Differential bioconcentration and depuration of diphenhydramine in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and frogs.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) studies were carried out to investigate the influence of ranitidine hydrochloride (Rani-HCl) on the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous solutions containing various pharmaceutical compounds and ionic liquids (ILs). The drugs examined alongside Rani-HCl included diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH-HCl), guaifenesin (GFN), and naproxen sodium (NS), while the selected ILs were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIm]Cl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIm]Br), and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMP][TfO]). VLE measurements were performed using the isopiestic method at a constant temperature of 298.15K. To analyze the data, several local composition models-TNRF-mNRTL, NRTL, NRF-NRTL, mNRTL, and Wilson-were employed to compute key VLE parameters such as activity coefficients and vapor pressures for both binary and ternary systems. The resulting data, together with their thermodynamic interpretations, provided valuable insights into the nature and extent of solute-solvent interactions within the studied mixtures.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an electronic balance aid in balance rehabilitation training for patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury by comparing the outcomes of medication-only treatment and medication combined with vestibular rehabilitation using an electronic balance aid. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial. The study subjects included 98 patients (40 males and 58 females, aged 25-69 years) diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) with vertigo or vestibular neuritis, who were treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Tianjin First Central Hospital from November 2022 to November 2023. All patients were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group at a 1∶1 ratio using the sealed envelope method. Control group (conventional drug treatment): Patients received medication treatment for 2 weeks, including betahistine mesilate tablets, vitamin B1 tablets, methylcobalamin tablets, ginkgo biloba tablets, diphenhydramine hydrochloride injection (within 3 days of onset), metoclopramide hydrochloride injection, and glucocorticoids. Experimental group (conventional drug treatment+device training): On the basis of the same medication treatment as the control group, patients received vestibular rehabilitation training using an electronic balance aid (20 minutes per session, once a day,≥5 days per week, for a total of 2 weeks). SPSS software was used to compare the total scores of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the total scores of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and sensory analysis indicators between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, vertigo symptoms significantly improved in both groups. DHI: The total DHI score in the control group decreased from 77.9±1.8 before treatment to 20.2±2.3 after treatment (P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total DHI score decreased from 73.5±2.1 before treatment to 8.6±0.9 after treatment (P<0.001). The difference in total DHI scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a lower score (t=-4.616, P<0.001). The improvement in DHI scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=2.004, P=0.048). SOT: The total SOT score in the control group increased from 52.90±0.95 before treatment to 73.3±1.1 after treatment (P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total SOT score increased from 54.9±0.8 before treatment to 83.5±0.9 after treatment (P<0.001). The difference in total SOT scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a higher score (t=7.104, P<0.001). The improvement in SOT scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=6.532, P<0.001). Sensory Analysis Indicators Proprioception (SOM): In the experimental group, the proprioception score significantly increased after treatment compared with before treatment (t=-2.338, P=0.029), while, there was no statistically significant difference in the proprioception score of the control group before and after treatment (P=0.537). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in visual, vestibular, or visual dependence scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). After treatment, the visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of both groups significantly increased compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05); moreover, the post-treatment visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with medication-only treatment, the combination of an electronic balance aid and medication for the treatment and rehabilitation training of patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury can significantly improve the therapeutic effect in the short term.

