Diplomatic Relations Research Articles

Indo-American Relations during Narendra Modi’s Era: A Critical Analysis

The administration of Narendra Modi in India has been active in signing agreements on clean energy and focusing on advancing renewable energy strategies in India. Narendra Modi's clean energy initiative has boosted his image in public. Under Narendra Modi India's economy has seen significant development which contributed to the satisfactory political standing of the Bhartiya Janata Party(BJP). Narendra Modi's efforts to develop friendly relations with the President of the United States Donald Trump were aimed at balancing trade relations as well as security concerns in Asia. Diplomatic ties between India and America have grown significantly under Modi through several collaborations and high-profile events. The joint visit of Modi and Trump to Motera Stadium in India highlighted their growing Diplomatic and personal relations. They focused on Tackling terrorism, securing a safer 5G network, and enhancing energy partnerships. Despite collaborations, there were challenges in their relations regarding trade issues and deviating priorities.

Environment and development: analysing the impact of diplomatic relations and governance challenges in countering Chinese Involvement in Illegal gold mining in Ghana

Environment and development: analysing the impact of diplomatic relations and governance challenges in countering Chinese Involvement in Illegal gold mining in Ghana

Security-Diplomacy Nexus: Nature of Bilateral Cooperation in Kenya - India Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963

Bilateral and multilateral agreements have been one of the mechanisms through which growth and development have taken place. The newly created independent states of the Cold War period presented a major paradigm shift in international cooperation to include military diplomacy. Kenya and India being among these newly created states have had their cooperation where by the two countries have used their good diplomatic relations to bolster one another's military capabilities. The current study sought to put into perspective the conduct of bilateral relations between Kenya and India. The objective of this study was to examine the nature of bilateral cooperation in enhancing Kenya-India military-diplomatic relations since 1963. The study was anchored on power theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya with a specific focus on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defence Ministry, and Indian High Commission. The target population was 2500. The sample size for the study was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula to calculate the sample size, which was 250 Qualitative data obtained from interviews were analysed using narrative reports using thematic techniques. Quantitative data from the questionnaires was edited, coded, and entered into a computer spreadsheet in a standard format to allow descriptive statistics analysis. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) edition 24 and Microsoft Office Excel 2013 were used for the quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed that the nature of Kenya-India military diplomatic relations manifested in various forms including through High-profile visits by Kenyan and Indian officials to both states as a way of strengthening bilateral relations. Technological transfer was another way through which these two nations shaped their diplomatic relationship, particularly in information and communication technology (ICT). Additionally, Defense trade and trade agreements, Security Partnerships, Counterterrorism activities, Maritime Safety, and Peacekeeping missions were common areas of cooperation between Kenya and India. The study concludes that bilateral cooperation between Kenya and India has been instrumental in enhancing their military-diplomatic relations since 1963. The study recommends that, to better understand the nature of bilateral cooperation, Kenya and India should establish a permanent joint military commission to oversee and coordinate defense initiatives.

Neutral Paradoxes. Switzerland and the Allies at the Beginning of the Second World War

ABSTRACT The article offers a new perspective on the history of Swiss foreign policy between 1938 and 1940 by focusing on Switzerland’s relations with the Allies. It argues that the Allies were well-disposed towards Swiss foreign policy between 1938 and 1940. France and Britain respected Switzerland’s wish to appear completely neutral in international relations until the eve of the war, and when the Swiss Confederation adapted to the new international situation from the summer of 1940, the British rulers tended to welcome the preservation of Swiss democracy in the midst of an authoritarian Europe. It should not be forgotten, however, that in between these two moments, relations went through a period of tension during the Phoney War, as the Allies tried to use economic ties with Switzerland to bring the Confederation closer to them. By providing a nuanced analysis of the often-paradoxical interaction between economic and diplomatic relations, the article contributes to a new understanding of Swiss neutrality at the beginning of the Second World War and the way it was appreciated by the foreign powers.

