Diplomatic Protocol Research Articles

The Titular War of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Turn of the 16th – 17th Centuries: Communication and Pragmatic Aspect

Purpose. The struggle for the royal title recognition was one of priorities in the foreign policy of the Moscow State in diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) at the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries. The purpose of the article is to identify the communication and pragmatic features of the controversy about the title «tsar» betweenthe Russian monarch Boris Godunov and the Lithuanian ambassadors, which was preserved in the documents of the embassy of the GDL’s Chancellor Lew Sapieha to Moscow (1600–1601).Results. The main communication strategy of Boris Godunov in obtaining the recognition of the royal title was ration-al argumentation: succession by the right of inheritance and conquest, recognition by Christian and Muslim rulers, observance of the necessary rituals and diplomatic protocol. However, the key arguments of the Russian monarch were regarded by the Lithuanian side as a manipulative influence attempt, since they did not have sufficient documentary and factual confirmation. In turn, Lithuanian ambassadors also used verbal manipulation: deliberate substitution of the meaning of words, appeal to «God’s justice» and opponent’s emotions.Conclusion. Despite the failure to achieve recognition of the royal title, the analyzed polemics played an important role in the development of Russian diplomatic communication, since: 1) it let clearly formulate the official position of the Russian government and systematize relevant arguments in favor of the royal title, 2) stimulated the search for new communication strategies and tactics to legitimize the royal title in foreign policy relations with the GDL.

THE FIRST WOMEN IN RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS IN THE MINISTRIES OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF POLAND AND UKRAINE (Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna and Nadia Surowcowa)

The article shows the fate of the first women to hold responsible positions in the foreign ministries of Poland and Ukraine in the period of formation of the diplomatic services of both countries during the struggle of Ukrainians and Poles for the restoration of state independence in 1917-1921. At that time, diplomacy was a purely male field of activity. However, Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna in Poland and Nadia Surowcowa in Ukraine have proven that women can work effectively in the diplomatic service. They were both fluent in several foreign languages, demonstrated creative approaches to solving complex problems, and fought for women's rights. Surowcova became the first woman in Ukrainian diplomacy to hold the position of head of an independent unit, the first spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the first Ukrainian woman to defend her dissertation at the University of Vienna. Iłłakowiczówna proved the effectiveness of women in Polish diplomacy in various positions, she was the first to use the tools of public diplomacy during foreign trips with lectures on Poland and J. Piłsudski, she introduced diplomatic protocol in the Ministry of Military Affairs. Through their activities, both diplomats left important lessons of responsibility, professionalism, and creativity to future generations of women in diplomacy. The article concludes that these two unique women, despite extraordinary challenges, lived long and vibrant lives, went through fame, envy, oblivion and revival of memory, and became true legends - as diplomats and writer and journalist. Each of them found themselves in the diplomatic service by accident, but immediately realised their mission and pride in joining diplomacy as an important state institution in the days of its formation.

THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC PROTOCOL IN THE ETHICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

This paper extensively explores the pivotal role of business protocol in international economic relations, delving into its historical evolution, contemporary significance, and the challenges it encounters within the dynamic global business environment. The study emphasizes the necessity for nuanced intercultural communication and highlights the adaptability of business protocol to diverse situations. Article discusses the issues of diplomatic and economic protocol and ethics, shedding light on the intricate interplay between international relations and economic activities. Diplomatic protocol, with its established conventions and rituals, plays a crucial role in shaping the discourse between nations, fostering cooperation, and mitigating conflicts. Economic protocol, on the other hand, governs the conduct of nations and businesses in the global marketplace, influencing trade agreements, investment practices, and financial interactions. The examination of these protocols within the framework of ethics becomes imperative as it explores the moral dimensions of diplomatic and economic engagements. Ethical considerations in diplomacy encompass matters of respect, transparency, and adherence to international law, aiming to promote peaceful coexistence and equitable collaboration. Similarly, in the realm of international economics, ethical principles guide decisions regarding resource allocation, corporate responsibility, human rights protection, and the fight against corruption. By delving into the ethical aspects of diplomatic and economic protocols, the article seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the values that underpin international interactions. It emphasizes the importance of fostering ethical practices in diplomacy and economic relations, ultimately striving to create a global landscape that values fairness, responsibility, and mutual respect. The current significance of business protocol is underscored in light of its strategic importance in facilitating effective communication and collaboration between nations and businesses. The challenges faced by business protocol in the modern global business arena are thoroughly scrutinized, addressing issues such as cultural diversity, technological advancements, and the need for constant adaptation. In summary, this comprehensive analysis contributes to a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted role of business protocol in international economic relations, shedding light on its historical roots, contemporary significance, and the evolving challenges it faces in the globalized business landscape.

