Diplomatic Envoy Research Articles

International Liability When Violating the Headquarters of Diplomatic Missions

The development of international relations has made most countries of the world rely on diplomatic representation in all its forms as a means of communication and protection of mutual interests. The diplomatic mission is the link between the governments of the countries that are working to achieve cooperation starting from the transfer of different opinions between countries and trying to overcome the difficulties that escape the entanglement Interests. The Diplomatic Mission has given its diplomatic and diplomatic functions to the diplomatic missions a special status, with full protection, so that it can play its role quietly away from all pressures, In the State which has adopted it. This reality is found in peacetime when States have ratified the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961. In times of war, if we accept the severance of diplomatic relations because of a war between two countries exchanging diplomatic representation, States must apply the rules of international humanitarian law and consider diplomatic envoys among the civilians recognized by the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 as special protection against the enemy state, And the role and headquarters of diplomatic missions should be classified as civilian objects that should not be the target of military operations. To establish and maintain international protection for diplomatic missions and to establish mechanisms for this, namely, the establishment of international responsibility for the violation of the inviolability of the diplomatic envoy and the role of diplomatic missions, there is a tortious responsibility by the receiving State as it did not provide security for the diplomatic mission, Executive or judicial authority. The personal criminal responsibility of the President for his acts or those of his subordinates is also carried out If a serious violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 is committed.

Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities between Internal law and International Law (Comparative Study)

Objectives: The study aimed, through an understanding of diplomatic immunities and privileges in the context of the relationship between domestic law and international law, to explain the commitment of states to international law in order to achieve their interests, which is not considered an encroachment on the sovereignty of the state.
 Methods: The study used the legal, systems and comparative methods to answer the questions and test the hypothesis, on the basis that the hypothesis says that there is a correlation between diplomatic immunities and privileges and sovereignty.
 Results: The study showed that the international immunities and privileges occupy one of the most important advanced position for the existing lawsuits between the Juridical, legal political disputes, and the social and serenity importance. Many studies and elaborations have addressed this issue and introduced different theories, that creates packages of legal disputes on the background of the sovereignty concepts,security, stability and independence from one side, and on the other side, the states international obligations, and its interest to live peacefully and cooperating with other countries.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that immunizing the diplomatic envoy from judicial accountability and exempting him from sanctions is the basis of diplomatic immunities and privileges. The issue the state gives up some of its sovereignty becomes a matter of interest and scrutiny. Therefore, international law hastened in light of the growing relations to explain these immunities and privileges and assign them to Legal grounds agreed upon by states that require more cooperation and disregard for absolute sovereignty.

A Study on the Creation Process of the Yeonhaengrok

This study examines the creation process of the Yeonhaengrok. The Yeonhaengrok or a collection of diplomatic mission records consists of observation and records. Observation can be further divided into direct observation and indirect observation. A diplomatic envoy and his entourage as well as individuals they interacted with function as a knowledge-information provider or conveyor. Records includes those written by Bandang (messenger), Jajegungwan (informal attendants made up of family members of an envoy), and fellow intellectuals, and previous diplomatic mission records and various literatures. It shows the subjects of recording the Yeonhaengrok. The Yeonhaengrok serve to collect and organize knowledge and information obtained during the missions while expanding and reproducing new knowledge and information.

백제의 對倭交涉에서 質의 역할

This paper examines the form and role of hostages(質) sent by Baekje to Wae(倭) in the negotiation process between Baekje and Wae(倭). As a diplomatic envoy representing the king, the hostage played a role in eliciting political and military cooperation from the other country. Baekje began to send the crown prince Jeonji(腆支) to Wae(倭) as a hostage in 397, and continued to send hostages to Wae(倭) until the 7th century. The hostage was a royal family or a high-ranking official and stayed in Wae(倭) for a long time. Such hostage status and duration of stay would have increased the trust of Wae(倭) and increased efficiency in negotiating with Wae(倭). The dispatch of hostages was made under the basis of Baekje''s foreign policy. In consideration of the external circumstances of the war with Goguryeo or Silla, Baekje dispatched hostages to induce cooperation with Wae(倭). Also, through the hostage activities, the friendly relationship between Baekje and Wae(倭) was maintained for a long time.

