Direct Analysis Method Research Articles

Synchronization Analysis for Quaternion-Valued Delayed Neural Networks with Impulse and Inertia via a Direct Technique

The asymptotic synchronization of quaternion-valued delayed neural networks with impulses and inertia is studied in this article. Firstly, a convergence result on piecewise differentiable functions is developed, which is a generalization of the Barbalat lemma and provides a powerful tool for the convergence analysis of discontinuous systems. To achieve synchronization, a constant gain-based control scheme and an adaptive gain-based control strategy are directly proposed for response quaternion-valued models. In the convergence analysis, a direct analysis method is developed to discuss the synchronization without using the separation technique or reduced-order transformation. In particular, some Lyapunov functionals, composed of the state variables and their derivatives, are directly constructed and some synchronization criteria represented by matrix inequalities are obtained based on quaternion theory. Some numerical results are shown to further confirm the theoretical analysis.

Determining Ultra-Low Organic Molecular Odor Thresholds in Air Helps Identify the Most Potent Fungal Aroma Compound.

The determination of odor threshold values can be performed in various matrices, including air, and serves as a parameter to compare the potencies of odorous compounds. Typically, the odor thresholds in air are determined by gas chromatography-olfactory (GC-O) and referenced to an internal standard, most often (E)-dec-2-enal. Herein, a direct gas chromatography-flame ionization detector-olfactory analysis method for the determination of odor thresholds in air is reported. As model substrates for this novel approach, naturally occurring substances (R)-1-p-menthene-8-thiol as well as (3S,3aS,6R,7aS)-3,6-dimethyl-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-1-benzofuran-2-one were used. The latter compound was synthesized from (-)-isopulegol and exhibited an extremely low odor recognition threshold of 1.9 × 10-6 ng L-1 air, the lowest value reported for a fungal aroma compound thus far.

How can the Sendai framework be implemented for disaster risk reduction and sustainable development? A qualitative study in Iran

BackgroundThe Sendai Framework is the United Nations’ most significant approach to reducing the risk of disasters from 2015 to 2030. This framework designed for all communities. However, communities should create operational and remedial strategies based on their unique circumstances. Considering the gaps in the implementation of Sendai framework strategies in Iran, as a developing country, the present study was designed.MethodThis study was conducted by using a qualitative direct content analysis method to find out the expert’s opinions on the implementation of the Sendai framework in Iran from 2021 to 2023. 35 experts in the focus group discussion and 9 experts in the interview were the participants of the study.ResultsStudy findings were merged and reported as one main theme entitled Executive actions for implementing the Sendai Framework, four categories, and 37 codes. Eleven codes for the strategy of understanding disaster risk, 11 codes for the strategy of strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, eight codes for the strategy of Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and finally, seven codes for the strategy of enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction were identified as implementation solutions.ConclusionThe Sendai Framework has not provided any detailed implementation solutions because the countries’ economic, social, level of development, etc., are different. The study’s findings can be used as a guide for other developing countries.

Global exponential synchronization of switching neural networks with leakage time-varying delays

In this paper, the synchronization problem of a class of switching neural networks with leakage time-varying delays is studied. A system solution-based direct analysis method is proposed to derive the sufficient conditions of global exponential synchronization for master–slave systems. Firstly, the state variable expression of the error system is derived by constructing a suitable regulation function, in which the leakage delays are explicitly transformed outside the state variable. Then, on this basis, the corresponding synchronization conditions is obtained by using the transition condition ingeniously. In addition, the obtained sufficient conditions contain only some simple linear scalar inequalities, which is different from most publications and greatly reduces the computational complexity. Finally, the reliability of the theoretical results is verified by numerical simulation. It is worth noting that the synchronization problem of switching neural networks with time-varying leakage delays is studied for the first time in this paper, and the method adopted does not need to construct any Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, which simplifies the proof process.

A novel method for multi-pollutant monitoring in water supply systems using chemical machine vision.

