Direct Application Research Articles

Real-time imaging of mitochondrial redox reveals increased mitochondrial oxidative stress associated with amyloid β aggregates in vivo in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

BackgroundReactive oxidative stress is a critical player in the amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity that contributes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Damaged mitochondria are one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species and accumulate in Aβ plaque-associated dystrophic neurites in the AD brain. Although Aβ causes neuronal mitochondria reactive oxidative stress in vitro, this has never been directly observed in vivo in the living mouse brain. Here, we tested for the first time whether Aβ plaques and soluble Aβ oligomers induce mitochondrial oxidative stress in surrounding neurons in vivo, and whether this neurotoxic effect can be abrogated using mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants.MethodsWe expressed a genetically encoded fluorescent ratiometric mitochondria-targeted reporter of oxidative stress in mouse models of the disease and performed intravital multiphoton microscopy of neuronal mitochondria and Aβ plaques.ResultsFor the first time, we demonstrated by direct observation in the living mouse brain exacerbated mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurons after both Aβ plaque deposition and direct application of soluble oligomeric Aβ onto the brain, and determined the most likely pathological sequence of events leading to oxidative stress in vivo. Oxidative stress could be inhibited by both blocking calcium influx into mitochondria and treating with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31. Remarkably, the latter ameliorated plaque-associated dystrophic neurites without impacting Aβ plaque burden.ConclusionsConsidering these results, combination of mitochondria-targeted compounds with other anti-amyloid beta or anti-tau therapies hold promise as neuroprotective drugs for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.

Analysis of the Relationship Between the Morphological Characteristics of Lightning Channels and Turbulent Dynamics Based on the Localization of VHF Radiation Sources

AbstractLightning channel morphology depends on the thunderstorm cloud charge structure, which in turn is influenced by the thunderstorm dynamics. In this paper, based on three‐dimensional radiation source localization data from the Lightning Mapping Array and radar‐based data, our analysis shows that the overall morphology and detailed morphology of the lightning channel correspond to different eddy dissipation rate (EDR) characteristics. Lightning with complex channel morphology occurs in regions with large EDRs. In single lightning events, channels that extend directly within a certain height range without significant bifurcation and turning tend to propagate in the direction of decreasing EDRs, while channel bifurcations and turns usually occur in regions with large radial velocity gradients and large EDRs. This study shows the relationship between channel morphology and thunderstorm dynamics and provides a new method for the direct application of channel‐level localization data to understand thunderstorm dynamics characteristics.

Anaerobic digestion of vinasse improves its use as a liquid fertilizer

The global demand for exploiting the potential of renewable biofuel production is increasing. When countries with large agricultural areas produce ethanol, they also generate a harmful byproduct called vinasse. Vinasse is a dark brown effluent that contains a high amount of organic matter, has an acidic nature, and is rich in mineral salts. Managing this effluent poses a challenge due to its significant volume, which ranges from 8 to 20 liters per liter of ethanol produced. Traditionally, raw vinasse has been applied directly to the soil as a liquid fertilizer. However, this practice, without proper guidance, can lead to soil degradation, micronutrient imbalance, pH change and excessive accumulation of organic matter. To resolve these issues and still use vinasse as a fertilizer, the process of anaerobic degradation of vinasse in biodigesters was analyzed. The resulting treated effluent, known as digested vinasse, was then compared to raw vinasse in terms of pollution parameters and the balance of minerals crucial for sugarcane cultivation. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the organic load of vinasse, with a removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranging from 66% to 85%. After applying the digested vinasse to sugarcane like cultivation soil, a noticeable decrease in the environmental impact caused by excessive organic matter was observed. Additionally, the study found that important nutritional elements such as sodium (Na) did not have any adverse effects or accumulate excessively when compared to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). In conclusion, the research demonstrates that the anaerobic degradation of vinasse in biodigesters can effectively reduce its organic load and mitigate the environmental impact associated with the direct application of raw vinasse to agricultural soils

