Diplomatic Aspect Research Articles

한국과 미국의 정부초청 장학제도 비교연구

[Purpose]The purpose of this study was to address implications and strategies for further development of the Global Korea Scholarship (GKS), a government-sponsored international scholarship program in Korea by investigating management styles and trends through a comparative analysis with the Fulbright Program.
 [Methods]This study selected cross-national study and literature review as research methods. The comprehensive literature review was conducted to produce criteria for comparison. After modifying and supplementing criteria suggested by former research, management, selection, and influence were adopted as criteria.
 [Results]As the main result of the research, firstly, the purpose of the GKS Program of Korea and the Fulbright Program of the United States are similar as they both emphasize public interest and diplomatic aspect. However, they show a substantial gap in the size of the budget and the composition of target nations. Next, while the GKS Program evaluated academic excellence based on quantitative and standardized indicators. the Fulbright Program affirmed that students may be selected based on multifaceted indicators. The third result is that both programs highlighted and utilized the network among scholars for the soft power that can be exercised after returning to their own countries.
 [Conclusion]Korea needs to promote change that can lead GKS to keep pace with global society at the government level by focusing on making it more sustainable. This change would be possible by expanding the range of target nations and diversifying the selection criteria, which will ultimately lead to attracting more quality students with diversity. Furthermore, the GKS Program should expand its influence in the global society by utilizing the existing network platform to encourage international cooperation.

SEVER DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. A STUDY IN CONCEPT AND EFFECTS

Sever diplomatic relations. A study in concept and effects, International relations based on consent in times of peace and war. For example, the reason in relation to the diplomatic aspect of diplomatic relations, space science, the state of foreign relations if it is attached, attached, attached, attached. Or an armed conflict between the two countries. The study aims to clarify the concept of severing diplomatic relations between countries, and to identify the most important reasons for it. The importance of this study also comes by clarifying the most important effects of the decision to sever those effects that contradict the reality of experiences with the continuation of diplomatic relations between countries. While this study was divided as follows: The first topic: the concept of severing diplomatic relations The first requirement: the concept of cutting lingu

ГРУЗИНО-АБХАЗСКИЙ КОНФЛИКТ 1992-1993 ГГ.

The article considers one of the controversial aspects of Russian mediation in the Georgian-Abkhazian armed conflict of 1992–1993, related to the stationing of Russian troops in the confrontation region. The author emphasizes that the presence of Russian troops on the territory of military operations made it possible for Georgia to consider Russia not only as intermediary, but also as a conflict participant, which the Georgian party sought to use to resolve the Abkhazian problem according to its own scenario. The Georgian leadership relied mainly on obtaining technical and military assistance from Moscow. The diplomatic aspect was no less significant for Tbilisi: it was necessary to neutralize Russia, whose leadership had a poor conception of the actual situation in the conflict area. The article presents the Moscow mediation mission analysis and evaluation, which were implemented by the author taking into account Russian priorities in the region and, first of all, the desire of the Russian Federation to maintain its influence on the Caucasian states. The author came to the conclusion that Russia played the role of an interested mediator in the conflict between Georgia and Abkhazia, whose efforts were aimed at preserving national positions in Transcaucasia

Ukraine’s Diplomatic Efforts in Relations with NATO in Conditions of russian-Ukrainian War

The article highlights the diplomatic aspect of Ukraine-NATO relations during russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, launched in 2014. Ukraine’s diplomatic interaction with the North Atlantic Alliance already has a long and difficult history, which has radically changed the image of our country in the world. The indisputable principle on which the fruitful Ukraine-NATO relations are based is that without Ukraine’s involvement in the Alliance’s activities, it will be impossible to build indivisible security in Europe. In 2018, the Verkhovna Rada finally approved the amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the formulation of the idea of joining the EU and NATO. This decision consolidated Ukraine’s strategic course at joining the Alliance and the European Union and made it impossible to change that political course. From the very beginning of the russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, NATO diplomacy was grounded on its steadfast position to support Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity within internationally recognised borders. However, NATO declarations and statements regarding solidarity with Ukraine have become a staple feature of diplomacy of the Alliance. During the russian-Ukrainian war, diplomatic interaction between Ukraine and the Alliance took place in the format of the Ukraine-NATO Commission (UNС). The process of Ukraine’s accession to NATO has been too long, and Kyiv is still trying to convey this to the Alliance. The author is arguing that if our country had taken the same steps as a number of other CEE states, having acquired the status of a full member of the Alliance, the unleashing of aggression by the russian federation could have been averted. Keywords: russian-Ukrainian war, NATO, membership in the Alliance, NATO summit, Ukraine-NATO Commission, MAP.

