Dip Type Research Articles

Soil quality assessment of karst trough valley under different bedrock strata dip and land-use types, based on a minimum data set

Typical bedrock strata dips and land use types can significantly influence the soil quality in karst trough valleys. However, data on the influence of bedrock strata dips on the assessment of soil quality based on the soil quality index in karst trough valleys are limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different land use types and bedrock strata dips on soil quality and to evaluate the suitability of soil quality assessment methods for karst trough valleys. Five land-use types were selected as research objects for each dip and anti-dip slope, and a total data set (TDS) consisting of soil physico-chemical properties and soil microbial property indices was collected. The minimum data set (MDS) was constructed using principal component analysis (PCA) and norm values, and two evaluation methods, i.e., linear (SQI-L) and non-linear (SQI-NL) were used to assess the soil quality in the study area. The results showed that the order of weight of the MDS was urease activity > protease activity > silt > soil bulk density > total phosphorus. The overall soil quality obtained from the SQI-L and SQI-NL models exhibited similar results for the dip slope; however, there were differences in the details of the anti-dip slope. The soil quality of the anti-dip slope was better than that of the dip slope (P < 0.05) and the soil quality indices of the forest and grassland were significantly higher than those of the other land use types (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the SQI-NL model can accurately replace the SQI-L model for soil quality evaluation based on its high variation interval and variable coefficients. Overall, our results suggest that the SQI-NL model is suitable for soil quality evaluation on dip and anti-dip slopes, and returning farmland to forest is an effective land-use change in the karst trough valleys.

Clinical Study of 35 Patients with Acute Acoustic Hearing Disorder

AbstractWe conducted a clinical study on 35 patients (42 ears) with acute acoustic hearing disorder who visited the otolaryngology department of Himeji St. Mary's Hospital during 12 years, from January 2012 to December 2023. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 81 years, with an average of 34.7 years (median age: 27 years); there were 27 male and 8 female patients. The disease was caused by exposure to shooting sounds in 22 patients (shooting sound group) and exposure to other strong and loud sounds in the remaining 13 patients (other high-intensity sound group). The mean age was significantly lower, and the interval from the onset of symptoms to consultation was shorter in the shooting sound group than in the other high-intensity sound group. Regarding hearing type, the C5-dip type was the most common (11 ears), followed in frequency by the gradually down-sloping, sharply down-sloping, and flat type. The overall hearing improvement was as follows: cured: 40.5%; markedly recovered: 11.9%; recovered: 19.0%; and unchanged: 28.6%. The degree of hearing improvement classified by hearing type was good for all of the C5-dip, dip (2K), and V-shaped types. Patients younger than 30 years, with a short interval from the onset to first visit, and with bilateral hearing loss showed satisfactory hearing improvement. There was a tendency for the degree of hearing improvement to be better in the shooting sound group than in the other high-intensity sound group.

Calculation of single-event characteristics for voltage dip based on the goodness of fit test

The typical single-event characteristics of a voltage dip include residual voltage, duration, dip type, point-on-wave and phase-angle jump, which may influence the operation of the sensitive equipment under voltage dip. This operation is the foundation on which the single-event characteristics of a voltage dip can be accurately calculated to mitigate the voltage dip. The challenge of existing studies is that no unified and systematic method to calculate multiple single-event characteristics. This study proposes a robust adaptive method based on Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) test to calculate the characteristics of a voltage dip. First, a calculation method for the transition segment of voltage dip is proposed based on the GoF test. Then, four methods are presented for calculating four different characteristics of the dip based on the detected transition segment. The proposed method is subsequently unified and thus reduces the computation of monitor devices. Moreover, this method can adaptively adjust the critical value according to the sampling rate, avoiding the influence of noise. Finally, this study applies 516 sets of measured voltage dips to verify the performance of the proposed method, comparing the results with that of the existing methods.

AstroSat View of the Neutron Star Low-mass X-Ray Binary GX 340+0

Understanding the spectral evolution along the “Z”-shaped track in the hardness–intensity diagram of Z sources, which are a class of luminous neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries, is crucial to probe accretion processes close to the neutron star. Here, we study the horizontal branch (HB) and the normal branch (NB) of the Z source GX 340+0 using AstroSat data. We find that the HB and the NB appear as two different types of X-ray intensity dips, which can appear in any sequence and with various depths. Our 0.8–25 keV spectra of dips and the hard apex can be modeled by the emissions from an accretion disk, a Comptonizing corona covering the inner disk, and the neutron star surface. We find that as the source moves onto the HB, the corona is replenished and energized by the disk and a reduced amount of disk matter reaches the neutron star surface. We also conclude that quasiperiodic oscillations during HB/NB are strongly associated with the corona and explain the evolution of strength and hard lag of this timing feature using the estimated coronal optical depth evolution.

Responses of soil aggregate stability and soil erosion resistance to different bedrock strata dip and land use types in the karst trough valley of Southwest China