Self-guided disentangled representation learning for single image dehazing

Image dehazing has received extensive research attention as images collected in hazy weather are limited by low visibility and information dropout. Recently, disentangled representation learning has made excellent progress in various vision tasks. However, existing networks for low-level vision tasks lack efficient feature interaction and delivery mechanisms in the disentanglement process or an evaluation mechanism for the degree of decoupling in the reconstruction process, rendering direct application to image dehazing challenging. We propose a self-guided disentangled representation learning (SGDRL) algorithm with a self-guided disentangled network to realize multi-level progressive feature decoupling through sharing and interaction. The self-guided disentangled (SGD) network extracts image features using the multi-layer backbone network, and attribute features are weighted using the self-guided attention mechanism for the backbone features. In addition, we introduce a disentanglement-guided (DG) module to evaluate the degree of feature decomposition and guide the feature fusion process in the reconstruction stage. Accordingly, we develop SGDRL-based unsupervised and semi-supervised single image dehazing networks. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method for real-world image dehazing. The source code is available at https://github.com/dehazing/SGDRL.

Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.

A mass transfer study of CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions of isomeric forms of sodium alaninate for direct air capture application

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 is a critical emerging technology required to achieve ambitious net-zero emissions. Aqueous amino acid absorbents are ideal candidates for DAC and this work describes the investigation of the CO2 absorption performance of sodium salts of β- and α-alaninate under relevant conditions for DAC by utilising synthetic CO2 gas streams at concentrations levels found in the atmosphere (200–600 ppm). The effects of solution concentration, temperature, gas flowrate, liquid flowrate, and dissolved CO2 concentration (i.e., CO2 loading) on CO2 mass transfer coefficients were investigated. The overall mass transfer coefficient was found to be independent of the gas and liquid flowrates, with larger values determined for β-alaninate solutions (0.75–1.16 mmol m−2 s−1 kPa−1) than that of α-alaninate (0.65–0.87 mmol m−2 s−1 kPa−1), under similar experimental conditions. The results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing temperature, conversely decreasing steadily with increasing CO2 loading. The maximum CO2 loading capacity of the 5.0 M solutions was ∼10 % higher for β-alanine (0.651 mol CO2/mol alaninate) than α-alanine (0.607 mol CO2/mol alaninate) at 25.0 °C. Precipitation was found to play an important role in the CO2 absorption processes here. Interestingly, beyond CO2 loadings >0.12 mol CO2/mol α-alaninate, the 5.0 M solution of α-alaninate begins to develop precipitate(s) while precipitation in the β-alaninate solution is only initiated at much higher CO2 loadings >0.52 mol CO2/mol β-alaninate. This study provides valuable insights into the suitability of β-alanine and α-alanine for CO2 capture directly from the ambient air.

Mixtures of phase transforming fluids and gases: Phase field model and stabilized isogeometric discretization

Liquid–vapor phase change in the presence of non-condensable gases is a classical problem, which continues to challenge continuum modeling. Here, we propose a new model based on the phase field method, which describes the dynamics of the non-condensable gas, phase change and flow simultaneously. The model is built by extending van der Waals and Korteweg’s theory for phase-transforming mixtures. The model equations have fourth order partial differential operators which presents significant challenges to standard spatial discretization methods. In addition, the isentropic form of the model equations is not hyperbolic at the liquid–gas interface, which inhibits the direct application of most algorithms for systems of hyperbolic equations. We propose a novel numerical scheme based on Isogeometric Analysis and the Taylor–Galerkin method, and also implement a residual based discontinuity capturing scheme. We show numerical results, at micron length scales, to study the accuracy and stability of our algorithm. We study the flow of a shock wave past a liquid droplet to test our numerical algorithm when steep gradients are present in the solution. Finally, we use the model to study the problem of gas–vapor bubble collapse near a solid wall.