In this study we aimed to determine the optimal epidural dose and concentration of diphenhydramine (DPH) for prolonged analgesia while preserving motor function, comparing its effects with lidocaine. A single-blind, randomized-controlled trial was conducted with 32 healthy rabbits assigned to two experiments (2.5 ± 0.5 kg). Experiment 1 (n = 25) assessed optimal DPH doses (4, 8, 12, 18, 24 mg kg-1), while Experiment 2 (n = 15) compared DPH concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) at 12 mg kg-1. Antinociceptive effects were measured using pinprick tests on the perineal and digital areas, and motor blockade was evaluated using a modified 4-point grading system for limb paralysis. The results showed that epidural administration of 10% DPH at 12 mg kg-1 provided profound analgesia, with hindlimb analgesia lasting 201 ± 2.5 min and motor blockade persisting for 157.2 ± 3.4 min. In contrast, 5% DPH resulted in 96 ± 15 min of analgesia and 5.2 ± 2.2 min of motor block. Lidocaine failed to provide effective digital analgesia. No significant difference was observed between 10% and 15% DPH in analgesic and motor effects. The motor blockade duration was consistently shorter than the antinociceptive effect. DPH demonstrated superior potency, and a prolonged, sensory-selective epidural block compared with lidocaine, minimizing motor blockade and the risk of akinesia-like analgesia. DPH (preferably >5%) offered effective and safe analgesia, making it a promising option for hindlimb analgesia in rabbits, reducing animal suffering and providing better outcomes than lidocaine.

The SIGNIFY™ ER test for diphenhydramine (DPH) overdose yields false-positive results for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) in multiple cases, complicating the identification of the causative substance of poisoning. We investigated the causes of TCA false positives in DPH overdose cases. From March 2021 to September 2023, 11 cases of DPH overdose with no concomitant TCA use were identified and categorized into two groups: four with false-positive TCA results (FPG) and seven with negative results (NG) in SIGNIFY™ ER. The blood and urinary DPH concentrations and the urinary concentrations of its three major metabolites (diphenhydramine N-oxide, DPH-NO; N-desmethyl diphenhydramine, DM-DPH; and diphenhydramine N-glucuronide, DPHG) were measured using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and differences between the groups were examined. Standard substances of DPH, DPH-NO, DM-DPH, DPHG, and mixtures of DPH-NO and DPHG at ratios of 50:50, 25:75, and 75:25 were added to blank urine samples, and TCA was measured using the SIGNIFY™ ER. The concentrations of the substances in the FPG and NG, respectively, were: blood DPH, 0.9-9 and 0.33-49 µg/mL; urinary DPH, 10-110 and 2.3-36 µg/mL; urinary DPH-NO, 110-170 and 0.05-10 µg/mL; urinary DM-DPH, 5.3-47 and 0.13-3.4 µg/mL; and urinary DPHG, 28-370 and 0.24-67 µg/mL. When using spiked urine samples, false positives were obtained for DPH, DPH-NO, DM-DPH, and DPHG at 500, 110, 200, and 70 µg/mL, respectively. In the mixtures of DPH-NO and DPHG, false positives were obtained at all three ratios. TCA false positives in the SIGNIFY™ ER test for DPH overdose cases are suggested to be yielded by DPH-NO and DPHG. For a positive test result without information on TCA use, DPH overdose should be considered.

HAMIN® is a self-emulsifying base composed of a mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin. This formulation not only enhances the aesthetic quality of products but also simplifies the manufacturing process, as it eliminates the need for additional emulsifying agents to form a stable cream. Due to these properties, HAMIN® is considered highly suitable for the development of both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Despite its potential applications, no prior research has investigated the optimal ratio of HAMIN® palm fat base to distilled water distilled waterrequired to achieve desirable physical characteristics and drug release properties in cream formulations. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum composition of HAMIN® palm fat base and distilled water for the formulation of diphenhydramine hydrochloride cream. The optimization process was conducted using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method, a statistical approach commonly employed to evaluate and optimize multicomponent formulations. The experimental results demonstrated that increasing the concentration of HAMIN® palm fat base had a dominant effect on enhancing the pH, viscosity, adhesion, and stability of the cream. Conversely, a higher concentration of distilled water significantly improved spreadability, extrudability, and drug release flux. These findings indicate that the selection of base composition plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance of the cream formulation. The optimal formulation, as determined through SLD analysis, consisted of 41.667% HAMIN® palm fat base and 48.333% distilled water, achieving a desirability index of 0.649. This composition represents the most balanced formulation in terms of physical stability and drug release, making it a promising candidate for further pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