The Political Economy of a Modern Missionary: E. W. Kemmerer in the Philippines

Abstract Edwin Walter Kemmerer traveled to many countries on economic missions during his career. This article studies the process that led him to become, in the 1920s, one of the most prominent “money doctors” in the history of economics. The goal is to explore how Kemmerer's travels helped define him as both an economist and a political economist, observing how Kemmerer acted and reflected on his actions as scientist and policymaker, especially during his first missions. The case of Kemmerer exemplifies how visiting other countries and engaging different realities, while not necessarily prompting a transformation of economists' core beliefs (in Kemmerer's case, the gold standard), may still lead to new tools and skills adjusted to the role of missionary. Kemmerer developed a rhetoric as policymaker and diplomatic envoy that allowed him to effectively interact with governors, bankers, and other trading interests. The network he built during his first trips to the Philippines, and well as his first publications, contributed to wide circulation of his ideas, which were then used as a lobbying instrument to disseminate a simple but multipurpose design for monetary reform based on the gold standard. Even if the hosts changed more than the visitor, Kemmerer's travels played an essential role in the development of his persona as a political economist.

International immunities for the diplomatic envoy in Islamic law and international agreements: الحصانات الدولية للمبعوث الدبلوماسي في الشريعة الإسلامية والاتفاقيات الدولية

The Diplomatic Agent has great significance at the present time because of the protection and care of the interests of individuals and states have been provided by him. The diplomacy has become the basis for preparing the foreign policy of states, as through diplomatic relations states solve many problems of peace and war and other interests of states. For that many International Conventions and Agreements were concluded to regulate diplomatic relations and lay down the rules for diplomatic protection and immunities. The most important of these international Conventions is the Vienna Convention for Diplomatic Relations 1961. Which brought special privileges and immunities for Diplomatic Agents Due to the significance of the matter, the researcher attempted through the study to shed light on “International Immunities Diplomatic Envoys in International Agreements and Islamic Sharia” by discussing the concept of Diplomatic Envoys, their duties, and the international immunity in International Law and Islamic Sharia. Through highlighting the types of immunities and their scope in International Law and Islamic Sharia, it appears that the Islamic Sharia was long ahead before nations in enforcing immunities rules and international protection of Diplomatic Agents. Thus, it has been the best influence in the international direction to implement rules of diplomatic representation, making it international law. In my study, I followed the inductive analytical approach which is approach through which the texts mentioned in the international laws that regulate the international immunity of the diplomatic envoy are extrapolated and analyzed. The conclusion included the results and recommendations of the research.

Cultural History of the Diplomatic Envoy Displayed in Cheongsimhwan

Cultural History of the Diplomatic Envoy Displayed in Cheongsimhwan

Fact and Fantasy in Byron’s Encounters with Ali Pasha: With a New Byron Letter

A new Byron letter to Edward Everett, edited here for the first time, prompts a re-examination of Byron’s stay at Ali Pasha’s court in October 1809. Byron’s visit is analysed in its Ottoman-Albanian cultural context, in an attempt to distinguish the historical facts from the fantasies Byron spun around them. Pace Byron’s exaggerated accounts, his reception at Ali’s court had followed the well-established pattern of Western travellers’ visits. Byron was not a diplomatic envoy and he received no special treatment. Byron believed Ali was attracted to him, while Ali thought Byron embodied the despised local stereotype of the effeminate, sexually available boy. The difficulties Byron encountered in the Levant because of his feminine appearance are briefly discussed. The article also identifies key personages Byron met at Ali’s court, confirming the vice-consul Fauvel as the addressee of another Byron letter, and sheds light on Byron’s relationship with Edward Everett.