Drinking water is vital for human health and life, but detecting multiple contaminants in it is challenging. Traditional testing methods are both time-consuming and labor-intensive, lacking the ability to capture abrupt changes in water quality over brief intervals. This paper proposes a direct analysis and rapid detection method of three indicators of arsenic, cadmium, and selenium in complex drinking water systems by combining a novel long-path spectral imager with machine learning models. Our technique can obtain multiple parameters in about 1s. The experiment involved setting up samples from various drinking water backgrounds and mixed groups, totaling 9360 injections. A raw visible light source ranging from 380 to 780nm was utilized, uniformly dispersing light into the sample cell through a filter. The residual beam was captured by a high-definition camera, forming a distinctive spectrum. Three deep learning models-ResNet-50, SqueezeNet V1.1, and GoogLeNet Inception V1-were employed. Datasets were divided into training, validation, and test sets in a 6:2:2 ratio, and prediction performance across different datasets was assessed using the coefficient of determination and root mean square error. The experimental results show that a well-trained machine learning model can extract a lot of feature image information and quickly predict multi-dimensional drinking water indicators with almost no preprocessing. The model's prediction performance is stable under different background drinking water systems. The method is accurate, efficient, and real-time and can be widely used in actual water supply systems. This study can improve the efficiency of water quality monitoring and treatment in water supply systems, and the method's potential for environmental monitoring, food safety, industrial testing, and other fields can be further explored in the future.

Piloting a Supplemental Assessment Tool with Younger Residents of Long-Term Care.

Young adults living with disabilities may sometimes end up in long-term care facilities which may not always meet their needs. Our project set out to pilot a supplemental assessment tool, a questionnaire to be used upon admission of younger adults into long-term care. We wanted the opinions of both staff and younger residents on what modifications may be needed in the implementation processes to ensure effectiveness of the tool. This project followed a qualitative design, implementing a previously designed supplemental assessment tool with five staff members and seven younger residents of two long-term care homes in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Residents completed the questionnaire with members of staff involved in admissions. Each group participated in follow-up interviews regarding their thoughts on implementation of the tool. Responses were analyzed using the constructs of the Consolidated Framework in Implementation Research following direct content analysis methods. Feedback from residents and staff suggested that the tool could not be used as a one-size-fits-all solution but that flexibility in the format, content, and structure of the tool would be beneficial to ensure its utility in a variety of settings. Issues raised by staff and residents included, but were not limited to, accessibility of the intervention, the availability of resources, the format of the intervention and topics covered within it, and ensuring that processes for implementation are clearly defined. Both staff and residents approved of the tool for use in the admissions process and agreed that it would enhance the admissions practices already in place.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PELAYANAN ADMINISTRASI PENDUDUK PADA KELURAHAN LEMBANGSARI

The smallest government agency at village level is the sub-district office, which is an agency that processes population data, especially in the process of making Family Cards (KK), Birth Certificates, Death Certificates, Immigrant Certificates and Moving Certificates. To be able to improve population data collection and its reports to higher agencies, namely sub-districts, steps are needed to develop a data management system. The aim of this research is to analyze the running system and design a computerized information system. The data collection methods used in this research are direct observation, interviews, literature, and analysis methods and system design using UML. The administrative service system in Lembangsari sub-district still uses ledgers to input data for letters that have been created. Searching for the letter file to be created is still experiencing difficulties due to the accumulation of files. Mail files that have been created are prone to being lost. Therefore, a follow-up information system that utilizes information technology will help collect data on the population of a sub-district, especially in the process of collecting population data, Family Cards (KK), Birth Certificates, Death Certificates, Immigrant Certificates and Moving Certificates to be more effective and efficient.

Perceptions of key stakeholders on peer led strength building program for suicide prevention among young adolescents: A qualitative study from Karnataka, India.

Adolescent suicides are a significant public health concern in India and understanding the intersecting perspectives becomes imperative for the prevention of various mental health concerns. Assessing perceptions of various key stakeholders, that is, mental health experts, school and college teachers, and District Mental Health Program staff about peer-led strength building programs for suicide prevention. A cross-sectional qualitative design using two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with mental health experts and teachers and one FGD with DMHP staff was conducted. The sample comprised 45 participants from Bengaluru urban district. The data were analyzed manually by the method of direct content analysis, and themes were determined using existing literature. The teachers and the DMHP highlighted the need for an intensive training program/module that is necessary to be developed in order to train the peer leaders first. The mental health experts opined that creating a network will help in easy identification of the cases and appropriate treatment could be provided without delays. This study indicated that suicide is a preventable public health emergency and inaccessibility to existing as well as proper support systems was perceived as a major concern. Therefore, peer-led programs are beneficial in steering and improving help seeking behavior in suicidal adolescents.