This study presents the synthesis and antidiabetic and hematopoietic activity of ionic compounds based on 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (diphenhydramine). Synthesis is carried out under ultrasonic (US) and microwave (MW) irradiation as well as using a conventional method (thermal activation). The synthesized ionic compounds have been tested for antidiabetic effect according to the inhibitory action against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (in vitro). All the synthesized derivatives of diphenhydramine showed higher inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase than commercially available diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Moreover, two of them, 1m (66.9%) and 1k (64.2%), had a greater inhibitory activity than the reference drug acarbose (51.8%). The hematopoietic activity was studied in albino laboratory female rats (in vivo). The compounds 1b, 1f, and 1k can restore immune blood cells (hematopoietic activity), equal to or exceeding that of the commercially available diphenhydramine hydrochloride and control (methyluracil).

This study aimed to design self-adhesive cutaneous films with an antiallergic effect using a Design of Experiments approach. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH). A full factorial experimental design with three factors and two levels was created. The factors were the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratio, the polyacrylic acid (PAA) ratio, and the type of plasticizer. The responses evaluated were hardness, deformation at hardness, adhesive force, and in vitro DPH release profile. Eleven formulations were generated, prepared in two steps via solvent casting, and characterized in terms of mechanical and adhesive properties, as well as the in vitro DPH release profile. The PVA ratio had the most significant impact on the responses, followed by PEG 400 and PEG 4000. Four film formulations were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, which revealed that the API was distributed in both the base and adhesive layers. Consequently, an optimal formulation was prepared and characterized. Good mechanical properties (a hardness of 463.7 g and a deformation at hardness of 16.56 mm) and an increased adhesive force (76 g) were observed, while the DPH was released up to 68% over 12 h. In conclusion, a novel self-adhesive film was developed, which may enhance patients' adherence to local antiallergic treatment.

Dimedrol is a first-generation H1-blocker. Doctors prescribe dimedrol for children under 14 years of age orally in the form of 0.02% solution. The industry produces dimedrol tablets for children over 14 years of age. Dimedrol is very easily soluble in water and has an unpleasant bitter taste. All this creates the need to create and use special corrected paediatric dosage form – а suspension. The aim of the present study was to develop the technology and analyse a paediatric corrected dosage form with dimedrol (diphenhydramine). To obtain a suspension, we transferred diphenhydramine from a soluble state to an insoluble complex with a cation-exchange resin (potassium polacryline). The aggregative stability of the suspension was increased by increasing the viscosity of the medium (we used carbopol 980 solution at pH 6.7-7.0), microbiological stability – through using of the preservatives. The taste of the suspension was adjusted using a sweetener. Substances in the suspension are: dimedrol -100 mg; potassium polacryline -150 mg; propylene glycol - 2000 mg; methylparahydroxybenzoate - 160 mg; carbopol 980 - 100 mg; xylitol - 100 mg; propyl parahydroxybenzoate - 20 mg; sodium hydroxide to pH 6.8-7.0 purified water to 100.0 g) The suspension of the dimedrol was a milky-white liquid with homogeneously distributed particles, odourless. The pH value was 6.8±0.1. We used UV-spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 258 nm for the quantitative analysis of the dimedrol. The content of the diphenhydramine hydrochloride was not less than 90.0 % and not more than 110.0 % of the claimed amount. The suspension remained stable during the observed shelf life of 1 year.

