Dipstick Research Articles

No need for a urine culture in elderly hospitalized patients with a negative dipstick test result.

To determine the clinical utility/disutility of canceling urine cultures in elderly patients with a negative dipstick. The cohort included consecutive patients aged ≥65years hospitalized in internal medicine departments with an admission urinalysis and urine culture (January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016). We calculated the sensitivity of the dipstick (either a trace leukocyte esterase or a positive nitrite test result) to detect patients with bacteriuria, and the decrease in urine cultures resulting from cancelation in patients with a negative dipstick. We reviewed the charts of patients with a positive culture but negative dipstick to determine if they received appropriate antibiotic therapy and if the culture results had clinical utility, defined as changes in antibiotic therapy made according to culture results in a patient who did not respond to initial antibiotic therapy. The sensitivity of the dipstick for bacteriuria was 90.8% (95% CI, 89.6-92.0%). Of the 210 patients with a positive culture but negative dipstick, 132 (62.9%) had a diagnosis clearly outside the urinary tract. Thirty-five patients (16.7%) received inappropriate differential antibiotic therapy. Urine cultures did not have clinical utility and canceling urine cultures in those with a negative dipstick would result in a 41.5% (95% CI, 40.3-42.7%) decrease in urine cultures. We conclude that canceling orders for urine cultures in the elderly patient with a negative dipstick did not have clinical disutility and would decrease inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Extrapolation to other settings is dependent on urinalysis methodology, patient selection, and physician ordering and treatment behaviors.

Prospective evaluation of the management of urinary tract infections in 134 French nursing homes

ObjectiveProspective assessment of the management of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the nursing homes of the Hauts-de-France region. Patients and methodsA 50-question form had to be filled in for up to five consecutive residents treated for UTI in each nursing home. If necessary, diagnoses were reclassified according to the 2014 French Infectious Diseases Society guidelines. Analyses were presented per supposed (reported) and reclassified diagnoses. ResultsOf 397 contacted facilities, 134 participated and informed 444 UTI episodes. Reported diagnostic criteria were burning urination (32%), malodorous urine (29%), confusion (28%), and turbid urine (19%). Twenty-one percent of diagnoses were based on erroneous criteria. Less than 50% of residents had a urine dipstick test performed and 94% a urine culture. The main pathogen was Escherichia coli. Reported indications were uncomplicated cystitis (32%), unspecified UTI (26%), complicated cystitis (9%), while no reason was given in 25% of cases. Only 10% of diagnoses were consistent with the guidelines: complicated cystitis (49%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (21%), acute pyelonephritis (21%), male UTI (9%). Almost 85% of prescriptions were active on the isolated bacteria. The empirical antibiotic therapy was consistent with the diagnosis in 16% of cases (30% for reclassified diagnoses). The two most prescribed antibiotic classes were fluoroquinolones (22.1%) and oral third-generation cephalosporins (19.1%). Only two of 157 possible de-escalations were performed. Duration of treatment was adequate for 19% of UTIs (9.6% of reclassified cases). ConclusionOur study revealed multiple deficiencies in diagnosis, antibiotic choice, treatment duration, and reevaluation.

Association between dipstick proteinuria and hearing impairment in health check-ups among Japanese workers: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivePrevention of hearing impairment is important because it is difficult to recover from it. Epidemiological studies have examined the risk factors for hearing impairment; however, the association between dipstick proteinuria...

How accurate is urine dipstick testing for diagnosing asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women?

How accurate is urine dipstick testing for diagnosing asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women?