Professional diplomatic language in the Ukrainian-British and Ukrainian-German international agreements at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries

The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the use of the professional language of diplomacy in the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. International relations is a sphere of social activity in which language is formed in the diplomatic professional field. Diplomatic protocol requires compliance with certain rules and regulations. The objective of the study is to highlight the main components of the professional language of diplomacy based on the analysis of diplomatic texts of interstate agreements. An important element is the interpretation of diplomatic ideas through the prism of the linguistic dimension. The paper is not just a linguistic analysis of the text, but a comparative analysis of the key elements of the diplomatic style of speech, typical for the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements. A combination of dialectical and synergetic scientific and philosophical methodology was successfully used to achieve the set tasks. Due to the structural and typological methods of linguistic research, the tasks set for the classification of diplomatic texts have been achieved. Thus, the study of the components of professional diplomatic language is relevant in modern scientific and linguistic discourse, as it enables studying philological aspects and at the same time is useful for understanding the essence of international politics.

The phenomenon of rejection of the rules of decency in modern foreign policy and diplomacy

This article is devoted to the cases of non-traditional methods of diplomacy that have appeared in recent years, uncommon for previous periods of international relations, such as: declassifi cation of confi dential negotiations, publication of foreign policy correspondence, release of restricted information, violation of diplomatic protocol, impoliteness in personal talks between offi cials. The content of the Russian-American communication on issues of strategic stability, maintenance of peace and the indivisibility of security in Euro-Atlantics — which also became property of the global audience — has been studied in detail. This analysis reveals signifi cant diff erences in understanding of the principle of equal security for all: no clear answer has been yet received to the question of how the «collective West» assumes its obligation not to strengthen its own security at the expense of the security of others and how Western governments intend to implement it practically in modern conditions or they withdraw from it. It is impossible to ensure a balance of interests in the world without full clarity on this key issue concerning the relationship of rights and obligations approved at the highest level. The answer would help in better understanding the readiness of the US, NATO and EU to reach agreement as well as the possibility of joint progress towards reducing tension and strengthening security in the OSCE region. Instead, extremely aggressive expressions, rhetoric and actions are used against Russia which are undertaken primarily in the form of the so-called cancel culture, illegal restrictions and unprecedented sanctions. They show that the «golden billion» has decided for itself that an undeclared hybrid war is going on not for life, but for death. It is concluded that Russian diplomacy has seriously complicated its work by counteracting the frankly unfriendly course of suppressing any foreign policy dissent, which the West has accepted and is not going to stop.

Diplomatic Ceremonial for the Reception of British Envoy’s Sister at the Court of Catherine II

Referring to relevant approaches of New Diplomatic History, this article looks into a ceremonial reception for the British envoy’s sister by a Russian court. Although the procedure for introducing diplomatic spouses to European monarchs in the eighteenth century has been studied in depth, the issue of resolving ceremonial disputes remains unanswered. The case of arrival of James Harris together with his wife and sister in Russia in 1777 invites us to re-examine women’s participation in diplomatic ceremonies at the Russian Imperial Court. Miss Harris, not being de juro an official member of the diplomatic corps (that is, neither wife nor daughter of a designated male), de facto was an agent of diplomatic action. She was presented to the Russian court, thought accepted rules did not allow unmarried women to attend court functions. This article draws on a set of archival unpublished diaries of Katherine Harris which are devoted to court presentations and rituals as well as miss Harris’s assessment of courtiers and Russian noble society. The article concludes that, contrary to popular opinion, diplomatic protocol at Catherinian court was flexible. So, despite the prohibition for unmarried women to enter the palace, the imperial court greeted Katherine Harris as an ambassadress. Meanwhile, Catherine II perceived some rituals as an indispensable prerequisite (for example, the kissing of the sovereign’s hands).