The Titular War of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Turn of the 16th – 17th Centuries: Communication and Pragmatic Aspect

Purpose. The struggle for the royal title recognition was one of priorities in the foreign policy of the Moscow State in diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) at the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries. The purpose of the article is to identify the communication and pragmatic features of the controversy about the title «tsar» betweenthe Russian monarch Boris Godunov and the Lithuanian ambassadors, which was preserved in the documents of the embassy of the GDL’s Chancellor Lew Sapieha to Moscow (1600–1601).Results. The main communication strategy of Boris Godunov in obtaining the recognition of the royal title was ration-al argumentation: succession by the right of inheritance and conquest, recognition by Christian and Muslim rulers, observance of the necessary rituals and diplomatic protocol. However, the key arguments of the Russian monarch were regarded by the Lithuanian side as a manipulative influence attempt, since they did not have sufficient documentary and factual confirmation. In turn, Lithuanian ambassadors also used verbal manipulation: deliberate substitution of the meaning of words, appeal to «God’s justice» and opponent’s emotions.Conclusion. Despite the failure to achieve recognition of the royal title, the analyzed polemics played an important role in the development of Russian diplomatic communication, since: 1) it let clearly formulate the official position of the Russian government and systematize relevant arguments in favor of the royal title, 2) stimulated the search for new communication strategies and tactics to legitimize the royal title in foreign policy relations with the GDL.

PUSHKIN’S JUBILEE OF 1937 IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the celebrations dedicated to the hundredth anniversary of death of A.S. Pushkin, which took place not only in the USSR, but also in the Russian exile. According to the decree of the Soviet government in 1935, the All-Union Pushkin’s Committee was established under the chairmanship of A.M. Gorky. The Committee was allocated significant funds for various events, which made it possible to publish a scientific collection of Pushkin’s works. The Russian émigré organizations also took an active part in the preparation of the festive events, organized own committees and began implementing its own publishing program. The analysis suggests comparison of the activities of the committees in Paris and Prague, while emphasizing that they were not related to the work of the Soviet committees created both in the USSR and abroad under the auspices of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. Documents are cited confirming that in Czechoslovakia, in the conditions of the establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR and the signing of a Mutual Assistance Agreement, local authorities, yielding to the insistence of the Soviet side, refused to support the émigré celebrations. As a result, the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in Prague was forced to abandon its broad program of Pushkin’s celebrations. Thereby, in 1937 parallel celebrations were held in Prague, as in Paris, not comparable in scale, but nevertheless equally important for perpetuating the heritage of Pushkin and popularizing his work abroad.

Tanzania’s Position on the Ukraine Crisis: Neutrality with a Stance or Just Sitting on the Fence?

Abstract The Ukraine crisis has morphed into a political minefield for countries far removed from the war zone. While some states have been vociferous in supporting sanctions against Moscow or denouncing Kyiv’s ambition to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), others have ‘played it safe’ by maintaining a neutral position. Tanzania abstained in most of the voting rounds at the United General Assembly (UNGA) on the crisis. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has had significant economic effects on the country, but its diplomatic relations with these belligerent parties have remained unscathed. But what has been Tanzania’s position on the Ukraine crisis since 2014? What has been the voting trend at the UNGA by the country and other East African Community (EAC) partner states on the Ukraine crisis? These are some of the questions that the current article seeks to answer.