KEKUATAN NASIONAL TIONGKOK DALAM SENGKETA LAUT TIONGKOK SELATAN

The South China Sea (LTS) has a strategic position and rich in natural resources. These waters are claimed by several countries such as China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Taiwan. The overlapping claims have not yet reached a resolution, even though tensions have increased and potentially to become an open conflict. The United States (US) and China have economic, political and strategic interests in winning the competition in the South China Sea. This paper answers the question what is China's position in the dispute in the South China Sea? Has China as a great power succeeded in utilizing its national power to control the waters? China's position is analyzed using the concept of national power consisting of Diplomacy, Information, Military and Economics (DIME), which is commonly used to assess state power. China's strength is compared indirectly with the US, which is the main competitor in the region from a diplomatic, military and economic point of view. From the diplomatic aspect, China controls countries in Southeast Asia which are part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) infrastructure project, whose various projects are funded through the Asian Investment Infrastructure Bank (AIIB). To confirm the claim, China has carried out various constructions of artificial islands in the disputed area, which are equipped with military facilities. From an economic perspective, China's rapid growth in recent decades has made it one of the most respected world powers. These facts indicated that China is a great power that has managed to match the power and influence of the US in the region. In the case of the LTS dispute, it is likely that China will win the competition, influence and support from the disputing countries.
 China; South China Sea; diplomacy, information, military, economy

The China challenge to the EU uniqueness - the case of central and eastern Europe

China’s cooperation approach demonstrated through the Belt and Road Initiative is quite different in comparison to regional integration in Europe. Geographical limits, differences in culture, value systems, social and political realities make such a comparison disputable. The aim of this paper is not to compare the European integration experience with the most significant Chinese cooperation project. The study is rather focused on briefly evaluating the cooperation model applied by China towards the region of Central and Eastern Europe and the way it interacts with and affects theEU integration model. It also gives consideration to the evolving geopolitical situation at the regional and global levels. Methodologically, the study builds on an interdisciplinary approach that allows for assessing the problem in historical, legal, economic, and diplomatic aspect. The methodological framework is supplemented by the application of some instruments of geopolitical analysis.The paper argues that China’s approach towards the CEE region has the potential to exacerbate some of the divisions within the increasingly fragmented European Union.

ФИЛОСОФИЯ НАУЧНОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ

The article considers the scientific diplomacy — a relatively new phenomenon in international practice — as a type of diplomacy which took shape quite recently, in the 21st century, with the advent of both the term itself, and the corresponding concepts, and the Foreign Ministry units of some countries. However, it is necessary to clarify the terminology and essence of this practice, which has a much more long history. At the present time, there is a reassessment of this historical experience, as well as another attempt to put science in the civil service in one more — diplomatic aspect, as it has already happened with the military, educational and some other areas. At the same time, the scientific community itself in this process has the opportunity to play not only the role of an object or a passive performer. The demand for science is clearly manifested in periods of war and conflict, which in various forms do not stop today. This causes the urgency of the problem. At the same time, the conscious activity of politicians and scientists is combined with objective, independently developing, incl. latently, unobviously, by the processes of political struggle and scientific knowledge, which leads to complex combinations of interrelations between politics and science. The study of such events and processes allows us to draw some conclusions regarding relations between science and diplomacy, to determine the trend of consistent “scientification” of diplomacy, like of any other sphere of society, the transition from diplomacy-mail (communication) through diplomacy-art to diplomacy-science, formulate a hypothesis that diplomacy in general is a scientific project.

Building Sustainable Peace in International Relations - Dispute Settlement in WTO

In the absence of permanent utopian peace due to differences and certain interests emerging between states, disagreements between states are a frequent phenomenon that characterizes the international arena, so during the human history, there have been continuous efforts that have affirmed the resolution of disputes between states on a peaceful way. If so far, there are only two ways of resolving disputes: juristic and political measures, then the peaceful resolution of international disputes is a field that can be studied in several ways: in the juristic aspect of various acts of international character, respectively international conventions; in the diplomatic aspect of the practice of resolving different disagreements by peaceful means, as well as in economic terms, which implies the settlement of disputes that may arise between States from the competent WTO bodies, thus maintaining international peace and stability belongs to trade issues, which will be even more detailed study of our research.

Diplomatic Letters of the Malay Empire of Bima and Netherlands

Letter is the eldest Malays manuscript that has been used in two ways communication since it is more formal and resembles the honesty of the senders him/herself regarding his/her motive. During the reign of past Era of Malay’s king, without sending a letter in any communication. It will depict that particular action is irrespectful. Hence, any delegation will be come together with the letter. In the meanwhile, letters must be written in well mannered and wisdom. The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the diplomatic aspect in letters send by Bima’s Empire to Netherlands’ Empire. This research will be using the theory of Moral Diplomatic and enhanced with qualitative method. This method will analyze texts, collecting data, classifying data and conclude all those data based on their very own function. Hopefully, this research will help to identify diplomatic aspect that been used broadly in Letter during two way communication of Malay’s Empire and Netherlands’ Empire.