오윤겸(吳允謙)의 일본사행과 대일인식

이 글은 선조～인조대 활약했던 오윤겸이 일본을 어떤 시각으로 바라보았는지를 구명한 것이다. 오윤겸은 1592년 일본이 조선을 침략했을 때 정철의 종사관으로 활약했고, 평강현감을 지냈다. 전쟁 경험은 그에게 일본에 대해 부정적 이미지를 심어주었을 가능성이 높다.BR 1609년 7월～1610년 9월 오윤겸은 동래부사를 지냈다. 이때 그는 대일외교 현안을 해결하면서, 일본 사신의 접대와 관련된 규정들을 만들어 나갔던 것 같다. 1617년 오윤겸은 회답사의 정사로 임명되었다. 사행 전 그는 사행단의 밀무역 금지, 일본에서 돌아온 피로인의 사행금지 등을 주장했다. 또 일본이 조선 사신을 인도해야 함을 강조했다. 이러한 모습들은 일본을 의심하면서, 조선이 일본보다 우위에 있다는 그의 일본관의 한 단면을 보여주는 것이다.BR 사행 중 오윤겸은 쓰시마를 조선의 번병으로 규정하여 상하관계를 분명히 하면서도, 적대감을 보이지는 않았다. 일본의 덴노와 정치체제에 대해 부정적 시각을 나타내기도 했지만, 일본의 음식과 숙소, 사신 접대 등에 만족감을 나타냈다. 일본의 경제적 번영에 대해서도 긍정적 시각을 보였다.BR 사행 후 이괄의 난이 발발하자 오윤겸은 왜관에 있던 일본인의 도움을 얻으려 했다. 1629년 쓰시마에서 보낸 사신은 상경을 요구했고, 상경 후에는 공무목의 추가지급을 요구했다. 이에 대해 그는 유연한 모습을 보이면서도, 조선의 국익을 우선시하였다. 야나가와 잇켄 이후 일본의 침략 가능성이 제기되었지만, 이를 부정하는 등 일본을 신뢰했다.BR 오윤겸은 사행을 계기로 일본에 대해 유연한 시각을 보인 반면, 여진족에 대해서는 적대감과 불신감을 나타냈다. 이는 북쪽의 여진족과 남쪽의 일본 모두를 상대해야 하는 당시 조선의 대외적 상황이 반영된 것이었다. 그러나 가장 중요한 것은 대일사행 경험이 그의 대일인식에 영향을 미쳤고, 사행후 그는 일본에 대한 경계심을 거두고 조선이 실리를 추구하는 방향에서 대일정책을 전개했다는 점이다.

A Geographic Study on the Place and Landscape of the Route of Diplomatic Envoy in the 「Yeolhailgi」

본 연구에서는 『열하일기』연행노정에 대한 연암 박지원의 지역인식을 살펴보고, 압록강에서 연경까지의 주요 장소와 경관에 대한 지리적 의미를 답사, 고찰하였다. 주요 연구결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 연암의 1780년 5월에서 10월까지의 연행 체험은 일기체 산문 7권과 주제별 산문 21권의 『열하일기』로 편차되었고, 열하에 대한 내용 비중이 가장 높다. 둘째, 연암의 지역인식에 따라 연행노정은 「도강록」, 「성경잡지」, 「일신수필」, 「관내정사」, 「막북행정록」과 「환연도중록」으로 구분된 일기체 산문으로 서술되었다. 셋째, 압록강에서 조양문에 이르는 주요 장소나 경관은 연암의 소중화나 화이 등의 인식이 갈등, 변화하는 지리적이고 심리적인 경계가 되었다. 마지막으로, 긍정과 부정의 시선이 공존하는 경계 지점에서 연암은 관찰유근을 바탕으로 혜안, 평등안, 여시관 등의 보기 방식으로 자신을 성찰했다. 이는 다른 지역을 유람하는 여행자가 갖추어야 할 지역인식의 태도와 방식의 실증적 사례이다. 『열하일기』에서 ‘열하’는 북경성 밖 멀리 북쪽에 있는 미지의 땅 뿐만 아니라, 연암이 관찰하고 체험한 낯설고 새로운 청나라의 번성한 실상 모두를 은유한다.This study investigated Yeonam (朴趾源)’s regional perception on the route of diplomatic envoy (route) in the 『Yeolhailgi (熱河日記)』, explored the geographical meaning of the major places and landscapes, from the Abrok river to the Beijing. The main findings are summarized as follows. First, Yeonam’s experience of the route from May to October 1780 was edited of 『Yeolhailgi』in 7 diary prose books and 21 subject-specific prose books, with the most content on the Yeolha. Second, the route divided according to regional perception was described 「Dogangrok (渡江錄)」, 「Seongkyongjobji (盛京雜識)」, 「IlsinSupil (馹汛隨筆)」,「Gwannaejeongsa (關內 程史)」, 「Makbukhaengjeongrok (漠北行程)」and 「hwanyeondojungrok (還燕道中錄)」. Third, major places or landscapes such as Abrok river and Joyangmun have become geographical and psychological boundaries where the regional perceptions of Yeonam are being conflicted or changing. Finally, at the boundary point where positive and negative views coexist, Yeonam reflected himself in the ways of seeing based on the habit of observing in detail. This is an empirical example of the attitudes and ways of seeing that travelers to other regions should have. In the 「Yeolhailgi」, ‘Yeolha’ metaphorizes not only the unknown land far north of Peking Province, but also both the unfamiliar and new Qing Dynasty’s prosperous realities observed and experienced by Yeonam.