Digital recognition: cybersecurity and internet infrastructure in UAE–Israel diplomacy

Abstract The 2020 Israel–UAE Abraham Accords normalized these states' relations, with heavy emphasis on digital technologies. International Relations theories of recognition, however, hardly consider the role digital technologies play in establishing recognition between states. What role, then, did digital technologies play in this landmark shift in UAE–Israel recognition? This article uses three aspects of digital technologies in the UAE–Israel case—cybersecurity cooperation, cloud computing, and subsea cables—to inductively develop three propositions regarding the role of digital technologies in state recognition. First, states use digital technologies—and private sector companies that own and operate them—as diplomatic lubrication: a means to navigate around and overcome difficult diplomatic relationships, building momentum towards recognition. Second, digital competition between states leads them to conform their national economic structures towards global technology companies in similar ways, thereby recognizing each other as equal participants in a global market—which we term market-oriented homogenization. Third, states involved in transnational internet infrastructure projects together develop technical working practices, interests, and dependencies that facilitate diplomatic recognition—which we term infrastructural integration. Building on these three propositions, we put forward an overall concept of ‘digital recognition’ to capture their common theme: the influence of digital technologies, their owners or their operators on state recognition.

An Analysis of Japan’s Diplomacy towards Israel since Shinzo Abe Era: Based on the Theoretical Framework of Neoclassical Realism

Neoclassical realism theory holds that a nation’s foreign policy is the result of international systemic stimuli intervened by domestic variables. It provides a suitable theoretical framework for analysing the changes of Japan’s foreign policy towards Israel. For a long time after World War II, the relations between Japan and Israel remained cold mainly under the system constraints and its contradictions with domestic variables. However, since Abe’s second term in power, Japan has significantly strengthened its diplomatic relations with Israel. The changes both in the Middle East regional system and the global system have stimulated the adjustment of Japan’s policy while the domestic variables have responded to systemic stimuli actively. Japan’s strengthening of relations with Israel is reflected in several aspects, including high-level political visits, innovative industrial cooperation, and people-to-people cultural diplomacy. On the whole, Japan’s development of relations with Israel serves the interests of both countries and has had a certain impact on the international system. However, there are obvious limitations to Japan’s intensifying diplomacy with Israel.

Tanggungjawab Negara Arab Saudi Dalam Pelanggaran Terhadap Hukum Diplomatik

Introduction: Countries in the world that live side by side must establish cooperative relations with one another. Relations between these countries require various rules so as to give birth to diplomatic and consular provisions, namely in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. However, it is undeniable that even though it has been regulated in such a way, violations of the provisions of international law cannot be avoided because they are closely related to human relations. For example, the violations committed by Saudi Arabia.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to find out the violations of Diplomatic Law committed and the form of accountability that must be fulfilled by Saudi ArabiaMethods of the Research: Using Normative Legal Research Type. This type of research will be carried out by examining and analyzing primary and secondary legal sources that are related to the problem being studied using a statute approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach.Results of the Research: Based on this research, it can be concluded that Saudi Arabia has been proven to have violated diplomatic law by violating various principles that regulate the course of relations between countries and the provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Thus, based on the provisions of the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Saudi Arabia can be held responsible for its mistakes in the form of giving restitution, compensation, or actions that cause satisfaction, for example, a formal apology

War and Peace in Lebanon: On the 80th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

War and Peace in Lebanon: On the 80th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

Nagapattinam Port: the Catalyst of Cultural and Diplomatic Exchange Between Indian Sub-continent and Indonesian Archipelago

Abstract: -This paper explores the dynamic interactions between the Shailendra dynasty of Southeast Asia and the Chola dynasty of South India from the 8th to 11th centuries CE. The Shailendras, who were known for deep ties with cholas. The Cholas, expanded their influence across South India and beyond, maintained a significant relationship leading to cultural, economic, and religious exchanges. The paper highlights Nagapattinam's pivotal role as vibrant trade hub that facilitated these exchanges. Through the exchange of gifts and the construction of Buddhist institutions, like those which were funded by the Srivijayan rulers. The study demonstrates how these reciprocations fostered a shared cultural heritage and strengthened maritime trade networks. This trade-off underscores the role of economic and cultural hubs in bridging regions leading to enhancing diplomatic relations.