The Intricacies of Diplomatic Protocol. Preparations for János Kádár’s Visits to Yugoslavia in 1973 and 1977

By the time János Kádár — the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party — visited the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1973 and 1977, dozens of top-level trips had already been organised to that country. Tito himself had also visited many countries abroad. Inasmuch as the algorithms of the activity of the Yugoslav protocol service staff of that period were basically settled, the organization of the Hungarian leader’s journeys can be considered as a typical task. This study is focused on some nuances of the duties of the Yugoslav protocol service staff, such as determining the form of the visit, the status of negotiators, places of reception and accommodation of the guests, organization of solemn greeting and farewell procedures, seating arrangements, compiling festive menus for gala lunches and dinners, drafting concert programmes, or selecting memorable gifts and souvenirs. The author applies the gift theory by Marcel Mauss to examine the symbolic value of gifts in diplomacy. Eventually, the efforts of the protocol services created a formal and ceremonial background against which the charm of the charismatic Yugoslav president stood out in stark contrast, and this, in turn, created a favourable ground for non-protocol diplomacy, concluding personal, unofficial agreements.

Välisministeeriumi protokolliteenistus (1918–40): kujunemine ja kujundajad

Välisministeeriumi protokolliteenistus (1918–40): kujunemine ja kujundajad

Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time by Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger

Reviewed by: Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time by Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger Richard Butterwick Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara. Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time. Translated by Robert Savage. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2021. xviii + 1045 pp. Map. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Genealogical tables. Index. $39.95: £35.00. An English-language edition of Barbara Stollberg Rilinger's monumental biography of Maria Theresa has been eagerly awaited by many dix-huitièmistes and Central Europeanists since the publication of the German original (Maria Theresia. Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit) by C. H. Beck of Munich in 2017. The addition of just one word to the title alerts us to the challenge faced by the book in Anglophone markets. Maria Theresa reigned over many realms, duchies, counties and lordships, from Tournai to Transylvania, and from Lombardy to Lodomeria. This 'agglutination' (in R. J. W. Evans's memorable phrase) is collectively referred to by scholars as 'the Habsburg Monarchy'. In contemporary diplomatic parlance, the shorthand 'Austria' denoted this assemblage of territories and titles centred on the Viennese court — a usage continued by historians. Maria Theresa and her entourage referred to 'the monarchy' as a whole, but the original family seat of Hab(icht)sburg in the Aargau had long since been lost to the Swiss Confederation. The family name Habsburg was thus a less than welcome reminder of the relatively modest origins of the 'House of Austria'. And that 'Highest Archducal House' was destined, according to its acronym AEIOU, to rule the entire world. In 1740, Maria Theresa inherited her titles of Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, and so on and so forth, from her father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, although she had to make them good. She would add the title of Queen of Lodomeria and Galicia to her collection after participating in the first partition of Poland. Yet this mighty monarch only became an empress by virtue of her husband, Francis Stephen (who had exchanged his own ducal inheritance of Lorraine for Tuscany in 1738), being elected Holy Roman Emperor at the second attempt in 1745. After his death in 1765, Maria Theresa became dowager empress until her own demise in 1780. And yet for those thirty-five years, as well as the widower Joseph II's sole decade in power, Die Kaiserin had no need of a qualifying adjective (at least outside the Russian Empire). One of the author's principal tasks, therefore, is to enable her readers to distinguish between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, and to correct the false assumption that Maria Theresa was empress of a 'Habsburg Empire'. At the same time, the historian has to explain the many overlaps between 'the Empire' and 'the monarchy'. It is a task for which Stollberg-Rilinger, the Rhenish author of several influential works on the Old Reich, is well prepared. Perhaps she assumes rather too much foreknowledge of the Holy Roman Empire in the prologue, which introduces its heroine through a mixture of [End Page 760] monuments, historiography and gendered analysis, but she provides further explanations on p. 34. These are much expanded in the fascinating fourth chapter, titled 'Empress, Emperor, Empire'. As the author shows, 'ruling the Empire and ruling the hereditary lands were two quite different things. They followed different logics and demanded political strategies' (p. 171). Maria Theresa emerges as an experienced and skilful player of the game of imperial politics. That said, she and her family spoke of travelling 'to the Empire', an understandable usage when the various exemptions of the Habsburgs' hereditary lands within the Reich from imperial jurisdiction and taxation are considered (pp. 169–70). Maria Theresa's priority was never in doubt: 'imperial policy was a Habsburg domestic policy pursued with imperial means, not a policy directed at the Empire as a political whole' (p. 186). The position of Francis Stephen, however, remained ambivalent. Although his elevation to the imperial throne belatedly resolved many questions of etiquette and diplomatic protocol which had hitherto undermined his status, he seems to have been averse to conflicts and usually accepted his wife's political dominance. This subordination...