Tuning plasmid DNA amounts for cost-effective transfections of mammalian cells: when less is more

Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells is a well-known approach to the fast expression of recombinant proteins. The human cell line HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293F is widely used in this field, due to its adaptability to grow in suspension to high cell densities in serum-free media, amenability to transfection, and production of recombinant proteins in satisfactory quantities for functional and structural analysis. Amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) required in transfections for TGE remain high (usually 1 µg pDNA/mL, or even higher), representing a noticeable proportion of the overall cost. Thus, there is an economic need to reduce amounts of coding pDNA in TGE processes. In this work, amounts of both pDNA and transfecting agent used for TGE in HEK 293F cells have been explored in order to reduce them without compromising (or even improving) the productivity of the process in terms of protein yield. In our hands, minimal polyethyleneimine (PEI) cytotoxicity and optimum protein yields were obtained when transfecting at 0.5 µg pDNA/mL (equal to 0.5 µg pDNA/million cells) and a DNA-to-PEI ratio of 1:3, a trend confirmed for several unrelated recombinant proteins. Thus, carefully tuning pDNA and transfecting agent amounts not only reduces the economic costs but also results in higher recombinant protein yields. These results surely have a direct application and interest for the biopharmaceutical industry, always concerned in increasing productivity while decreasing economic costs.Key points• Mammalian cells are widely used to produce recombinant proteins in short times.• Tuning DNA and transfecting agent are of great interest to optimize economic costs.• Reducing DNA and transfecting agent amounts result in higher protein yields.Graphical

On the gap probability of the tacnode process

The tacnode process is a universal determinantal point process arising from non-intersecting particle systems and tiling problems. It is the aim of this work to explore the integrable structure and large gap asymptotics for the gap probability of the thinned/unthinned tacnode process over (−s,s). We establish an integral representation of the gap probability in terms of the Hamiltonian associated with a system of differential equations. With the aids of some remarkable differential identities for the Hamiltonian, we also compute large gap asymptotics, up to and including the constant term in the thinned case. As direct applications, we obtain expectation, variance and a central limit theorem for the associated counting function.

Nanorobotics in Medicine: A Systematic Review of Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects with a Focus on Cell Therapy, Invasive Surgery, and Drug Delivery

<img src=” https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.scholastica/article/92224/large/prnano_1102023bg.jpg?17054444673”> Nanorobotics offers an emerging frontier in biomedicine, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic and therapeutic applications through its unique capabilities in manipulating biological systems at the nanoscale. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using IEEE Xplore and PubMed databases, identifying and analyzing 414 papers. The studies were filtered to include only those that addressed nanorobotics and direct medical applications. Our analysis traces the technology’s evolution, highlighting its growing prominence in medicine as evidenced by the increasing number of publications. Applications ranged from targeted drug delivery and single-cell manipulation to minimally invasive surgery and biosensing. Despite the promise, limitations such as biocompatibility, precise control, and ethical concerns were also identified. This review aims to offer a thorough overview of nanorobotics in medicine, specifi-cally on niches such as laparoscopic surgery, drug delivery, and cell manipulation, drawing at-tention to current challenges and opportunities and providing directions for future research in this rapidly advancing field.

Direct CO2 capture from simulated and Ambient Air over aminosilane-modified hierarchical silica

Aminosilane-modified Hierarchical silica, HSA and HST-based adsorbents were synthesized by aminosilanization using Hierarchical silica (HS) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TMPTA), respectively, and characterized to establish their physicochemical, structural, morphological, and porosity properties. Their CO2 adsorption performance was evaluated under direct air capture (DAC) conditions: 1) simulated air with CO2 concentration of 400 ppm in helium (He) at 30 °C and 2) indoor air with CO2 concentration ≥400 ppm at 30 °C, where HSA and HST modified with 70 wt% of respective aminosilanes outperformed others. The modified HS adsorbents showed an increase in kinetics, CO2 uptake under dry and humid conditions, stable cyclic adsorption-desorption performance, moderate enthalpy of desorption indicating a dominant chemisorption mechanism. Under dry and humid simulated air conditions (400 ppm CO2 in He), HSA-70 displayed a CO2 uptake of 0.82 mmol/g and 1.70 mmol/g, respectively, while HST-70 exhibited enhanced CO2 uptake of 1.54 mmol/g and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. Cyclic stability of HSA-70 and HST-70 was confirmed through five thermal swing adsorption (TSA) cycles. In addition to this, their use for indoor air CO2 capture was also explored through ten short TSA cycles. Developed HSA-70 and HST-70 adsorbents exhibited more selectivity for CO2 over water, demonstrating their usage in practical direct air CO2 capture application.