Al-Azhar University's Indonesian Student Alumni Strategic Role Analysis in Influencing the Politics of Indonesia-Egypt Foreign Policy

Al-Azhar University has a crucial role in shaping Indonesia's domestic politics and foreign policy, especially in its relations with Egypt. The university's Indonesian alums have significantly contributed to this process, occupying strategic positions in government and religious institutions. This research aims to analyze the impact of these alumni on Indonesia-Egypt diplomatic relations through their roles in policy formulation. This study employs a qualitative research method, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. Data was collected through secondary sources, including relevant documents and literature, and analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The results demonstrate that Indonesian alums of Al-Azhar University have substantially influenced Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt, particularly in promoting moderate Islamic values and diplomacy. Their involvement has strengthened bilateral relations, as evidenced by increased educational cooperation and diplomatic initiatives. The findings emphasize the strategic role of these alumni in bridging the diplomatic gap between Indonesia and Egypt through soft power diplomacy.

‘State Brokerage’ in Migration Infrastructure: A Case of State-Led Multilevel Governance of the Employment Permit System in South Korea

This paper examines ‘state brokerage’ in migration infrastructure through South Korea's Employment Permit System (EPS). It introduces the concept of state-led multilevel governance (sMLG)—a synthesis of multilevel governance (MLG) and state transformation (ST)—as a framework for understanding state brokerage, thereby contributing to the greater diversity in migration infrastructure scholarship. By analyzing state archival documents, the paper examines how South Korean state has developed a governance framework that spans multiple political-territorial boundaries through state transformation. The transformation encompasses forging diplomatic relationships with foreign governments and orchestrating cross-border policy collaborations as well as (re)arranging domestic governance by establishing new institutions, enacting and revising laws, and reconfiguring the relationships among these entities. These processes have allowed the EPS to facilitate the migration of less-skilled labor without the involvement of private actors.

Artificial Intelligence and Global Security: Strengthening International Cooperation and Diplomatic Relations

Artificial Intelligence and Global Security: Strengthening International Cooperation and Diplomatic Relations

State of Israel – Republic of Korea relations in a historical perspective and at the present stage

This study delves into the evolution and current state of relations between the State of Israel and the Republic of Korea. It aims to uncover the key factors driving their socio-political and economic ties, and project their future interaction. Through examining Israeli and Korean sources, the research reconstructs the historical development of their relationship, highlighting key points for understanding their progress. The structure of the article meets the task of reflecting the most significant factors for the relationship between the two countries. The research methods and reviews of existing literature on the topic are considered. The retrospective analysys of the development of Israel-South Korea's political and diplomatic relations is done. It sheds light on the Arab-Israeli conflict's role as a past hurdle in their rapprochement. Moving forward, the study examines the United States' influence as a significant external factor, highlighting similarities and differences in US policy towards both nations. Finally, the analysis shifts to the economic dimension of their cooperation. Beyond exploring basic patterns in their economic ties, the study delves into their collaboration in the sphere of innovation, holding significance for both countries. The authors conclude that despite their relatively late start in collaborating, Israel and South Korea possess substantial potential for growth in their diplomatic, political, and economic relations.

Florence, Byzantium and the Florentine Colony in Constantinople: An Impossible Love?

ABSTRACT This study examines the diplomatic and political efforts made by Florence to establish a significant institutional presence in Constantinople. It explores Florence's diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire, which are analysed in three distinct phases: the first, from the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204; the second, from 1421 to 1434, following the arrival of the Medici; and the third, from 1434, including the Ecumenical Council, to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The research aims to provide an historical narrative and a comprehensive study of the origins and development of political contacts between Florence and the Byzantine Empire, an enquiry into the Florentine privileges granted in 1439, and a critical discussion of the genuine presence of a Florentine colony in the Byzantine capital.