Histamine is an important mediator of allergy, and inhibiting its binding to H1 receptors (H1R) is a key method to alleviate allergic diseases. Natural products with anti-allergic properties are an important source of natural H1R antagonists. In this study, a rapid method for identifying the H1R antagonists from natural products via the BODIPY FL histamine recognition and diphenhydramine (DPHD)-anchored bombardment coupled with target cell extraction was developed. In addition, the activity of the H1R antagonist was further validated both in vitro and in vivo through BODIPY FL histamine recognition, intracellular fluorescence calcium ion (Ca2+) kinetic recognition, molecular docking, and animal experiments. The binding of fluorescent histamine to H1R was notably inhibited by Ephedra sinica Stapf (ESS) and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz (DdT). Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in ESS and dictamnine and limonin in DdT were screened as potential H1R antagonists using the target cell extraction of the DPHD-anchored bombardment. The BODIPY FL histamine recognition results revealed the significant blocking effects on H1R binding by pseudoephedrine (50μM) and dictamnine (100μM). Pseudoephedrine (200μM) and dictamnine (100μM) markedly decreased the histamine-induced increase in intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration. Docking results indicated strong binding affinity for both components to H1R, with dictamnine exhibiting a higher affinity than pseudoephedrine. Ultimately, the ameliorative effect of dictamnine on allergic rhinitis mice was confirmed through nasal symptom score, serum pharmacodynamic indices (immunoglobulin E (IgE), histamine, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α), and histopathology. This study showed that dictamnine (validated in vitro and in vivo) and pseudoephedrine (validated in vitro) may serve as potential H1R antagonists. This study offered valuable insights for future developments in antihistamines.

Acute ruminal impaction is a metabolic disorder of the digestive system that happens in ruminants that have been fed a high amount of cereal grains, negatively impacting animal health and productivity. The present study clarified the diagnostic and prognostic significance of certain clinico-biochemical findings in evaluation of the efficacy of the applied therapeutic regimen in sheep with acute carbohydrate engorgement. This was conducted through monitoring changes in clinical findings, blood pictures, ruminal function biomarkers, serum hepatorenal indicators, and serum electrolytes indices in fattening Osimi sheep on days 0 pre-therapy and days 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 post-therapy. The study comprised fattening non-pregnant Osimi sheep (n = 100) with acute ruminal impaction. They were exposed to a 5-day integrated treatment regimen. It included IV infusion of sodium bicarbonate and glucose, an oral drenching of each of magnesium hydroxide, antibloat preparation (Bloatryal), and laxative powder (Apilax Powder). This was followed by injectable doses of flunixin meglumine, diphenhydramine HCl, clanobutin sodium, broad spectrum antibiotic (Combikel 20 + 20), and doramectin (a broad-spectrum anthelmintic). The investigated sheep had a full clinical examination and hemato-biochemical tests from day 0 (pre-therapy) up to day's 3-90 post-therapy. The applied therapeutic regimen (1-5 days' therapeutic program) was highly effective in cases of acute ruminal impaction in sheep, as evidenced by a clear improvement in their clinical health status (up to 15 days post-therapy) as well as restoring their reference intervals of ruminal functions biomarkers, blood picture indices, and hepatorenal functions throughout the current study (15-60 days post-therapy). Except for hepatorenal functions, all estimated laboratory indices restored their physiological intervals on the 15th day post-therapy. A 30- to 60-day follow-up period was required post-therapy until hepatorenal function restored their physiological reference intervals.

Abstract Background and aimsAltered states of consciousness (ASC) represent acute and marked deviations from normal waking consciousness. Investigations into ASC are significant to problems in medicine, science, and philosophy, including the structure of conscious experience. Here, we conducted a preliminary investigation into the structure of ASC while addressing the role of psychedelics, which purportedly manifest features of mind.MethodsWe performed quantitative and qualitative analyses of 300 narrative reports across 12 ASC induction methods: meditation, float tank, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-DMT (5-MeO-DMT), ketamine, salvia, 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, datura, and diphenhydramine (DPH). We hypothesized that reports from the psychedelics (serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists) would contain similar content with non-pharmacological induction methods, alongside greater positive sentiment and reported authenticity relative to reports from other substances.ResultsIn quantitative analysis, most psychedelics, except LSD, as well as salvia and ketamine, shared similar content with non-pharmacological methods. In qualitative analysis, most psychedelics, except LSD, were deemed both positive and authentic, with authenticity predicting positive sentiment across the 12 ASC induction methods (R = 0.68; p = 0.015). We uncovered latent themes charting a trajectory of ASC from baseline to metaphysical experience, incorporating text-to-image generative artificial intelligence to illustrate underlying phenomenological structure.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that reproducible structural observations may be externally validated across methods to support a “mind-manifesting” characterization for some ASC induction methods, such as salvia, ketamine, or 5-MeO-DMT, but not for others, such as LSD, datura, or DPH, together informing future studies of psychedelics, ASC, and structuralism.

Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, hair loss, lesions, and redness. Various agents can cause dermatitis, including Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, and Microsporum canis. Animals experiencing dermatitis undergo internal changes in their bodies, particularly in the immune system. The presence of an infection is usually preceded by the appearance of Immunoglobulin M (IgM). This study aimed to determine the differences in IgM levels in dogs with dermatitis before therapy (pre-therapy) and after therapy (post-therapy), as well as the differences in IgM levels between dogs with mild and severe dermatitis. The study involved 40 local dogs, divided into two groups, including 20 dogs with mild dermatitis and 20 dogs with severe dermatitis. Serum sampling was conducted in two phases: the first phase was pre-therapy, and the second phase was 14 days after therapy (post-therapy). The therapy administered to dogs with mild dermatitis consisted of diphenhydramine HCl and ivermectin, while the therapy for dogs with severe dermatitis included diphenhydramine HCl, ivermectin, amoxicillin, and dexamethasone. Serum samples from the dogs were then tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The results of the study revealed that serum IgM levels in dogs with mild and severe dermatitis did not show any significant difference. In dogs with mild dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were not statistically different compared to those after therapy. However, in dogs with severe dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were significantly higher compared to after therapy. The results of this study indicate that therapy can impact serum IgM levels in dogs with severe dermatitis, while it does not significantly affect these levels in cases of mild dermatitis.

Scabies is a skin disease caused by Notoedres cati mites that is transmitted to cats. Felicola subrostratus is a species of chewing or biting lice that is common in homeless animals or animals in shelters. A domestic cat was examined at the Veterinary Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University with a history of hair loss and itching. The results of the clinical examination showed crusts on the ears, neck, and extremities, accompanied by dandruff on the neck and back areas. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings found Notoedres cati mites. Trichogram examination found Felicola subrostratus lice and eggs. Based on the history, symptoms, physical examination, and supporting examinations, the case cat was diagnosed with scabiosis and Felicola subrostratus infestation with a fausta prognosis. Treatment with ivermectin injection 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously with two administrations at 14-day intervals. Symptomatic therapy in the form of diphenhydramine HCl 1 mg/kg BW intramuscularly given once a day for two consecutive days and supportive therapy given fish oil for 14 days. Cats are bathed with sulfur soap twice a week. Topical fipronil is given on the 14th day to kill eggs and adult fleas. The treatment given showed good results.

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have described the sedative effects of dimenhydrinate (DMH), although others report a stimulant effect on psychomotor functions. Because the first generation of antihistamines was shown to seriously impair cognitive psychomotor and driving performance in healthy volunteers, the aim of our research was to determine the effect of DMH by testing physical activity and cognitive and cardiovascular functions using an animal model to identify a possible stimulatory effect. The study protocol consisted of two phases. The first was designed to analyze the stimulating motor effect of DMH. Four study groups were formed: (1) vehicle (Veh), (2) modafinil (MOD), (3) DMH at 50 mg/kg (DMH‐50), and (4) DMH at 200 mg/kg (DMH‐200). Motor coordination and balance, physical activity, hemodynamics, and nitrous oxide (NO) quantification were performed. In the second phase, we sought to discriminate the compound in DMH that generates the stimulating effect. In this case, the study groups were (1) Veh, (2) MOD, (3) DMH, (4) diphenhydramine (DPH), (5) 8‐chlorotheophylline (8‐Cl‐T), and (6) theophylline (TEO). In this phase, we quantified glucose and insulin levels, behavior, physical activity, blood pressure, and vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Findings showed that DMH might improve a motor and physical stimulating effect but also increased NO levels in the lungs. DPH promoted a compulsive‐like behavior that diminished with 8‐Cl‐T. Regarding cardiovascular effects, DMH decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Finally, in the DMH formulation, 8‐Cl‐T was identified as the compound responsible for increasing blood pressure and heart rate.

