaining politeness. Further, the imperative strategy utilizes direct commands or phrases to signal the conclusion of the conversation. Through qualitative analysis, this research highlights the cultural nuances and social functions of these strategies, demonstrating their significance in maintaining relationships and facilitating smooth interactions within the community. Therefore, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of conversational dynamics in Arabic Iraqi speaking society.

Design of an Android-based Prayer Guidance Application Based on Al-Quran and Sunnah

Prayer is the cornerstone of religion, and it is an obligation for Muslims who have reached the age of accountability. Prayer is a great act of worship, because it is a direct command from Allah ta'ala to Muslims, whose command was directly received by the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) without the mediation of Gabriel (peace be upon him) at Sidratul Muntaha on the occasion of Isra' and Mi'raj. Prayer is the first thing that will be judged on the Day of Judgement, as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "The first thing that will be judged of a slave on the Day of Judgement is prayer. If his prayer is good, all his deeds will be good. If the prayer is bad then all his deeds will be bad". Education or teaching prayer to children is so important that even Rosulullah sholallahu alaihi wassalam has firmly prescribed that prayer education begins at an early age, that is, before they reach the age of puberty. Even when children are seven years old, they have been ordered to pray. This application is multimedia-based to be more interesting and easily understood by children in learning prayers because there are images, sounds and videos in it.

M.Yu. Lermontov and A.A. Velyaminov: History of Relations and Views on Caucasian Question

Based on the analysis of archival documents and literary texts, a comparative analysis is conducted of the similar ideas expressed by poet M.Yu. Lermontov and General A.A. Velyaminov regarding Russian-Caucasian relations. Their history of interaction is reconstructed through the identification of contemporary witnesses, analysis of the poet's letters, and determination of their shared circle of acquaintances. The hypothesis is put forward that they were acquainted before 1837, when Lermontov came under Velyaminov’s direct command. The influence of Velyaminov on Lermontov’s early works is demonstrated. Additionally, an overlooked essay by A.A. Velyaminov entitled “History of the Caucasus” is introduced into scholarly circulation, which provides a detailed chronicle of the Caucasus from prehistoric times to the present day. Through the study of Velyaminov’s publicistic works, a better understanding is gained of the origins and development of Lermontov’s Caucasian historiosophy in the context of messianic ideas prevalent in society during the 1830s due to Russia’s actions on its eastern borders. The shared belief of both Lermontov and Velyaminov in the peacemaking role of the Russian Empire is revealed. These newly discovered materials contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the formation of Lermontov’s historical thinking in regards to his perception of Russian-Caucasian relations.

Composite Zero-Effort-Miss Guidance with Predictor–Corrector Steps for Ballistic Interception

In this paper, a midcourse guidance law for exoatmospheric interception using a solid-propellant rocket is presented. Existing guidance laws based on the zero-effort-miss concept lack consideration for remaining thrust, potentially resulting in the excessive magnitude and rate of the thrust direction command. To address this issue, the zero-effort-miss concept is combined with an iterative predictor–corrector-based guidance law that is adapted for solid-propellant rockets. To apply the iterative predictor–corrector-based guidance law to the interception problem with a solid-propellant rocket, a composite zero-effort-miss concept is introduced, and the correction step is formulated as an online convex optimization problem. The composite zero-effort-miss consists of two zero-effort-misses. One miss is obtained from current state and the other miss is obtained from predicted state at burnout. Those render the proposed guidance law robust to thrust uncertainty allow for a noniterative approach and eliminate the singularity problem. Also, the proposed guidance law reduces maneuvering during the early part of the midcourse phase, leading to less velocity loss, and resolves intercept performance degradation due to the rate limit of thrust vectoring. Numerical simulations comparing the proposed method with the modified zero-effort-miss guidance demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness.

Realtime Recognition of Dynamic Hand Gestures in Practical Applications

Dynamic hand gesture acting as a semaphoric gesture is a practical and intuitive mid-air gesture interface. Nowadays benefiting from the development of deep convolutional networks, the gesture recognition has already achieved a high accuracy, however, when performing a dynamic hand gesture such as gestures of direction commands, some unintentional actions are easily misrecognized due to the similarity of the hand poses. This hinders the application of dynamic hand gestures and cannot be solved by just improving the accuracy of the applied algorithm on public datasets, thus it is necessary to study such problems from the perspective of human-computer interaction. In this article, two methods are proposed to avoid misrecognition by introducing activation delay and using asymmetric gesture design. First the temporal process of a dynamic hand gesture is decomposed and redefined, then a realtime dynamic hand gesture recognition system is built through a two-dimensional convolutional neural network. In order to investigate the influence of activation delay and asymmetric gesture design on system performance, a user study is conducted and experimental results show that the two proposed methods can effectively avoid misrecognition. The two methods proposed in this article can provide valuable guidance for researchers when designing realtime recognition system in practical applications.