Reflection of the war in Ukraine in Polish media: general overview

In the article it is analyzed how the Polish media cover the full-scale war in Ukraine, in particularly different information strategies and approaches. There are considered the main themes, accents and trends, which dominate the Polish mass media, as well as possible influence of media coverage on the public opinion in Poland. The main aim of the study was to provide an analysis of how Polish media highlighted and continue to cover full-scale war in Ukraine. The research tasks firstly lied in the research and review of source base, in particular processing scientific works Ukrainian and foreign researchers on the topic of coverage the war in Ukraine by Polish media. Secondly, it was important to highlight the most popular Polish media and to provide review of content of their materials that concerned on Ukraine. Finally, it was provided a comparative genre- thematic analysis of coverage of publications about Ukraine in Polish media, with separation key narratives and trends. Analysis covers both traditional and online media formats, while evaluating their role in formation of public opinion as well as political moods. New genre formats were considered, in particular those which appeared in the Polish media after full-scale invasion of Russia to Ukraine. Also thematic accents in Polish media are highlighted. In the article there are emphasized those media approaches which can influence on polish perception of war in Ukraine. Moreover, it is examined what social and political consequences it may have. The separate attention is assigned to the impact of the media coverage on the informational, political, economic and diplomatic relations between Poland and Ukraine. The conclusion presents reflections on the possible scenarios of development media coverage of war in Ukraine in the future and it`s potential influence on Polish society and international politics.

Heritage Diplomacy, Neo-Ottomanism, and a Local Quest for a New Place of Worship: The Politics of Mosque Building in Batumi, Georgia

ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, Turkey has funded numerous construction and building rehabilitation initiatives in foreign countries. Amidst such efforts, this article scrutinises the implications of Turkey’s heritage diplomacy tied to Ottoman architecture and how it has the potential to overshadow the desires of local populations. It points to one such case in Batumi, Georgia, where a replica of the 1868 Aziziye Mosque was proposed as a part of Georgia-Turkey cross-border heritage exchanges in the 2010s. Here, Turkey’s fostering of the project exacerbated local Muslim Georgian efforts to construct a mosque of their own in the city. The case demonstrates how heritage diplomacy can land poorly, shining light on a range of broader domestic impacts to urban planning and national identity, electoral politics and community social cohesion. Instead of seeing local Muslims as passive bystanders, the article demonstrates how they asserted their rights, building a temporary open-air mosque and redirecting the focus back towards their particular needs. The findings are based on a long-term study of the politics of urban development in Batumi using qualitative methods. They contribute to a growing body of scholarship in critical heritage studies, highlighting connections to public policy, diplomatic relations, and religious activism.

Trypanosomiasis in Introduced Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Gifts to Ex Situ Habitat in Aitong, Kenya.

During the opening of diplomatic relations in the 1990s, South Africa gifted 20 southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) to Kenya. The species is not indigenous to Kenya, and management of the introduction was not clearly addressed in the legislation. Responsibility was left to the private sector and local authorities. Ten of the animals were introduced to land contiguous with the Maasai Mara National Reserve, an area with tsetse-trypanosomiasis challenges, and with rare cases of human sleeping sickness. Mortalities had been previously documented when indigenous naïve black rhinoceros were introduced to areas with tsetse; hence there was no consensus on the management of this introduction. Feasibility was only explored once before with the introduction of two animals in a monitored and managed translocation from Lewa Downs, Laikipia in 1992-1994. Ultimately, Kenyan experts were co-opted to address risk after trypanosomiasis occurred in many animals. Unfortunately, this finding was followed by gradual mortalities of most rhinoceros with only a few being saved by removal to highland private sanctuaries. This event was complicated by many factors. Samples were only sporadically collected, and mainly from sick animals. With no clear responsibility by government agencies, a collaboration between veterinarians and researchers resulted in characterization of the disease challenge, and when invited, assessment of health status. Laboratory diagnostics revealed common and sometimes severe infections with Trypanosoma brucei, a normally infrequent trypanosome. Infection was associated with disturbances in erythropoiesis, especially anemia. Symptoms varied from sudden death associated with intestinal atony, to a semiparalyzed animal that was partially responsive to treatment for trypanosomes. This event should be used as a caution to future movements of this species that are planned or ongoing in Africa, for conservation or other purposes.