Stability Analysis for High-Speed Boundary-Layer Flow with Cavities

This study uses direct numerical simulation and stability analysis methods to investigate the impact of wall cavity defects on the instability of boundary layers at Ma=5.92 and Ma=1.38. For flow at Ma=5.92, synchronization points with equal phase velocities in both fast and slow modes play a crucial role in controlling disturbance wave growth. When the inlet disturbance wave frequency (ω=0.98) approaches the synchronization point frequency, the impact of cavity size on the growth of the disturbance wave can be divided into three regions in the (L/δ99, D/δ99) plane, namely, region A, region B, and region C. Region A refers to small cavities with L/δ99<2, which have the weakest suppression effect. Region B includes large cavities with L/δ99>2 and D/δ99<1.5 and exhibits the best suppression effect. Finally, region C covers cavities with L/δ99>3 and D/δ99>1.5 and shows a non-monotonic control effect on the growth of disturbance wave as the cavity depth varies. For flow at Ma=1.38, cavities of different sizes always enhance the growth of disturbance waves. The widest and shallowest cavities (L/δ99>5, D/δ99<2) exhibit the most significant enhancement.

Principles, developments, and applications of spatially resolved spectroscopy in agriculture: a review.

Agriculture is the primary source of human survival, which provides the most basic living and survival conditions for human beings. As living standards continue to improve, people are also paying more attention to the quality and safety of agricultural products. Therefore, the detection of agricultural product quality is very necessary. In the past decades, the spectroscopy technique has been widely used because of its excellent results in agricultural quality detection. However, traditional spectral inspection methods cannot accurately describe the internal information of agricultural products. With the continuous research and development of optical properties, it has been found that the internal quality of an object can be better reflected by separating the properties of light, such as its absorption and scattering properties. In recent years, spatially resolved spectroscopy has been increasingly used in the field of agricultural product inspection due to its simple compositional structure, low-value cost, ease of operation, efficient detection speed, and outstanding ability to obtain information about agricultural products at different depths. It can also separate optical properties based on the transmission equation of optics, which allows for more accurate detection of the internal quality of agricultural products. This review focuses on the principles of spatially resolved spectroscopy, detection equipment, analytical methods, and specific applications in agricultural quality detection. Additionally, the optical properties methods and direct analysis methods of spatially resolved spectroscopy analysis methods are also reported in this paper.

Improved algorithm of finding the next volume in direct CAD method for fusion neutronics analysis

The magnetic confinement fusion device, Tokamak, has a complex 3D geometry structure. As a result, the fusion neutronics geometry modeling process will be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Some researchers have improved modeling methods by using CAD (Computer Aided Design) models, but there is still a need to convert CAD models to CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) or pre-process CAD models. Based on the existing direct CAD Monte Carlo approach, this paper creates a new algorithm for finding the next volume, which greatly simplifies or even omits the preprocessing process. By forming a grouping bounding box acceleration algorithm, the improved finding next volume performance is adequate to ensure precision and computation speed for complex 3D models. The results are verified by comparing them with a commercial Monte Carlo code, cosRMC, and an example of neutron fluence per particle on real CAD models of the HL-3 first wall and divertor shows a better applicability of this new algorithm.

Synchronization analysis of delayed quaternion-valued memristor-based neural networks by a direct analytical approach

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;This issue discusses the asymptotic synchronization and the exponential synchronization for memristor-based quaternion-valued neural networks under the time-varying delays. Some criteria for synchronization of the memristor-based quaternion-valued neural networks are given by exploiting the set-valued theory, the differential inclusion theory, some analytic techniques, as well as constructing novel controllers, It is worth noting that the synchronization problem about the memristor-based quaternion-valued neural networks were studied by the direct analysis method in this paper. Finally, the main theoretical results were verified by numerical simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