Establishing cut-offs for urine erythrocyte and leukocyte dipstick tests

Urine erythrocyte (Ery) and leukocyte (Leu) dipstick tests are essential for detecting microhematuria and urinary tract infection. Currently, there is no suggestion for establishing the cut-off limits in an ordinal scale test. This study aimed to establish the cut-off limits for urine Ery and Leu dipstick tests via probit regression. From 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2016, laboratory data were collected from patients at one teaching hospital whose specimen had analytical results from both a urine dipstick test and an automated urine particle analyzer. Probit regression was used to estimate the probability of positive urine dipstick results as a function of log-transformed urine Ery and Leu concentrations. Based on the analysis of 22,122 specimens, the estimated concentration that yields 50% positive results (C50) of the Ery weak+, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4 + dipstick results were 14.6, 40.4, 51.6, 136.3 and 219.0 × 106/L, respectively. The estimated C50 of the Leu 1+, 2+ and 3 + dipstick results were 22.7, 67.9 and 283.9 × 106/L, respectively. The estimated values were different from arbitrary concentrations provided for each dipstick category by the manufacturer. If a quantitative comparison method/procedure is available, the cut-off limits of an ordinal scale test can be established using probit regression. Each laboratory should investigate the transferability of the arbitrary concentrations provided by the manufacturer, and if necessary, determine its own cut-off limits of urine Ery and Leu dipstick tests.

Association of renal hyperfiltration with incident proteinuria - A nationwide registry study

To elucidate the association between renal hyperfiltration (RHF) and incident proteinuria, the data from 11,559,520 Korean adults who had undergone health screenings ≥ 3 times between 2009 and 2014 and had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73m2 and negative dipstick test for proteinuria at baseline, were retrospectively analyzed. GFR was estimated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation based on serum creatinine, and RHF was defined as GFR >95th percentile adjusted for sex, age, body size, and diabetes and/or hypertension medication. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of incident proteinuria in the RHF was 1.083 (95% CI, 1.069~1.097) compared to that of the non-RHF with Cox regression model. The association between RHF and incident proteinuria was not only in diabetic but also in non-diabetic subjects. This association was not observed in women (p for interaction <0.001). A reverse J-shaped association was found between the adjusted GFR slope and aHR of incident proteinuria. Both lower and higher GFR were associated with incident proteinuria in men. In conclusion, RHF was associated with incident proteinuria in men. Clinical studies are necessary to study whether the alleviation of RHF can prevent incident proteinuria.

Predominant but silent C1q deposits in mesangium on transplanted kidneys - long-term observational study

BackgroundC1q nephropathy (C1qN) was first described as glomerular disease characterized by predominant meangial C1q deposits in patients with proteinuria and no evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Several studies, however, revealed the clinical heterogeneity of C1qN, showing some cases with normal urinalysis. To confirm the existence of cases with predominant mesangial C1q deposits and negative or mild proteinuria and/or hematuria, we investigated renal graft biopsy specimens showing negative to mild proteinuria (less than or equal to 1+ by dip stick test) and/or hematuria.MethodsEligible participants were kidney transplant cases who corresponded to the criteria for C1qN and were followed more than 10 years. Their medical records were reviewed to determine the age at detection of predominant mesangial C1q deposits, gender, original renal disease and reason for renal graft biopsy, blood pressure, degree of proteinuria and hematuria, and serum creatinine levels.ResultsFrom 414 cases in adults and children, five pediatric patients (the male to female ratio, 1:1.5) were eligible. At the time when predominant mesangial C1q deposits were detected, 2 cases presented with mild proteinuria without hematuria, but the other 3 cases showed normal urinalysis. Light microscopy revealed minor glomerular abnormality in all the cases. Immunofluorescent study showed predominant mesangial C1q deposits with IgG, IgM and C3 in all cases. All selected specimens presented electron dense-depos in the mesangium. Ten years later from the detection, 2 cases continued to be normal urinalysis and 3 cases had mild proteinuria without hematuria. During this follow-up period, no cases presented with persistent proteinuria and/or hematuria greater than or equal to 2+ by dip stick test. And no cases developed systemic lupus erythematosus. Follow-up renal graft biopsies were performed once in 2 cases 8 years later from the detection. They showed minor glomerular abnormalities. C1q deposit disappeared in one case. In another case, immunofluorescent study was not examined.ConclusionsThis long-term observational study on transplanted kidneys confirms the existence of cases with predominant but silent C1q deposits in the mesangium who have negative or mild proteinuria.