Differences in primary metabolism related to quality of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit under open field and protected soilless culture growing conditions.

The raspberry (Rubus idaeus) fruit is characterized by good taste and high acceptability by consumers. Thus, the impact on the quality attributes and metabolites related to raspberry taste should be evaluated in crop alternatives such as the protected soilless culture. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic changes during fruit development and postharvest of raspberry grown in open field and protected soilless culture and their relationship with quality parameters and sensory perception. In this study, the quality parameters and polar metabolites -sugar and amino acids- content were evaluated during raspberry ripening. In addition, ripe fruit was stored at 1 °C for five days, followed by one day of shelf life at 20 °C. The physiological and quality parameters showed typical changes during ripening in both growing conditions: a constant production of CO2, a drastic loss of firmness, an increase in weight and soluble solids content, loss of acidity, and a turning to red color from the green to fully ripe fruit stages in both growing conditions. Fruit from the protected soilless culture had significantly higher weight but a lower soluble solids content. The metabolic analysis showed differences in primary metabolites content during ripening and storage at 1 °C between both growing conditions. The raspberries grown in the open field showed higher contents of sugars such as D-glucose and D-fructose. On the contrary, the fruit from the protected soilless culture showed higher contents of some amino acids such as L-alanine, L-serine and L-valine, among others. The sensorial panel showed significant differences in the perception of the sweetness, acidity, color and firmness of ripe fruit from both growing conditions. The present study provides interesting and useful results with direct commercial application for this alternative growing system, mainly in areas where soil and water scarcity are a reality.

Perturbative effective field theory expansions for cosmological phase transitions

Guided by previous non-perturbative lattice simulations of a two-step electroweak phase transition, we reformulate the perturbative analysis of equilibrium thermodynamics for generic cosmological phase transitions in terms of effective field theory (EFT) expansions. Based on thermal scale hierarchies, we argue that the scale of many interesting phase transitions is in-between the soft and ultrasoft energy scales, which have been the focus of studies utilising high-temperature dimensional reduction. The corresponding EFT expansions provide a handle to control the perturbative expansion, and allow us to avoid spurious infrared divergences, imaginary parts, gauge dependence and renormalisation scale dependence that have plagued previous studies. As a direct application, we present a novel approach to two-step electroweak phase transitions, by constructing separate effective descriptions for two consecutive transitions. Our approach provides simple expressions for effective potentials separately in different phases, a numerically inexpensive method to determine thermodynamics, and significantly improves agreement with the non-perturbative lattice simulations.

The Effect of External Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with Plant-Derived Stilbene Compounds on Plant Resistance to Abiotic Stresses.