Scabies is a dermatological condition caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Infection with Sarcoptes scabiei induces severe pruritus, which can lead to alopecia and skin lesions. This disease is often accompanied by secondary infections, as the compromised immune response in affected individuals increases their susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Prompt and appropriate treatment is therefore essential to ensure a favorable prognosis. A 2.5-year-old mixed-breed female cat named Mimi, weighing 2.3 kg, presented with clinical signs of pruritus, sneezing, and nasal discharge from both nostrils, persisting for one month prior to examination. A physical examination revealed alopecia on the ear and neck regions, crusting on the ears and frontal area, mucous nasal discharge, and pale oral mucosa. Deep skin scraping of the alopecic and crusted areas identified the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Further radiographic evaluation revealed an alveolar pattern in the lungs. Additionally, microbiological analysis of the nasal discharge confirmed the presence of Streptococcus sp. A complete blood count indicated leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, and granulocytosis. Based on these findings, the cat was diagnosed with scabies complicated by bacterial pneumonia, with a favorable prognosis. The treatment regimen included scabies therapy with an ivermectin injection at a dose of 0.03 mL and diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 0.3 mL, both administered subcutaneously. Antibiotic therapy consisted of amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid (25 mg formulation), dosed at 62.5 mg (1 mL) per administration, given orally twice daily for 10 days. Anti-inflammatory treatment included methylprednisolone (4 mg formulation), dosed at 2 mg per 2–6 kg body weight, administered orally once daily for seven days. Supportive therapy comprised Sangobion syrup and fish oil to promote erythropoiesis and enhance hair regrowth. After seven days of treatment, the nasal discharge was absent, and sneezing episodes were significantly reduced. Progressive hair regrowth and weight gain were observed, with marked improvement continuing up to day 100.

Scabies is a skin infection caused by ectoparasites of the mite type, Sarcoptes scabiei. These mites infect the host's skin by making tunnels in the epidermis layer which will cause itching. This article aims to describe the occurrence of scabiosis due to Sarcoptes scabiei infection in local dogs. A series of examinations to determine the diagnosis, and the therapy given. A case study was conducted on a local male dog, named Boby, aged 4 months who had itching all over his body that had lasted for one month. Physical examination found alopecia, scales, and crusts on the head, hind legs, front legs, both ears, abdomen, back, and tail. Examination using the skin scraping method found Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Hematological examination showed that the case animal had lymphocytosis, monocytosis, granulocytopenia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, and thrombocytosis. Based on anamnesis, clinical examination results, and supporting examinations, the case animal was diagnosed with scabiosis with a prognosis of fausta. The case dog was given causative therapy in the form of ivermectin at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW, subcutaneous injection with two administrations at an interval of 28 days, Symptomatic therapy was given subcutaneous injection of diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 3 mg/kg BW with two administrations at an interval of 28 days, chlorpheniramine maleate at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg BW orally for 14 days. Supportive therapy B-complex was given 1 tablet once a day for 21 days, fish oil as much as 1 tablet once a day for 20 days, and bathed with shampoo containing sulfur (twice a week). The results of treatment for 28 days showed changes in the condition of the case dog improving, pruritus, crusts, scales, lichenification began to decrease. On the 40th day the case dog showed new hair growth. The awareness of pet owners, especially those who keep dogs, must be increased by always maintaining the cleanliness of their dog's cage, eating utensils, and play equipment.

