A spy on the payroll? William Herle and the mid Elizabethan polity

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A body of recent work focusing on the components of Tudor policy has drawn attention to those 'second-rank' figures crucial for the efficient running of the Elizabethan administration. After close archival excavation, men like Robert Beale, largely marginal to the historiography of the period for so long, have now been identified and credited with a role which was fundamental to the smooth operation of the Tudor political system. In this group of men, participating on the fringes of the polity and whose activities, whether clerical or more recondite, contributed to the formation of domestic and international policy, is found William Herle, an agent, diplomatic envoy and intelligencer for Elizabeth I's ministers. An elusive figure, and passed over by many scholars, Herle's epistolary contribution to the administrative and intelligence bureaux of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, and Sir Francis Walsingham reveals the information channels and structures behind the decision-making process of this triumvirate of political heavyweights and their conciliar fraternity. © 2009 Institute of Historical Research.