Screening for canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) by SERS-based quantitative urine cytology

Canine lower urinary tract neoplasia is a clinically important disease process that has high mortality due to late stage diagnosis and poorly durable response to treatment. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques (e.g. dipstick test, urine cytology) currently have poor diagnostic value, while more invasive tests (e.g. cystoscopy and biopsy) are costly and often require general anesthesia. We have developed and herein describe a quantitative cytological analysis method based on the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), for identifying cancerous transitional cells in urine using SERS biotags (SBTs) carrying the peptide PLZ4 (amino acid sequence cQDGRMGFc) that targets malignant transitional cells. By analyzing the ratio of the PLZ4-SBTs to an on board control we were able to show that transitional cells had significantly higher ratios (P < 0.05) in patients diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) than in healthy samples.

Does Histopathology of Implanted Kidney According to Banff 07 Help Predict Long-term Transplantation Outcome?

Analyses of peritransplant biopsies of deceased-donor kidneys show high incidence of chronic abnormalities. The question arises whether chronic abnormalities present at implantation determine engrafted kidney fate regardless of other concomitant variables.The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of graft loss considering histopathological changes present at implantation scored according to Banff 07 criteria. Patients and methodsInclusion criteria (n = 300) was engraftment between years 2000 and 2008 and availability of implantation biopsy. Analyzed abnormalities present in donor biopsy were arteriolar hyalinization, interstitial fibrosis, intimal sclerotization, tubular atrophy, total inflammation, and percentage of sclerotic glomeruli (Banff classification).Allograft function was estimated by abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula and proteinuria semi-quantitatively by standard dip-stick test. Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to assess graft survival. Searching for independent risk factors of graft survival was performed by means of Cox proportional hazards models (SAS System, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, United States). ResultsIn one-factor analyses, predictors of kidney allograft loss were donor age, donor history of diabetes, kidney allograft dysfunction within first posttransplant year, and recipient chronic hepatitis C. In terms of chronic abnormalities, arteriolar hyalinization of any intensity nearly doubled the risk of allograft loss.Independent risk factors of kidney allograft loss in multivariate analysis were donor age, posttransplant diabetes mellitus, proteinuria after engraftment, and recipient hepatitis C. ConclusionThe effect of arteriolar hyalinization on renal transplant survival is probably interwoven with other predictors of graft loss. Recognizing the negative impact of recipient chronic hepatitis C on graft survival, hepatitis C virus treatment should be provided to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, patients on wait lists, or patients already transplanted.

Comparative evaluation of immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) rk39, soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco

A rapid, sensitive and specific tool for detection of Leishmania infantum infection in Humans would be highly desirable, because it would allow control interventions in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis. This study was carried out at the Reference National Laboratory of Leishmaniasis (RNLL) in National Institute of Hygiene (NIH) Morocco, in order to evaluate the diagnostic potential of immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) rk39 in Moroccan suspected VL patients. A total of 49 admitted patients with strong clinical suspicion of VL and 40 healthy controls were investigated for the performance of the ICT rk39. Bone marrow smears were examined for microscopic detection of Leishmania amastigotes obtained from the admitted patients. Only PCR and smear positive cases were considered as gold standard as well as confirmed cases of VL. Out of 49 suspected patients, twenty four (48.9%) were found PCR and smear-positive and twenty three (46.9%) were positive for ICT rk39. Voluntary healthy controls, which included twenty persons from the endemic zone and twenty from non-endemic zone of VL, were found all negative for the strip test. The sensitivity in sera was 75% by ELISA and 87.5% by IFAT, compared with 95.8% for ICT rk39. Specificity was 95.8%, with both tests ELISA and IFAT, and 100% by ICT rk39 respectively. Present study findings again reinforce that the ICT rk39 is a simple, reliable and easy-to-perform non-invasive diagnostic tool for visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Morocco.