CCQM-K160: platinum group elements in automotive catalyst

Main textThe platinum group elements (PGEs) play an important role in reducing emissions from automotive vehicles through their use in catalytic convertors but also for catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry. The immense economic value of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) highlights the importance of highly accurate measurements. Therefore, there is a need for National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to demonstrate measurement capability in this space.A pilot comparison (CCQM-P63) for precious metals in automotive catalyst took place in 2006, but with a limited number of institutes participating. Furthermore, this study was performed over 17 years ago. Therefore, there was a need to maintain existing capability and demonstrate new capability in a key comparison, in order to claim calibration and measurement capability claims (CMCs). With the core capability matrix, this study falls into the "Difficult to dissolve metals/metal oxides" which will support CMC categories 8 (Metal and metal alloys), 9 (Advanced materials) and 14 (Other materials).Eleven NMIs and DIs participated in the Key Comparison CCQM-K160 Platinum Group Elements in Automotive Catalyst. Participants were requested to evaluate the mass fractions of Pt, Pd and Rh in mg/kg in an unused autocatalyst material (cordierite ceramic base). The Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) and Degrees of Equivalence (DoEs) were calculated utilising the NIST Decision Tree for the measurands. The participants utilised a number of sample preparation and analytical methods including hot plate digestion, microwave digestion and sodium fusion, followed by either atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Several calibration techniques were used, namely external calibration, standard addition, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and an exact matching procedure. Additionally, one participant employed instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with k0 standardisation which is a direct solid analysis method. The majority of participants claimed traceability to NIST primary calibrants or their own CRMs. Furthermore, several matrix CRMs were included or spiked samples for quality control. All institutes were required to determine the dry mass fraction using the stipulated protocol.The NIST decision tree was implemented for the calculation of the KCRVs and DoEs. The participant results overall showed good agreement with the KCRV, despite the variety of dissolution procedures and measurement techniques for this highly complex matrix and challenging measurands. Successful participation in CCQM-K160 demonstrated measurement capabilities for the determination of mass fraction of Pt, Pd and Rh in the mg/kg range and will support broad scope CMC claims for a wide range of challenging matrices.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

A simple and reliable calibration method for direct analysis of ground-roasted coffee by portable XRF: an accurate analytical tool for total diet studies

We proposed an accurate pXRF matrix-matched calibration method for the elemental analysis of ground-roasted coffee as well as the corresponding spent coffee grounds (SCG).

Political and security instability and its effects on foreign investment: with reference to Iraq's experience after 2003

The research deals with the conceptual framework of political and security stability and foreign investment, the theoretical framework for the impact of political and security stability on foreign investment, and the practical aspect that affected political and security stability on foreign investment in Iraq for the period 2003-2021. The research aims to explain the reasons for the modest levels of foreign investment in Iraq and the fluctuation of its flows. Since 2003 and studying the causes of this imbalance, and among these reasons the security and political instability for the period under study, the Iraqi society was chosen as a sample for the research, and simple statistical tools were used in the analysis. The measurement method (SPSS) and linear programming were excluded because the results obtained are negative and do not explain Scientific explanation of the relationship between the two variables. Therefore, the method of direct analysis was resorted to through the tables obtained related to the index of political and security instability, and the results were positive and depended on solid scientific facts.&#x0D; On the outside world and then lift the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq, and the issuance of the investment law for the year 2006 had a great impact in encouraging the flow of foreign investment to Iraq. Although these flows are still modest and weak, and most of them are in the oil sector, and what indicates the obstacles to foreign investment are the security and political instability and cases of administrative and financial corruption were among the reasons that prevented the provision of an appropriate investment climate capable of attracting foreign investments. And the research recommended that Political stability is an attractive factor for foreign investors to invest their money inside the country because stability is one of the important elements for the investor and the economy of Iraq must be developed because Iraq’s economy is a one-sided renter economy that depends on oil and the development of the rest of the sectors to advance the economic reality and build a strong state. The instability index is considered one of the dangerous and important indicators, and due to the fluctuations of government systems and their unstable policies in recent times, this has led to a deterioration in conditions and a decrease in the demand for invest.

New Method for Analyzing Tyramine by Spectrofluorimetry: Application to Fish

A new method for direct spectrofluorimetric analysis of tyramine in various fish samples was established. Low limits of detection (LOD) between 0.53 ng/mL and 1.40 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 1.76 ng/mL and 4.68 ng/mL were obtained. Also, low values of relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.30 % and 0.58 % were obtained; confirming good reproducibility of our measurements. The application of this method to our samples allowed the detection of tyramine with satisfactory recovery rates between 93.68 % and 106.60 %. Interference studies with different biogenic amines have shown that the determination of tyramine can be done without major problems in the presence of spermine, spermidine, and histamine. However, special attention should be paid when tyramine is determined in the presence of agmatine, cadaverine or putrescine. In all cases, the determination of tyramine is more influenced by the presence of tryptamine or dopamine in the sample.