Stilbenes are a group of plant phenolic secondary metabolites, with trans-resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) being recognized as the most prominent and studied member. Stilbenes have a great potential for use in agriculture and medicine, as they have significant activities against plant pathogens and have valuable beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we analyzed the effects of direct application of stilbenes, stilbene precursor, and stilbene-rich extract solutions to the plant foliar surface for increasing the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to various abiotic stresses (heat, cold, drought, and soil salinity). Exogenous treatment of A. thaliana with stilbenes (trans-resveratrol, piceid, and spruce bark extract) and phenolic precursor (p-coumaric acid or CA) during germination resulted in considerable growth retardation of A. thaliana plants: a strong delay in the root and stem length of 1-week-old seedlings (in 1.3-4.5 fold) and rosette diameter of 1-month-old plants (in 1.2-1.8 fold), while the 2-month-old treated plants were not significantly different in size from the control. Plant treatments with stilbenes and CA increased the resistance of A. thaliana to heat and, to a lesser extent, to soil salinity (only t-resveratrol and spruce extract) to drought (only CA), while cold resistance was not affected. Plant treatments with stilbenes and CA resulted in a significant increase in plant resistance and survival rates under heat, with plants showing 1.5-2.3 times higher survival rates compared to untreated plants. Thus, exogenous stilbenes and a CA are able to improve plant survival under certain abiotic stresses via specific activation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and some stress-related genes. The present work provides new insights into the application of stilbenes to improve plant stress tolerance.

Non-dimensionalization and scaling of fracture processes in concrete and rock

Many types of engineering structures may fracture, due to extreme external loads or due to inherent damages arising while in service or during their manufacturing/creation. The fractures may form at various scales, particularly within geological or cementitious materials like rock and concrete. Understanding and simulating accurately the fracturing processes at different scales, from laboratory to field, assists with the optimization of structural design and enhances reliability. This paper proposes novel non-dimensional scaling laws for fracture mechanics problems. They improve the prediction and interpretation of crack initiation and evolution and the subsequent mechanical response of structures. They have direct applicability in advanced numerical models like phase field models, where the governing parameters and mesh sizes can be appropriately scaled prior to conducting the numerical simulation. This leads to a unique dimensionless model output for any given loading configuration. Rescaling the unique non-dimensional output, which may incorporate varying pre-peak and post-peak fracture resistances, allows for the fracture behavior of a structure at any scale to be determined. The non-dimensionalization and rescaling techniques are demonstrated and validated against independent analytical and experimental benchmark problems. The scaling laws enable the adoption of coarse meshes in numerical models, significantly reducing computational cost while maintaining accuracy and capturing the fundamental mechanics. It is shown that the challenges associated with modeling fracture processes across scales can be mitigated as long as the problem is appropriately scaled.

A miniaturized left‐handed circularly‐polarized printed radiator for direct broadcast satellite application

SummaryThis article presents a highly compact printed radiator for direct broadcast satellite (DBS) systems that exhibits good gain and left‐handed circular polarization. The inferred pattern is accomplished by etching two isosceles triangles, one from each of the four corners of a square. From the center of the newly acquired structure, a circular geometric design is made up of 16 isosceles‐scaled triangles has been etched. This arrangement induces resonance in the antenna, aligning it with the desired frequency. The proposed antenna is designed using PCB laminated Rogger 5880 material and simulated in a CST EM simulator. The antenna under consideration exhibits a significant size reduction, achieving a miniaturization ratio of 21.03%. The LHCP antenna resonated at 12.61 GHz and offered a decent LHCP gain of 7.95 dBic. It gives 0.56 GHz CP bandwidth, which covers the DBS service band entirely. It also provides 96.43% radiation efficiency and 44.27 dB/m correction factor, respectively. All the measured findings of the prototype agree with its simulated one.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy system for observation of water molecules in anion exchange membrane

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) provide one of the most feasible remedies to fuel cells’ dependency on the dwindling Pt group catalysts. Nevertheless, AEMFCs still suffer reduced durability, which requires an in-depth understanding of their membranes. The low thermal endurance of the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) usually limits the direct application of powerful techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy. We sought to establish a system for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy capable of taking measurements inside an AEM rapidly and accurately without photodamage. A 785 nm CARS system was newly developed to study the water species in an AEM (QPAF-4) located vertically in a fuel cell. From the results of water measurement in a QPAF-4 membrane, the OH-related region was deconvoluted into nine Gaussian peaks: Five H-bonded OH peaks, non-H-bonded OH, OH–, and two CH peaks. The H-bonded species increased with increasing relative humidity, but the other species remained constant. These results open unlimited possibilities for studying and comparing different AEMFCs, enabling more rapid technology optimization.