Purple urine bag syndrome

An 86-year-old woman, with history of metastatic pancreatic cancer, presented with asthenia, abdominal pain and weight loss. Few days after hospitalization, purple urine were observed in the indwelling urinary catheter (Fig. 1). This catheter had been present for several weeks in this patient bedridden. Physical examination revealed fever (38.4 °C) and severe constipation favored by morphine treatment. Dipstick test showed alkaline urine (pH of 10) and leukocyturia but without hematuria. The urine culture showed 106 colony-forming units per milliliter for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Four days after the introduction of antibiotherapy adapted to the germ and laxative, urine returned to normal. The “purple urine bag syndrome” is rare, asymptomatic and benign syndrome, secondary to the degradation of urinary derivate of tryptophan (indoxyl sulfat) in colored metabolites (indigo and indirubin) by various bacterial species, especially digestive (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis…), present in the urine. Then, these urinary pigments react with the constituents of urine bag (polyvinyl chloride) and give this purple coloration [[1]Khan F. Chaudhry M.A. Qureshi N. Cowley B. Purple urine bag syndrome: an alarming hue? A brief review of the literature.Int J Nephrol. 2011; 2011 (Epub 2011 Oct 1)419213https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/419213Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. Identified risk factors of this syndrome are female gender (shorter urethra with more frequent bacterial colonization), indwelling urinary catheter, alkaline urine (necessary for bacteria secreting indoxyl sulfatase), important bacteriuria, constipation (increasing the proliferation of colonic bacteria), and chronic renal failure [[2]Tasi Y.M. Huang M.S. Yang C.J. Yeh S.M. Liu C.C. Purple urine bag syndrome, not always a benign process.Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Sep; 27: 895-897https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2009.01.030Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]. The management consists of antibiotic treatment guided by the antibiogram, treatment of constipation and, if possible, the removal of the urinary catheter. No personal conflict of interest and no financial relationships with a commercial entity producing health-care related products and/or services relevant to this article.

Home blood-pressure monitoring in a hypertensive pregnant population.

The majority of patients with chronic or gestational hypertension do not develop pre-eclampsia. Home blood-pressure monitoring (HBPM) has the potential to offer a more accurate and acceptable means of monitoring hypertensive patients during pregnancy compared with traditional pathways of frequent outpatient monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine whether HBPM reduces visits to antenatal services and is safe in pregnancy. This was a case-control study of 166 hypertensive pregnant women, which took place at St George's Hospital, University of London. Inclusion criteria were: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension or high risk of developing pre-eclampsia, no significant proteinuria (≤ 1+ proteinuria on dipstick testing) and normal biochemical and hematological markers. Exclusion criteria were maternal age < 16 years, systolic blood pressure > 155 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 100 mmHg, significant proteinuria (≥ 2+ proteinuria on dipstick testing or protein/creatinine ratio > 30 mg/mmol), evidence of small-for-gestational age (estimated fetal weight < 10th centile), signs of severe pre-eclampsia, significant mental health concerns or insufficient understanding of the English language. Pregnant women in the HBPM group were taught how to measure and record their blood pressure using a validated machine at home and attended every 1-2 weeks for assessment depending on clinical need. The control group was managed as per the local protocol prior to the implementation of HBPM. The two groups were compared with respect to number of visits to antenatal services and outcome. There were 108 women in the HBPM group and 58 in the control group. There was no difference in maternal age, parity, body mass index, ethnicity or smoking status between the groups, but there were more women with chronic hypertension in the HBPM group compared with the control group (49.1% vs 25.9%, P= 0.004). The HBPM group had significantly fewer outpatient attendances per patient (6.5 vs 8.0, P= 0.003) and this difference persisted when taking into account differences in duration of monitoring (0.8 vs 1.6 attendances per week, P< 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse maternal, fetal or neonatal outcome between the two groups. HBPM in hypertensive pregnancies has the potential to reduce the number of hospital visits required by patients without compromising maternal and pregnancy outcomes. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Urine dipstick tests can aid decision-making when treating infants with unexplained fever, but more research is needed.

Urine dipstick tests can aid decision-making when treating infants with unexplained fever, but more research is needed.