Obama’s leadership style: enabling transatlantic allies in Libya and Mali

This article assesses President Obama’s transatlantic leadership style with regard to foreign crises and it contrasts it with the style of the previous Bush administration. It argues that the Obama administration exercises what we call enabling leadership, which implies that the US does lead, but that it does not feel the need to project ‘leadership from the front’. The article first analyses the diplomatic aspect of leadership by focusing on the ‘speaking order’ among the United States and three of its core allies, namely the United Kingdom, France and Canada. It presents a computer-assisted content analysis of the 482 official statements issued by these four states in response to the crisis in Libya in 2011 and Mali in 2012–2013. The paper then performs a detailed analysis of the financial and military contributions of the US and its allies to confront these crises. It provides qualitative and quantitative evidence suggesting that the Obama administration consciously adopted enabling leadership, a strat...

Security in space: Issues at stake

When discussing international texts and measures for improving security in space, one has to use precise terminology in order for any negotiating party to be clear with definitions. In the context of space security, several texts are being prepared to deal with this issue with different perspectives. Beyond the sole diplomatic aspect of these different proposals, it is important to make sure that they can be efficient in practice. In this respect, the Eu initiated project of an international code of conduct may prove to be a first important so called “transparency and confidence building measure” in space.

Anti-Terrorism Cooperation between the National Agency for Contra Terrorism and Civil Society: Study Case of Muhammadiyah Disengagement

This research is about anti-terrorism cooperation between the National Agency for Counterterrorism (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme/BNPT) and civil society, study case Muhammadiyah disengagement in the signing of Memorandum Of Understanding between BNPT and Islamic organizations in 2011. The theory applies are Terrorism, Security sector reform and Cooperation. As civil society, Muhammadiyah has conducted anti-terrorism efforts through its structural and cultural roles in politic, socio-economic, diplomatic and education aspect. Unfortunately, there has not been any framework of cooperation established between Muhammadiyah and BNPT, due to several hindering factors. Firstly, Muhammadiyah and BNPT have different perspective in addressing issues on terrorism and anti terrorism methodology. Secondly, political conflict. Thirdly, BNPT’s constraints in time, human resources and funding. Forthly, lack of BNPT’s political will. Actually, Muhammadiyah possess ideological and organisational potential that may facilitate the dissemination of anti terrorism more effective and efficient. Therefore, this study recommends the need for BNPT and Muhammadiyah to strengthen organisational commitment and to start building communication. In addition, the concept of deradicalization applied by BNPT needs to be evaluated and developed. This study is a qualitative research and using descriptive analysis method.

Un-Finnished Business: Archival Evidence Exposes the Diplomatic Aspect of the USSR's Pre-planning for the Six Day War

Recently published Soviet Foreign Ministry documents provide the first archival corroboration for other evidence already presented by the authors, indicating that the USSR pre-planned and precipitated the outbreak of the 1967 Six Day War. In particular, a hitherto unknown cover letter for a protest note sent to Israel on the first day of the war shows that it was intended for delivery via Finland, after diplomatic relations with Israel were severed. As developments in the field obviated this move and the note was transmitted directly to Israel, the authors demonstrate that Moscow's purported response to Israel's pre-emptive attack was actually prepared in advance, as part of a larger political and military plan in the Cold War context.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in contemporary diplomacy

The issue of cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia is characterized by two seemingly very different aspects namely the legal, and the diplomatic (or 'political'). It is often argued that the diplomatic aspect is justifiably subject to deviation from the traditional legal criteria in international relations, such as are the principles of legality, reciprocity, etc. The author argues here that any 'pragmatism' that infringes the principles of legality in international relations, and in the internal political system, short lived, and that in the mid-term it emerges as counter-productive. The author is of the opinion that the Tribunal has resorted to such pragmatist steps, and has consequently been turned into a lobby, whose goal has been to influence the internal political scene of Serbia. By such action, the Tribunal, and primarily its Chief Prosecutor, have stepped out of the domain of legitimate action of a criminal court, and the destructive consequences of such 'relativisation' of the standards of legitimacy are yet to become clear in the further development of international criminal courts.

Security Policies of European Countries Outside the Soviet Sphere

Security policies of states have a military and a diplomatic aspect. For the European countries outside the Soviet sphere a basic characteristic of their security policies is the extent to which these are aligned to the American- European security relationship. A typology of security policies is set up based on military and political alignment. There are five types: Faithfuls, Marginals, Neutrals, Partners, Fortresses. For the last two types, scores differ con siderably. For various reasons these types also have higher defense burdens than the others, which in their turn do not differ systematically on this count. Military alignment does not necessarily coincide with political alignment. To the extent that alignment is one dimension of security policy at all, it is apparently a different one from defense burden. Although the types are quite stable over time, some evolution occurs: variation in military alignment in creases, political alignment with the US generally decreases, defense burdens diminish. Cross-unit and over-time differences are related to power position and geography, but there also seems to be an element of routinization to explain the evolution of the system. It is finally argued that the trends towards qualitative changes in the system unfortunately are not necessarily for the better.