Tagyîr Mawdhî’ Inhirâf Qiblat al-Masjid fî Bamîkasân ‘alâ Asasi al-Tiknôlôjiyya al-Mutaqaddimah: al-Tahlîla al-Ijtimâ’î wa al-Tsaqafî

Reposition of wrongly-established qibla direction typically brings into controversy, particularly among takmir as the mosque officiants. However, what occured in Pamekasan shows different trends. This research therefore focuses on how the Pamekasan based takmir responded on the qibla direction reposition issue. It is a descriptive one based on qualitative data. The data was collected using interview to the takmir and participatory observation at the research locus. The obtained data was then sorted and systematically arranged for verification to draw a conclusion. The research comes to a conclusion that; first, the deviation of qibla direction on the research locus was caused by wrongly-determined direction in the initial mosque building process due to the ignorance of Islamic astronomy or so called ilmu falaq theories. The mistake was figured out trough verification on the sun image and qiblat direction application. Second; the reposition was initiated by takmir who firstly consulted with experts on Islamic law and falaq, made scientific investigation by rechecking the mosque qibla direction using advanced technology, then announced the process result to the mosque congregation, and made a deliberation forum before doing the reposition replacing the older with the more accurate and newer one. Third; takmirs’ perception on the mosque qibla reposition tends to be supporting rather than opposing.

Fabry-Perot modes of the transformation optics (TO)-based cavity and cascaded TO cavities for directional electromagnetic power coupling applications

A Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity derived from a transformational medium is reported. The proposed coordinate transformation provides spatial gradient dielectric profiles to confine the electromagnetic (EM) waves in the form of FP modes. The quality factor, free spectral range, and finesse of the proposed transformation optics (TO)-based cavity are calculated and compared with a conventional dielectric resonator. It is observed that a pencil-like directional EM beam is emitted for a line source placed inside the TO cavity and the beam’s profile shape is strongly dependent on the width of the line source. By cascading several TO cavities, a directional EM power divider is demonstrated numerically. The frequency-dependent EM beam steering by the proposed cascaded TO cavities with 0⸰ and 90⸰ beam directionalities is useful for selective power coupling requirements in RF and optical domains. The 2- dimensional results were cross-checked with the 3-D design using unit cell approximation method and the fabrication issues associated with the proposed TO slab are further addressed.

Fractional condensation of bio-oil vapors from pyrolysis of various sawdust wastes in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor

The use of lignocellulosic waste as an energy source for substituting fossil fuels has attracted lots of attention, and pyrolysis has been established as an effective technology for this purpose. However, the utilization of bio-oil derived from non-catalytic pyrolysis faces certain constraints, making it impractical for direct application in advanced sectors. This study has focused on overcoming these challenges by employing fractional condensation of pyrolytic vapors at distinct temperatures. The potential of five types of sawdust for producing high-quality bio-oil through pyrolysis conducted with a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor was investigated for the first time. The highest yield of bio-oil (61.94 wt%) was produced using sample 3 (damaged timber). Remarkably, phenolic compounds were majorly gathered in the 1st and 2nd condensers at temperatures of 200 °C and 150 °C, respectively, attributing to their higher boiling points. Whereas, carboxylic acid, ketones, and furans were mainly collected in the 3rd (−5 °C) and 4th (−20 °C) condensers, having high water content in the range of 35.33%–65.09%. The separation of acidic nature compounds such as acetic acid in the 3rd and 4th was evidenced by its low pH in the range of 4–5, while the pH of liquid collected in the 1st and 2nd condensers exhibited higher pH (6–7). The well-separated bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis facilitates its wide usage in various applications, proposing a unique approach toward carbon neutrality. In particular, achieving efficient separation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil is important, as these compounds can undergo further upgrading to generate hydrocarbons and diesel fuel.