Relationship between Unhealthy Sexual Behaviour and Urinary Infections among Adolescents Presenting in a Tertiary Hospital in South West Nigeria

Adolescent is an important segment of the world population accounting for about one fifth. It is a transition state between childhood and adulthood and characterized with the development of behaviours with lifelong consequences. Such behaviours include unhealthy sexual practices with its associated risks like unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. This was a cross sectional descriptive study of 321 adolescents who presented at the general outpatient clinic of a tertiary health institution. The diagnosis of urinary infection was by the use of rapid dipstick test to detect the presence of nitrites, while the presence of pus cells, white blood cells greater than 5 per high power fluid, epithelial cells and trichomonal vaginalis were identified microscopically. Their HIV status was also determined. The fifty three (16.25) of the respondents who had coital experience were screened for evidence of urinary infection. The prevalence of urinary infection was 24.5% among the respondents with 10% and 5% of the sexually exposed females reported homosexual and bisexual experience. Parental higher socioeconomic class was protective against sexual exposure among the adolescents. In view of the high level of poverty with a large part of the population belonging to low socioeconomic class, it is necessary to research into possible interventional study on how to prevent unhealthy sexual behavior among adolescents from low socioeconomic class.Key words: sexual behavior; Urogenital Infection; Adolescents

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Albuminuria among HIV Ivorian Children, Using the Dipstick Method

Context: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children are at risk of developing chronic kidney disease defined by decreased glomerular filtration rate and or proteinuria. Studies on the prevalence of and risk factors for proteinuria among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce and in Cote d’Ivoire, there is paucity of reported data. We determined the prevalence of and the risk factors for proteinuria among HIV-infected Ivorian children in both ART (antiretroviral therapy)-naïve and ART-exposed children. Method: It was a cross-sectional bi-centric study, conducted from July 2013 to April 2014. Each child’s urine was tested for proteinuria and microalbuminuria using multi test strips and mitral test, respectively. Proteinuria was defined as of significant of 1+ and above on the dipstick or the presence of microalbuminuria ≥ 20 mg/l. Results: Of the 155 HIV-infected children enrolled, there were 78 boys. Sixty seven point seven percent were treated with antiretroviral and 74.1% had treatment duration of less than 5 years. In the first dipstick test, the prevalence of proteinuria was 29% which persisted in 9.7% after 24 hour urinary protein examination. It was significantly different between the 2 groups treated and naïve (2.8% versus 24%). The advanced CDC clinical stage emerged as the main independent determinant of proteinuria. Conclusion: Proteinuria is common in HIV-infected Ivorian children. Screening for proteinuria in HIV-infected children will help in early and treatment, and thus prevention and progression to chronic kidney disease to end-stage kidney disease.

Evaluation of a rapid dipstick test (Crystal Vc®) for the diagnosis of cholera in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Background: Cholera is a preventable diarrheal disease associated with rapidly progressing dehydration. Early detection of the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae (VC) among symptomatic patients is a key step in cholera outbreak management to minimize disease spread and mortality. Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated the performance of Crystal VC®, a commercially available test kit for rapid detection of VC serotypes 01 and 0139 directly from stool samples. Patients included in this study were those admitted to the cholera treatment unit from August 14, 2017, to September 20, 2017, during the cholera outbreak in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. Conventional bacterial stool culture is considered the gold standard and was used as the comparator. Results: A total of 156 stool specimens were collected and tested. Compared with stool culture results, the Crystal VC® test had sensitivity (SE) of 95.1% and specificity (SP) of 59.3%. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 2.33 and 0.08, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 81.5% while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 86.5%. There was no gender variation with respect to SE, SP, PPV, and NPV. Conclusion: The cholera rapid dispstick test (RDT), Crystal VC®, is a useful tool for diagnosis of diarrheal disease due to VC serotypes 01 and 0139 and may provide an initial alert in an outbreak situation. It may also be used for case surveillance in cholera epidemic prone situations resulting from displacement to camps or overcrowded shelters due to human conflict or natural disasters. Although it is less sensitive than conventional stool culture, it is a convenient and simple test to perform with faster turnaround time.