One of the six Landrace piglets was born without skin on their thighs. Physical examination showed that the piglets had a birth weight of 1.32 kg, temperature of 39.1oC, absence of skin on the back of the right (4.2 × 7.1 cm) and left (5.1 × 5.3 cm) thighs and the base of the tail, and open wounds. Based on signalment, case history, and physical examination, the piglets were diagnosed with epitheliogenesis imperfecta (EI). The therapy administered was procaine antibiotics and benzathine penicillin G at a dose of 1 ml/10 kg body weight (BW) once injection. Diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW was given once. Wound cleansing was performed daily with 0.9% NaCl infusion solution, and a 10% povidone-iodine antiseptic was administered for 14 days. The wound was left open without dressing. On the 3rd day after birth, piglets were supplemented with Ferdex® Plus at 2 ml/piglet once. Piglets were left with their sows during the treatment. Treatment results showed healing starting from the formation of a scab on day three and slowly sloughing off until day 8 (remaining ± 10% of the scab). The skin had fully grown, and the wound had completely healed by day 15 after the piglets were born.

Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati are parasites that cause scabies by burrowing tunnels under the epidermal layer of the skin. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous and systemic fungal infection in animals caused by Sporothrix spp. This case report aims to provide additional reference for the management of scabies and sporotrichosis cases. The case subject, a three-month-old female cat named Miya, exhibited itching, skin thickening, hair loss, and dandruff on several parts of the body, accompanied by decreased appetite since being adopted a week earlier. Physical examination revealed alopecia, hyperkeratosis, and scaling on the ear pinna and all four legs, as well as crusts and scales on the back, with a pruritus score of 7/10. Additionally, the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth appeared pale. Supportive diagnostic tests using skin scraping detected the mite Notoedres cati. Cytological examination using the tape acetate preparation method revealed spore formations identified as Sporothrix spp. A complete hematological test indicated that the cat suffered from normocytic normochromic anemia. The treatment regimen included ivermectin injection, sulfur baths, the antihistamines diphenhydramine HCl and cetirizine, as well as supplements such as Sangobion and fish oil. After 14 days of treatment, hyperkeratosis, scaling, crusts, and flakes disappeared, though alopecia on the ear pinna remained. The cat’s pruritus resolved, appetite improved, and mucous membranes turned pink. The conclusion of this case report is that the 14-day treatment method proved to be effective in the recovery of the affected cat. In addition to effective treatment, maintaining a clean environment is recommended to prevent reinfection.

Demodicosis is a skin disease caused by Demodex mites and is commonly found in dogs. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of ivermectin and amitraz for the treatment of demodicosis in dogs. A three-year-old male Pekingese dog weighing 5.5 kg was presented to the Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, exhibiting lethargy and hair loss in the back, neck, legs, and extremities. Physical examination revealed alopecia, erythema, skin thickening, oily and scaly skin, a rancid odor, and hyperpigmentation. The dog exhibited a high level of pruritus. Routine hematological examination showed the dog was experiencing anemia and leukocytopenia. The diagnosis was confirmed as demodicosis based on microscopic examination of deep skin scrapings. The prognosis for this case was considered favorable. The dog was treated with subcutaneous ivermectin (Wormectin 0.5 mg/kg BW, PT. Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung, Indonesia) and antihistamine diphenhydramine HCL (Recodryl® 4 mg/kg BW, PT. Global Multi Pharmalab, Semarang, Indonesia). Weekly baths with amitraz (V-Traz Amitraz 12.5%, PT. Olego Mandiri Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia) at a concentration of 500 ppm were administered, along with daily oral administration of a skin and coat supplement (Coatex® vetplus, Mega Utama Medica, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia) at a dose of one capsule. After 14 days, the dog’s condition showed improvement, with reduced scratching intensity, decreased erythema, and resolution of the previously oily skin. Supportive therapy was continued for one month, with further evaluation planned. The dog demonstrated significant recovery following the treatment, and intensive care is recommended to prevent reinfection.