Протокол и гендер

The article aims at studying the norms of the diplomatic protocol regulating relations among countries through persons representing them in negotiation processes. However, the representatives are prone to their own subjectivity because of their job hierarchy, gender, social status, etc. There is still a tendency to divide negotiating styles into «male» and «female», while some ultra-conservative men refuse to conduct negotiations with women, being skeptical about them and deliberately showing their unreasonable superiority. Such a non-diplomatic attitude towards women in negotiation processes, their discrimination in the political and business environment in Muslim countries, as well as contradictions between the legal rights of women and religious restrictions on the same rights are no longer acceptable in the modern business world. The art of diplomacy is aimed to provide a constructive dialogue between people of different subjective views, and the diplomatic protocol is to be the document that keeps records and regulates the norms, rules of conduct, and the tone of negotiations.

戊辰(1748) 통신사행의 외교적 현안과 관련 회화

This paper reviewed various diplomatic issues between Joseon and Japan regarding the dispatch of Korean envoys requested to Joseon in February 1747, when Yieshige became the 9th shogun with abdication of Yoshimune, the 8th shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1745. At that time, former shogun survived, and the prince had already been established, so many diplomatic issues arose in the conflict between the two countries, including the issue of naming in diplomatic documents and the issue of presents due to the increase in the number of high-ranking Japanese official who deal with Korean envoys. As the import of Chinese silk with patterns was banned because of the order declared by King Yeongjo across the country in 1746, the authorities agonized over the diplomatic gifts included silk. Because there was a fire on the boat with the vice envoy anchored in Yaniura Tsushima, ginseng as gift burned down in February 1748. The envoy Hong Gye-hee arranged to revise Cheophaesineo, the textbooks of interpreters in Japan. He purchased Dutch firearms and had Pak sang-sun and Ban Eung-mun learn the system to manufacture them. The paintings related to the Korean envoys in 1748, accounted for most documentary paintings drew ships, accommodations, design of diplomatic gifts, and the procession of envoys and wood blocks for market-selling produced in Japan. And there were some works painted in Japan by Yi Seong-rin and Choi Buk, who participated as member of the Korean envoys at that time. "Saroseunggu-do," which recorded a total of 30 scenes from departure at Busan port to the diplomatic protocol of Edo, painted by Yi Seong-rin and conveyed the reality of the traveling route. Yi stood out in landscapes and Taoist figure paintings in response to requests for paintings by the high-ranking officials of Tsushima and Edo, including Shogun. The circumstances in which Choi Buk participated as a group of diplomats were introduced in writings such as Yi Ik and Yi Hyun-hwan, but it was confirmed that he appeared under the real name Choi Sik in the Susailrok and was engaged in activities to draw Japanese farm supplies, which the vice envoy requested. In addition, the works left by Choi Buk and Yi Seong-rin during the meeting of Shunboku Ooka, who led the Kano school in Osaka, was published in wood block and handed down to the Japanese painter groups.