Conflicts Between Koguryo and Mulgil(勿吉) in the Late 5th Century, and Changes in the Northern Border Areas

Examined in this article are the conflicts that continued between Koguryo and Mulgil(勿吉) in the 5th century’s latter half, and how those clashes affected the border space in the Northern regions. At the time, the central region of Mulgil was located at the midstream and downstream areas of the East-bound(東流) Song’hwa-jiang(松花江) river. While fighting Koguryo, Mulgil advanced its presence to the upstream of the same river before 475, and then in 475 finally made its debut on the international stage by dispatching a diplomatic envoy to the Northern Wei [北魏] government, via a waterway connecting the Song’hwa-jiang and Nen-jiang(嫩江) rivers as well as a land route crossing the Eastern mountain foot of the Daxing’an-ling(大興安嶺) mountain range. After 475, Mulgil proceeded to the downstream area of the North-bound Song’hwa-jiang river, and even attempted to proceed in the direction of the Koguryo territory. This resulted in both sides fiercely fighting with each other at the said river’s downstream area. In 494, the Late Buyeo(後扶餘) faction in the Nong’an(農安) area surrendered to Koguryo, and right before 503 and 504 Mulgil successfully annexed the above-mentioned downstream area of the North-bound Song’hwa-jiang river, following its prior occupation of the East-bound Song’hwa-jiang river’s upstream area. Meanwhile, Koguryo and Mulgil competed diplomatically as well, to win several tribes in the North. In order to separate Mulgil and Northern Wei from each other, Koguryo discussed with Yuyeon(柔然) in 479 the division of the Jiduwu(地豆于) area. Koguryo’s effort generated a much wanted effect, as it prevented Mulgil from sending an envoy to Northern Wei from 478 through 485. Yet this also caused a bit of a backfire for Koguryo, as its relationship with Khitan(契丹) deteriorated as a result. Mulgil took advantage of this new situation, by befriending Khitan and therefore managing to resume envoy-sending to Northern Wei. Later, Koguryo found itself in an increasingly disadvantageous diplomatic situation, as it fared worse in several armed conflicts with Mulgil. With the Mulgil approaching the region, Koguryo came to share borders with it at the Daeheuk(大黑) mountain range. Koguryo’s Northern territory was seriously compromised, and to make matters worse its connection with the North was partially blocked by Mulgil. It became much more difficult for Koguryo to communicate with Northern tribes because of the presence of Mulgil.

通信使記録の中の雨森芳洲の外交と思想

通信使記録の中の雨森芳洲の外交と思想

Journey, Scenes and Customs from Liaoyang to Shenyang in Route of Diplomatic Envoy to Beijing - Renewal of Geographic Sense and Experience of New Dynasty -

Journey, Scenes and Customs from Liaoyang to Shenyang in Route of Diplomatic Envoy to Beijing - Renewal of Geographic Sense and Experience of New Dynasty -

الحصانة القضائية للمبعوث الدبلوماسي

It is an obvious matter that the Judicial immunity of diplomatic envoy is very important for providing a space of freedom to get to know serenely and being away from the intervention of the state to which he is delegated. International Custom is set to grant the envoy an immunity and is being confirmed by relevant international agreements. But, this advantage has been misused to escape from submission to justice. Some countries intended to hide this advantage from their citizens who commit crimes so they fail court appearance. However , the international community was aware of this, so it states Article 27 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court that not to counting on the official capacity to undergo the court's jurisdiction, and thus diplomatic status will no longer be a barrier from being subject to the jurisdiction of International Criminal Court if the diplomatic envoy committed the crimes set in the Statute of the international Criminal Court.