Parents of preschoolers use multiple strategies to feed their children: Findings from an observational video pilot study

The current study leveraged observational data collection methods to fill gaps in our understanding of parent approach to feeding as well as child responses to various parental approaches. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1) characterize the broad range of food parenting practices used by parents of preschoolers during shared mealtimes at home, including differences by child gender, and 2) describe child responses to specific parent feeding practices. Forty parent-child dyads participated by recording two in-home shared meals. Meals were coded using a behavioral coding scheme that coded the occurrence of 11 distinct food parenting practices (e.g. indirect and direct commands, praise, bribes) and eight child responses (e.g., eat, refuse, cry/whine) to food parenting practices. Results revealed that parents engaged in a broad range of food parenting practices at meals. On average, parents in our sample used 10.51 (SD 7.83; Range 0–30) total food parenting practices per mealtime with a mean use of 3.38 (SD 1.67; Range 0–8) unique food parenting practices per mealtime. Use of indirect and direct commands to eat were most common; direct and indirect commands were used by 97.5% (n = 39) and 87.5% (n = 35) of parents at meals, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed by child gender. No one specific feeding practice consistently yielded compliance or refusal to eat from the child, instead child responses were often mixed (e.g., compliance followed by refusal and/or refusal followed by compliance). However, use of praise to prompt eating was the practice that most often resulted in child compliance; 80.8% of children complied following parent's use of praise as a prompt to eat. Findings deepen our understanding of the types and frequency of food parenting practices used by parents of preschoolers during meals eaten at home and illuminate child responses to specific food parenting practices.

Risk factors and prediction model for mental health in Chinese soldiers.

This study aimed to explore potential risk factors for mental health concerns, and the prediction model for mental health concerns in Chinese soldiers was constructed through combined eligible risk factors. This cross-sectional study was performed on soldiers under direct command from Gansu, Sichuan, and Chongqing in China, and the soldiers were selected by cluster convenient sampling from 16 October 2018 to 10 December 2018. The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and three questionnaires (Military Mental Health Status Questionnaire, Military Mental Health Ability Questionnaire, and Mental Quality Questionnaire for Army Men) were administered, including demographics, military careers, and 18 factors. Of 1,430 Chinese soldiers, 162 soldiers presented mental disorders, with a prevalence of 11.33%. A total of five risk factors were identified, including serving place (Sichuan vs. Gansu: OR, 1.846, 95% CI: 1.028-3.315, P = 0.038; Chongqing vs. Gansu: OR, 3.129, 95% CI, 1.669-5.869, P = 0.003), psychosis (OR, 1.491, 95% CI, 1.152-1.928, P = 0.002), depression (OR, 1.482, 95% CI, 1.349-1.629, P < 0.001), sleep problems (OR, 1.235, 95% CI, 1.162-1.311, P < 0.001), and frustration (OR, 1.050, 95% CI, 1.015-1.087, P = 0.005). The area under the ROC curve by combining these factors was 0.930 (95% CI: 0.907-0.952) for predicting mental disorders in Chinese soldiers. The findings of this study demonstrate that mental disorders and onset in Chinese soldiers can be predicted on the basis of these three questionnaires, and the predictive value of the combined model was high.

PERJAMUAN KUDUS BAGI ANAK DALAM GEREJA METHODIST

This study aims to find out about the attitude of the Methodist Church in involving children to receive the elements of the communion. The Holy Communion is one of the two sacraments recognized by Protestant Christian churches. This Holy Communion is a direct command from the Lord Jesus to be carried out by His churches on this earth. This can be seen from the words of Jesus who stated "Do this in remembrance of me". According to John Wesley, communion is a suggestion of grace that God has given to every human being. That gift was given by God to everyone by God's will, everyone can receive it because that gift is God's love for humans through Jesus Christ who sacrificed himself as a way of salvation for mankind. According to John Wesley communion is a universal means of grace, therefore children may participate in the communion.