Diplomatic Protocol and Anglo-Russian Negotiations in 1662—1663

In the early 1660’s the Russian economy was in deep crisis. Needed in silver, the Muscovy government sent to England in 1662 a representative embassy of more than a hundred people, headed by Prince Pyotr Prozorovsky and the nobleman Ivan Zhelyabuzhsky. It is believed that the mission of Prozorovsky and Zhelyabuzhsky in London failed, because the King of England Charles II refused to give the Russian Tsar money in debt. In historiography this embassy is seen as an episodic event in the history of Anglo-Russian relations. The trip of the delegation of Muscovites to London was poorly reflected in Russian sources, whereas it was covered in detail by the English and Italian, which requires a more thorough analysis. The receipt of Prince Prozorovsky, found in the National Archives at Kew (UK), make it clear that the Muscovite delegation left London with money. However, the problem of the influence of Russian and English diplomatic protocol on the 17th century negotiation process and, in particular, on the results of Prozorovsky’s visit to England in 1662—1663 has so far escaped the attention of scholars. Using the actor approach of “new diplomatic history”, the author argues that it was a firm negotiating position that allowed diplomats of Muscovy to turn the course of Anglo-Russian negotiations on the financial issue and successfully conclude the mission to London.

The Hunnic Queen Boa and Justinian: Christianization behind the Scenes of Diplomatic Protocol

The Hunnic Queen Boa and Justinian: Christianization behind the Scenes of Diplomatic Protocol

I.D. Khokhlov's mission to Bukhara in 1620-1623 and the communication networks of Russian diplomacy in Central Asia

This article examines Ivan Danilovich Khokhlovs mission to the Khanate of Bukhara in the early 17th century to gain a better understanding of the Russian envoys links with the Central Asian states. Working with the embassys report and related sources, the author looks at both the official and unofficial contacts of the missions members and pays particular attention to identifying with whom they dealt. Unusually, the diplomat limited himself to official contacts in building his information network. Together with his interpreter, Khohklov worked hard to set up a network of horizontal contacts to provide him with comprehensive and detailed intelligence. Endeavoring to improve relations, he described the ruling khans and those close to him, all the while making sure that he strictly adhered to Russian diplomatic protocol.

Ironic Comments in the Public Discourse of Russian Diplomats

the paper discusses the use of irony in modern public diplomatic discourse. The aim of the study is to describe the functions of irony in diplomatic communication and to show how ironic comments affect communication at the international level. The research is based on the speeches by Russian diplomats and official representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as their publications and comments in social networks. Diplomatic discourse is carried out on the basis of diplomatic protocol and, ideally, should follow the requirements of explicitness, argumentativeness, and minimal emotionality. At the same time, an important property of this sphere of communication is competitiveness (agonality), which is associated with defending the interests of the state on the international level and manifests itself in the explicit competition of various points of view. The study suggests that in modern diplomatic discourse, there are frequent cases of deviations from the diplomatic protocol, when speakers use irony as a way of expressing an implicit critical assessment. Irony accompanies explicit critical assessments of events or actions of diplomats of other states and, as a rule, appears where there is an aggravation of international relations. Tactics used by the speakers to create irony make it easy for the addressee to recognize it. Since the purpose of ironic comments is to show the inconsistency of the opponents’ position, irony allows the speaker not only to express critical assessment of their statements or actions, but also to demonstrate the superiority of the stated point of view on events. Alternatively, it can be a sign of disappointment due to a diplomatic loss. In the context of intercultural communication at the state level, irony violates not only the requirements of diplomatic protocol, but also the principle of politeness, so it can be viewed as an instrument of confrontational agonality, which does not imply a constructive dialogue.

Diplomatic Protocol: Theoretical And Legal Approaches To Its Study

The article illustrates the fundamental aspects of studies of diplomatic protocol from different perspectives and makes an effort to review its characteristics by relying on political or geographical positions of states. The article also defines the diplomatic protocol and what appeals to it by analyzing its theoretical and legal bases as well as presenting examples of documents used among members of the diplomatic corps. Considering the main features, the article makes a conclusion on the unique nature of the diplomatic protocol.