Anthropogeogrophical Study on the Section "Liaoyang(遼陽)-Anshan(鞍山)-Guangning(廣寧)" in Route of Diplomatic Envoy to Beijing

Anthropogeogrophical Study on the Section "Liaoyang(遼陽)-Anshan(鞍山)-Guangning(廣寧)" in Route of Diplomatic Envoy to Beijing

Literary historical position of Park Inryang(朴寅亮) seen through from his diplomatic envoy to North Song(北宋) Dynasty

Literary historical position of Park Inryang(朴寅亮) seen through from his diplomatic envoy to North Song(北宋) Dynasty

Trading Races: Joseph and Marie Bunel, a Diplomat and a Merchant in Revolutionary Saint-Domingue and Philadelphia

Based on extensive research in French, British, and U.S. archives, the article focuses on Joseph Bunel, a diplomatic and commercial envoy for Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and his wife Marie Bunel (Fanchette Estève), who spent her adult life as a merchant in Cap Français (Cap Haïtien) and Philadelphia. Joseph and Marie Bunel were a white Frenchman and a free black Creole, but their careers were shaped more by their social and monetary ambitions than by their racial background. After spending a few years in prerevolutionary Saint-Domingue (Haiti) as a merchant and a plantation manager, Joseph Bunel played an important administrative role in Louverture’s regime after 1798, first as a diplomatic envoy charged with drafting treaties of commerce and non-aggression with the United States and England during the Quasi-War, then as Louverture’s paymaster. Because of his closeness to the regime, he was deported to France during the Leclerc expedition. After moving to Philadelphia in 1803, he became a noted exporter of war contraband to Dessalines’ Haiti and in 1807 settled permanently in this country as a merchant. Marie Bunel, a prosperous free-colored merchant from Cap Français before the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution, continued her mercantile activities throughout the revolutionary period. Though personally close to notable figures like Louverture and Henri Christophe, her political involvement in the revolutionary struggle was limited. Persecuted along with her husband during the Leclerc expedition, she moved to Philadelphia, where she lived as an independent merchant long after Haiti had declared its independence. It was not until 1810 that for personal reasons she moved back to Haiti, where little evidence is available to retrace the end of the Bunels’ eventful lives.

A spy on the payroll? William Herle and the mid Elizabethan polity

A body of recent work focusing on the components of Tudor policy has drawn attention to those 'second-rank' figures crucial for the efficient running of the Elizabethan administration. After close archival excavation, men like Robert Beale, largely marginal to the historiography of the period for so long, have now been identified and credited with a role which was fundamental to the smooth operation of the Tudor political system. In this group of men, participating on the fringes of the polity and whose activities, whether clerical or more recondite, contributed to the formation of domestic and international policy, is found William Herle, an agent, diplomatic envoy and intelligencer for Elizabeth I's ministers. An elusive figure, and passed over by many scholars, Herle's epistolary contribution to the administrative and intelligence bureaux of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, and Sir Francis Walsingham reveals the information channels and structures behind the decision-making process of this triumvirate of political heavyweights and their conciliar fraternity. © 2009 Institute of Historical Research.

Liberation and Conquest: John Hamilton Robinson and U. S. Adventurism Toward Mexico, 1806–1819

This article examines the tendency of U.S. adventurers to conceive of liberation and conquest as a single enterprise through their participation in the Mexican Wars of Independence against Spain. The author addresses this theme by examining John Hamilton Robinson (1782–1819), explorer and spy, diplomatic envoy and military adventurer, volunteer Mexican officer, and a mapmaker of imperialistic intent.

Communication through Diplomatic Letters between the Year 1711 Shinmyo Diplomatic Envoy[辛卯通信使] and Arai Hakuseki(新井白石)

Communication through Diplomatic Letters between the Year 1711 Shinmyo Diplomatic Envoy[辛卯通信使] and Arai Hakuseki(新井白石)