Design and Evaluation on Onboard Antenna Pointing Control System for a Wireless Relay System Using Fixed-Wing UAV

Among several usages of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), wireless relay systems for high altitudes using fixed-wing UAVs, or high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), are some of the most promising applications. To realize the systems by making the most of advantages of the long flight duration and endurance of fixed-wing airplanes, this paper proposes an antenna pointing control system using mechanical gimbals onboard a fixed-wing UAV continuously turning midair and describes results of the blocking analysis of the antenna driving angles of the gimbal directed to a ground station, the design of the antenna pointing control system, and the evaluation of its performance. It is confirmed by the evaluation that, though the antenna pointing control accuracy is greatly influenced by the noisy antenna pointing direction command, its accuracy is greatly improved by using the highly accurate RF sensor to detect antenna pointing direction.

Imperatives as persuasion strategies in political discourse

Abstract This paper attempts to explore the extent to which imperatives, linguistically manifested in direct commands, attention-getters, and let-constructions, function as persuasion strategies in one of the speeches of President El-Sisi of Egypt. The main objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that imperatives, irrespective of their type, do not necessarily require a verbal or physical response, as is the case with their ordinary semantic function; however, they go beyond their common semantic functionality towards specific pragmatic purposes, targeting the communication of particular political meanings in discourse. Two main findings are revealed in this paper: first, El-Sisi uses imperatives to motivate his addressees’ pragmatic competence rather than to elicit their verbal performance. Second, the three forms of Arabic imperatives are persuasion strategies employed in the speech to initiate a cognitively communicative channel through which intended meanings are communicated to interlocutors.

Policy Experimentation under Pressure in Contemporary China

AbstractMany studies put forward the argument that local policy experimentation, a key feature of China's policy process in the Hu Jintao era, has been paralysed by Xi Jinping's (re)centralization of political power – otherwise known as “top-level design.” This narrative suggests that local policymakers have become increasingly risk-averse owing to the anti-corruption campaign and are therefore unwilling to experiment. This article, however, argues that local governments are still expected to innovate with new policy solutions and now will be punished if they do not. By introducing the analytical framework of “experimentation under pressure” and drawing on an analysis of over 3,000 local government regulations and fieldwork data related to foreign investment attraction policies in two localities, Foshan and Ganzhou, the authors highlight new features developing within current experimental policy cycles. Local cadres now have no choice but to experiment as the political risk of shirking the direct command to experiment may be higher than the inherent risk of experimentation itself.

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Summaries

The Cult of the Persuasive: Why U.S. Security Assistance Fails

Abstract Security assistance is a pillar of U.S. foreign policy and a ubiquitous feature of international relations. The record, however, is mixed at best. Security assistance is hard because recipient leaders are often motivated to implement policies that keep their militaries weak. The central challenge of security assistance, then, is influence. How does the United States aim to influence recipient leaders to improve their militaries, and what drives its approach? Influence in security assistance can be understood as an escalation ladder with four rungs: teaching, persuasion, conditionality, and direct command. Washington increasingly delegates security assistance to the Department of Defense, and the latter to the U.S. Army. U.S. Army advisers tend to rely exclusively on teaching and persuasion, even when recipient leaders routinely ignore their advice. The U.S. Army's preference for persuasion and aversion to conditionality in security assistance can be traced to its bureaucratic interests and to the ideology that it has developed—the cult of the persuasive—to advance those interests. A case study examines the bureaucratic drivers of the U.S. Army's persistent reliance on persuasion to influence Iraqi leaders to reform and strengthen the Iraqi Army. Qualitative analysis leverages over one hundred original interviews, as well as oral histories and recently declassified U.S. Central Command documents. The findings illustrate how the interests and ideologies of the military services tasked with implementing U.S. foreign policy can instead undermine it.

Stalin&amp;apos;s “Soft Power”: Activities of the Commissioner for Foreign Military Formations in the USSR During the Great Patriotic War

Foreign military formations established on the Soviet territory, more than anything else, epitomised the coalition nature of the struggle against Nazi aggression. In the latter stages of the war, they became a powerful tool for promoting the geopolitical interests of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, in connection with which the formation of alien troops received a new powerful impetus. The article draws on the documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, which are introduced into the academic circuit for the first time. The author analyses the activities of a special body of military administration directly subordinate to the highest leadership of the country, namely the Commissioner for Foreign Formations in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. He coordinated and supervised the formation of Polish, Czechoslovak, and Yugoslav military units both within the Soviet military establishment and at the interdepartmental and international levels. In the research literature, this institution has been very poorly studied and current knowledge about it is fragmentary, which determines its academic relevance. It was a highly effective instrument of Soviet “soft power&amp;amp;8j1;, which facilitated the extension of the Stalinist leadership&amp;apos;s military and political influence over the countries of Eastern Europe. During the war years, the institution of the Commissioner underwent a complex evolution, changing its functions and its name several times. The direct command vertical between Stalin and the Commissioner invariably remained unchanged, which provided the latter with extremely wide administrative and control possibilities, despite the fact that this institution was not even clearly defined.