The good, the bad and the sofa: Order of protocol among EU leaders in the context of the Union's external representation

ABSTRACT The joint visit by European Council President Michel and Commission President von der Leyen to Turkey in April 2021 sparked a heated discussion on the EU's diplomatic protocol rules. The reason: the seating arrangements provided when the two met with Turkish President Erdoğan. Michel and Erdoğan sat on chairs, while von der Leyen was given a sofa, implying a lower rank. This triggered a diplomatic incident between the EU and Turkey and increased intra-institutional tensions in Brussels. This article analyses EU protocol rules and explains the order of precedence of its leaders in foreign policy. It argues that EU protocol rules lay out a clearer hierarchy for its leaders than what was implied in the aftermath of the incident. However, the rank that the Commission President holds when he/she is representing the EU externally together with the European Council President requires clarification since their respective foreign policy competencies are different.

THE CULTURAL COMPONENT OF DIPLOMATIC RECEPTIONS IN THE USSR (1941–1945)

An important component of the foreign policy activity of state, public and political figures is participation in official government receptions that have informative and communicative functions. The repertoire policy of concert programs of diplomatic receptions built in such a way not only to inform about state priorities in the field of culture, but also to create a special socio-cultural environment conducive to constructive communication. The researcher analyzed the content of concert programs of government receptions, which organized during the visits to the Soviet Union by W. Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, I.B. Tito. The researcher describes a festive reception at the Reception House of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs on Spiridonovka in Moscow on November 7, 1943, which organized in honor of the anniversary of the October Revolution, with the participation of the diplomatic corps, political and military elite, literary and art workers. Studying the Soviet diplomatic protocol during this period expands our knowledge not only in the field of the history of diplomatic relations, but also allows us to judge the peculiarities of the development of Soviet culture, its dependence on the tastes of the leaders and party ideology. The materials of the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (Fund 057 – “Protocol Department”) used as sources.

ДІЛОВИЙ ТА ДИПЛОМАТИЧНИЙ ПРОТОКОЛ У ГОТЕЛЬНО-РЕСТОРАННОМУ ТА ТУРИСТИЧНОМУ БІЗНЕСІ В ПРАКТИЦІ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

The article considers the characteristics and role of business and diplomatic protocol in the hotel and restaurant and tourism business in management practice. The basic principles of optimization of the processes of formation and application of business etiquette in the management of hotel-restaurant and tourist enterprises are also given. Due to the development of the hotel and restaurant and tourism business, knowledge of etiquette is becoming more relevant today, because mutual understanding between employees can provide positive developments in the hospitality industry, thereby promoting diplomatic relations between employees of tourism enterprises with customers and business partners, regardless of their national, ethnic and other characteristics. At the same time, the problem of improving the professionalism of specialists in the field of tourism plays a key role in the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. Therefore, the specialist should easily establish business contacts, be able to organize the etiquette of the tourism business and maintain ethical subordination in the team. It was found that business and diplomatic protocol are generally accepted rules of social behavior in professional communication in a particular organization, and therefore the rules of business etiquette are very important for the professional activities of employees of hotel and restaurant and tourism business. After all, the correct presentation of the culture of communication makes a further impression of the subjects of the tourist enterprise. It should also be noted that knowledge of etiquette eliminates rigidity, allows not to offend a business partner with inappropriate words or actions, and at the same time not to lose the dignity and prestige of the company, and therefore acquired communication skills will help establish effective relationships in business practice and prevent conflicts. The usual rules of the protocol are the basis of diplomatic practice of any tourist enterprise, although each of them has certain features due to the specifics of generally accepted norms. Deviation from the diplomatic protocol or violation of its norms is unacceptable, because it can cause damage and cause undesirable consequences in the hotel and restaurant and tourism business.

Etiquette, diplomatic protocol and savoir-vivre as the code of conduct for police officers

Principles of good manners are associated with courtesy, politeness, tact, good behaviour standards, or savoir-vivre. They include a set of specific rules of conduct that are approved of by a given community. Because courtesy plays an important role in shaping interpersonal relations, the knowledge of etiquette by officers of the services subordinate to and supervised by the Minister of the Internal Affairs and Administration in Poland is the basis for functioning in day-to-day service. Unfortunately, the notions and principles of etiquette are often confused with the principles of an official ceremonial protocol in business pragmatics. This article features the basic principles which should be followed, and not only by every police officer. After all, ignorance of the rules of protocol may lead to our being ridiculed, along with the force which we represent, both in professional and private life.