Trace Urine Albumin and Mortality: Kangbuk Samsung Health Study

Background/Aims: The importance of a trace albumin on the urine dipstick test is not well known and is frequently disregarded in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of trace albuminuria in predicting all-cause mortality in Korean adults. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 347,938 Korean adults who underwent urine dipstick test from 2002 to 2012 in a health examination program. The participants were divided into three groups according to dipstick negative, trace (±), and overt (≥1+) albuminuria. The trace group was further stratified by urine specific gravity (SG) and classified as either high (≥1.020) or low (≤1.015) SG. Mortality data was obtained from STATICS KOREA, a Korean federal statistical organization. Results: During a median follow-up period of 5.9 years, 1,855 deaths occurred. Mortality was compared to negative group and adjusted for potential risk factors. Mortality did not increase in the trace group (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.97-1.47; P=0.097), but increased in the overt (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.38-2.07; P< 0.001) albuminuria group. When the trace group was subdivided according to urine SG, mortality did not increase in the high SG (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.86-1.37; P=0.488) group, but increased in the low SG (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.19-2.83; P=0.006) and overt (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.39-2.08; P< 0.001) groups. Conclusion: Trace albumin with low SG in urine dipstick test was associated with higher all-cause mortality in Korean adults. We should not neglect the significance of trace albumin and SG when interpreting urinalysis results.

The reliability and validity of using the urine dipstick test by patient self-assessment for urinary tract infection screening in spinal cord injury patients: Methodological and statistical issues on reliability and validity.

The reliability and validity of using the urine dipstick test by patient self-assessment for urinary tract infection screening in spinal cord injury patients: Methodological and statistical issues on reliability and validity.

Assessment of kidney function : Creatinine is not the whole story

Chronic renal insufficiency has ahigh prevalence and leads not only to a severe impairment in the quality of life but also to a higher mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular complications; however, in the early stages where there is still a chance for a therapeutic intervention, it is often underestimated because depending on endogenous factors (e.g. age and muscle mass), serum creatinine could falsely remain in the normal range while kidney function is already impaired. An exact measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using radionuclide techniques is cumbersome and usually confined to rare cases, such as in clinical studies. Creatinine clearance measurement by 24-h urine collection requires good patient instructions and is error prone, thus it is limited to special circumstances. In routine clinical practice, estimation of the GFR by calculation algorithms provides the best approach. In recent years the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula has become established as the most accurate method. This should be used for screening and continuous surveillance. In addition, urinalysis including dipstick tests and urinary microscopy represent non-invasive, technically simple and economic screening tools. Due to its semiquantitative nature, the results of urinalysis should only to be interpreted after comprehensive consideration of the diagnostic and technical limitations, which are reviewed in this article.

Urinary tract infections in the geriatric patients

Objective:Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common infection in geriatric population. This study investigated clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, complicating factors, prognosis, causative microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility in geriatric patients diagnosed with UTI.Methods:A total of 140 hospitalised patients with UTIs were evaluated within three years between January 2011-January 2015 at the Eskisehir Yunus Emre State Hospital. UTI diagnosed when there were systemic and urinary signs and symptoms and a positive dipstick test and urine culture result, leukocyte and CRP like serum parameters.Results:Among the studied patients, 41.4% had urological diseases, 20.7% had diabetes mellitus and 19.2% had neurological diseases. The most common symptoms and signs were fever, dysuria nausea/vomiting, general condition impairment, pyuria, haematuria. The laboratory values for CRP, ESR and leukocyte count were 84 mg/dL, 56 mm/s and 11.9 (10^3μL), with mean values being determined. Among patients having a urinary catheter (17.1%), 27.9% had a history of UTI, while 29.3% had been hospitalised. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most commonly identified microorganisms. The mean duration for hospitalisation was 7.6 days, while a 5% mortality rate was observed over the course of the disease.Conclusion:Because of the potential for serious complications and mortality, elderly patients with urinary tract infection, should receive immediate empirical treatment based on anamnesis, clinical evaluation and urinalysis and should be re-examined using results from cultures and antibiograms upon follow-up.