New Biomedical Applications Approach using Shape Memory Polymers for Muscles Rehabilitation and the Accompanying Wounds after Severe Bone Fractures

This article introduces a new approach for modern applications of medical devices using shape memory polymers to aid in the rehabilitation of muscles and injuries attached to severe fractures. The group of heaters connected with the splint controls the temperature and humidity inside the affected area. Microcontrollers were attached to the polymer plate in order to directly control the required parameters and changes in addition to giving direct commands to the connected sensors. Because of the property of changing the outer shape of the polymer after being exposed to a certain temperature and returning to the normal shape after the removal of the external influence, the designed polymer plate applies light intermittent pressure on the wound area, muscles, and surrounding tissues, which helps to speed up the rehabilitation of these muscles, especially after She suffered from stiffness due to lack of movement during the period of treatment.

Background and chronology of the crimes committed by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the village of Trusina on April 16, 1993

The authors analyze events that have occurred in the municipality of Konjic throughout the March and April of 1993. Special emphasis was placed on crimes committed against the Croatian population of that municipality. In the early morning of April 16, 1993, Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) committed a war crime in the northern Herzegovinian village of Trusina, where 22 Croatian civilians and captured Croatian Defence Council (HVO) soldiers were killed. This crime was the result of a previously planned attack by the Army of BiH on the Croatian population and the HVO in the Konjic municipality, which began on April 14, 1993. The main attacking forces of the Army of BiH on the village Trusina on April 16, 1993, were members of the Zulfikar Special Purposes Detachment . They were under the direct command of the Supreme Command Staff (SVC) (i.e., General Staff of the Army of BiH) from their formation to just a few days before the crime in Trusina was committed. They have then become an integral part of the 1st Corps of the Army of BiH based in Sarajevo. As an integral part of the 1st Corps, members of the Zulfikar Special Purposes Detachment became the main perpetrators of a previously planned attack and war crime against the Croatian population of Trusina.

A Cow Crossing Detection Alert System

Artificial intelligence is rapidly growing in recent years and has derived several branches of studies such as object detection and sound recognition. Object detection is a computer vision technique that allows the identification and location of objects in an image or video. On the other hand, proper recognition is the ability of a machine or program to receive and interpret dictation or to understand and carry out direct commands. This paper presents a cow crossing detection alert system with object detection and sound recognition capabilities. The proposed system aims to protect the driver from animal-vehicle collision. A data-driven deep learning approach is used for cow detection. Consequently, the cow detection module is integrated with a Raspberry Pi device to perform real time monitoring. The proposed cow crossing detection alert system will send an alert message to relevant units like the road transport department to take further actions if a potential animal-vehicle collision is detected on the road. Experimental results show that the proposed cow detection approach yields a mean average precision 0.5 (mAP 0.5) of 99% in object detection and 100% accuracy in sound recognition, demonstrating the system's practical feasibility.

Men’s Language and Masculine Identity Construction in Sexist Jokes

&lt;em&gt;The power imbalance between men and women in society is reflected in their language use and it may be reinforced in sexist jokes. This is a sociolinguistic study on men’s language in sexist jokes on the Internet. This study is aimed at investigating men’s linguistic features and the masculine identities represented by those features. This is a descriptive qualitative study with complementary quantitative analysis. The theories of Tannen’s men language (1990) and Kiesling’s masculine identities (2007) were used as references to analyze the data. The results show that men’s identity of competing for solidarity embodied in discourses of insults, teasing, and joking is the most dominant identity represented in sexist jokes. This is in line with the main intention of sexist humor to laugh at women’s inferiority. Meanwhile, men’s dominance realized in report talk becomes the second most prevalent identity. The identities of politeness oaf, indicated by direct command, and freedom, shown by swearing and taboo words, are not influential as both do not contribute to the making of humorous expressions. These imply that context and communication purposes motivate speakers to use gender-related features. Reflecting that most of the masculine identities and the language features in sexist jokes represent men’s superiority, this kind of humor can be a way to maintain gender asymmetry in society. Besides, although humor leads to laughter and is considered healthy, sexist humor is dangerous as the expressions subordinate women. Therefore, being critical when reading the jokes and trying to avoid such jokes in communication is suggested.&lt;/em&gt;