Evaluation of an internal standard-free laser ablation-ICP-OES method for elemental analysis in solid food samples

Although the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES) is a promising method for the elemental screening of solid food materials, the main challenge associated with this technique is the lack of commercial solid standard reference materials to serve as the external standard for quantitative calibration. In this study, a reliable internal standard-free LA-ICP-OES method for direct sampling and analysis of solid food materials was developed. The method relies on the carbon internally-standardized relative sensitivity factor (CIS-RSF) was developed, eliminating the need for calibration curves or matrix-matched external standards once the CIS-RSF has been determined. After careful evaluation of the effect of the instrumental operating parameters on the long-term stability of CIS-RSFs, this method was used to analyze a variety of microelements, including sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mg), magnesium (Mn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), with the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.06 (Sr) to 400 μg g−1 (S). The accuracy and reproducibility of this proposed method were evaluated through the analysis of three food NIST reference materials and six typical food samples. The results indicated that the relative error of most target elements was less than 20% and the reproducibility (SD, n = 3) more than 10%. This developed LA-ICP-OES screening method has great potential for the high-throughput multielement determination of various solid food materials.

Subsonic steady-states for bipolar hydrodynamic model for semiconductors

In this paper, we study the well-posedness, ill-posedness and uniqueness of the stationary 3-D radial solution to the bipolar isothermal hydrodynamic model for semiconductors. The density of electron is imposed with sonic boundary and interiorly subsonic case and the density of hole is fully subsonic case. It is difficult to estimate the upper and lower bounds of the holes due to the coupling of electrons and holes and the degeneracy of electrons at the boundary. Thus, we use the topological degree method to prove the well-posedness of solution. We prove the ill-posedness of subsonic solution under some conditions by direct mathematical analysis and contradiction method. The ill-posedness property shows significant difference to the unipolar model. Another highlight of this paper is the application of specific energy method to obtain the uniqueness of solution in two cases. One case is the relaxation time τ=∞, namely, the pure Euler-Poisson case; the other case is jτ≪1, which means that, when the current flow is sufficiently small and the relaxation time is sufficiently large both can satisfy.

Green novel photometric and planar chromatographic assays of remdesivir: Comparative greenness assessment study using estimated GAPI tool versus ISO technical reported methods

Abstract Green assessment of analytical procedures has become an environmental obligation in equivalence to their International Council of Harmonization analytical validation obligation. Worldwide awareness of our planet and ecological hazards have raised the shades of green and sustainable chemistry in pure or formulated API assays. The Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) is instant five pentagrams for evaluating the greenness of each step in the developed analytical procedure, in discriminative colors: green, yellow, and red. In the present study, GAPI is applied to assess three novel direct analytical methods: spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for remdesivir (RDV) quantitation, both in bulk and pharmaceutical vials. Furthermore, a comparative green level calculated GAPI study has been assembled for the proposed methods versus the previously reported methods, for RDV assay, of similar techniques. Spectrophotometric direct Amax method at 240 nm, fluorimetric emission at 404 nm upon excitation at 275 nm as well as the HPTLC densitometric measurement using ethanol and distilled water (7:3, v/v) as mobile phase, all three methodologies are developed, optimized, and fully validated for RDV quantitation. They have been applied to assay RDV pharmaceutical vials and results are compared together with a one-way ANOVA test. Satisfactory recoveries and nano-level sensitivities in addition to the least standard deviations encourage the use of developed methods for routine analysis in quality control laboratories. Their promising greenness profile satisfies the beliefs of ecological sustainability of Green Agenda 2030.

Analisis Tidak Langsung Pada Desain Terhadap Stabilitas Struktur Gedung Baja

There are three methods of design for stability defined in AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, namely Direct Analysis Method (DAM), Effective-Length Method (ELM), and First-Order Analysis Method (FOM). DAM is the method that is featured by AISC. Based on DAM, Rafael Sabelli proposed another method called Indirect Analysis Method (IAM). IAM is a new method that has not generally been used, and also has not been included in the AISC Specification. This research is conducted in order to study IAM and compares the analysis results of IAM with those of DAM. Using a nonlinear structural analysis software, design and analysis were conducted for stability design of an eight-story building loaded with dead load, live load, and wind load. IAM provides a simple amplifier approach which is called B3 to address the member inelasticity, member imperfections, and uncertainty in member stiffness. From the study that has been conducted, the analysis results using IAM show close values with those of DAM, in terms of demand-to-capacity ratios, with IAM is more conservative than DAM. The use of IAM simplifies the design process without affecting the economy of the design.