Soil aggregate stability is an important index that reflects soil quality and anti-erosion ability and strongly affects soil processes and functions. Bedrock strata dips (dip and anti-dip slopes) and land use types primarily influence soil aggregate stability, whereas the detailed mechanisms are unclear in karst trough valley. Therefore, to explore the effects of bedrock strata dip and land use type on soil aggregate stability in karst trough valleys, soils were collected from five major land use types (abandoned land, grassland, pepper fields, corn fields and forest) on dip and anti-dip slopes. The soil was fractionated into macroaggregates and microaggrates using dry and wet sieving analysis. The soil particle size distributions in the macroaggregates and microaggregates were measured in conventional laboratories. The results showed significant differences in soil aggregate stability among different bedrock strata dips, slope positions, and land use types (P < 0.05). The variation ranges of macroaggregates and microaggregates in the pepper fields of the dip slope were higher than those on the anti-dip slope. Comparing all land use types, the forest of the anti-dip slope had >0.25 mm water-stable aggregates (85.31%) and mean weight diameter (2.67 mm) on the upper slope compared to that in the other slope positions of the dip slope. In addition, the dip slope had a higher percentage of aggregate destruction (35.57%) than the anti-dip slope (29.81%), and the soil erodibility factor value of the natural forest of the dip/anti-dip slope was significantly lower than that of the other land use types (P < 0.05). When the content of large macroaggregates was larger, the soil macroaggregate weight was greater. When the failure rate of the soil aggregates was lower, the stability of the soil structure was better. Overall, these results suggest that natural forests can significantly improve the stability of soil aggregates, thereby improving soil erosion resistance. Therefore, natural recovery measures should be implemented on dip/anti-dip slopes of karst trough valleys.

Two types of mirror mode waves in the Kronian magnetosheath

A mirror mode wave is a fundamental magnetic structure in the planetary space environment that is persistently compressed by solar wind, especially in the magnetosheath. Mirror modes have been widely identified in the magnetosheaths of the Earth and other planets in the solar system, yet the understanding of mirror mode waves on extraterrestrial planets is not as comprehensive as that on the Earth. Using magnetic field data collected by the Cassini spacecraft, we found peak and dip types according to the magnetic morphology (i.e., structures with higher or lower magnetic strengths than the background field). Moreover, mirror mode waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves were found one after the other, implying that the two wave modes may evolve into one another in the Kronian magnetosheath. The results indicate that many fundamental plasma processes associated with the mirror mode structure exist in the Kronian magnetosheath. The energy conversion in Saturn’s magnetosheath may provide key insights that will aid in understanding giant planetary magnetospheric processes.

Analysis of Coulomb Stress Changes in Aceh Earthquake on Sibayak Volcano

Based on geological conditions, Indonesia is located between the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, and the Pacific plate, making Indonesia prone to tectonic earthquakes. However, since the big earthquake that occurred in Aceh on December 26, 2004, the geological conditions in Sumatra have undergone significant changes marked by stressful situations in the western to southern regions of Sumatra, especially on Sibayak Volcano. This study used data from BMKG and Global CMT, which included magnitude (Mw), depth, earthquake coordinates (longitude and latitude), type of earthquake, strike, dip, and rake. From the analysis using Coulomb 3.3, the highest coulomb stress value of Sibayak Volcano was obtained in 2015 with an average change in coulomb stress of 0.235 bar, shear 0.1909 bar, normal 0.1106 bar. However, the lowest coulomb stress value occurs in 2021 with a moderate shift in coulomb stress of 0.0593 bar, shear 0.0251, normal 0.0849 bar.

Construction of multiple anti-resonant light guidance mechanisms in a hollow-core fiber structure for simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters.

The construction of multiple light guidance mechanisms in a hollow-core fiber (HCF) structure is a popular way to realize the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters. In this work, a partial coating method to excite multiple anti-resonant light guidance mechanisms (ARLGMs) in an HCF structure for the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters is proposed. As an example, a double ARLGM based on a partially polyimide (PI)-coated HCF structure for the simultaneous measurement of relative humidity (RH) and temperature is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The dip (dip II) produced by the PI-coated HCF section shifts linearly with surrounding RH changes with a sensitivity of circa 58.6 ± 0.77 pm/%RH, while the dip (dip I) produced by the bare HCF section (with an air coating layer) is insensitive to RH changes. In addition, both types of dips have linear responses to temperature variations, with similar sensitivities of ∼ 17 pm/°C. Hence, the proposed sensor structure can be used as an RH sensor that is also capable of compensating for local temperature fluctuations. More importantly, the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters (such as biomarkers) is possible using the proposed method provided the proper sensing materials are partially coated onto the HCF surface.

Light transmission mechanisms in a SMF-capillary fiber-SMF structure and its application to bi-directional liquid level measurement.

Capillary fiber (CF) has been extensively investigated in a singlemode fiber (SMF)-CF-SMF (SCS) sensing structure since multiple light guiding mechanisms can be easily excited by simply tuning the air core diameter (cladding diameter) and length of the CF. Understanding the light guiding principles in an SCS structure is essential for improved implementation of a CF based fiber sensor. In this work, light guiding principles in a relatively large air core diameter (≥ 20 µm) and long length of CF (> 1 mm) are investigated theoretically and experimentally. It is found that both multimode interference (MMI) and Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide (ARROW) light guiding mechanisms are excited in the SCS structure in the transmission configuration. However, MMI dips are not observed in the spectrum for the air core diameters of CF smaller than 50 µm in the experiment due to large transmission loss in small air core CFs. Further experimental results demonstrate that a CF with a bigger air core diameter shows a higher sensitivity to curvature, and the highest sensitivity of -16.15 nm/m-1 is achieved when an CF-100 was used. In addition, a SMF-CF-20-CF-30-SMF (SCCS) structure is proposed for high sensitivity bi-direction liquid level measurement for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Two types of ARROW dips (Dip-20 and Dip-30) are simultaneously excited in transmission, hence both liquid level and liquid flow direction can be detected by tracing the dip strength changes of Dip-20 and Dip-30, respectively.

Generation of Kelly and dip type sidebands soliton employing Topological insulator (Bi2Te3) as saturable absorber

Conventional Kelly sidebands soliton and dip-type sidebands soliton were observed with the employment of Bi2Te3 as saturable absorber (SA) in Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser (EDFL). The fabricated Bi2Te3 possessed the following characteristics: Isat 102 MW/cm2, modulation depth 41.4%, and non-saturable absorption at 10%. The Bi2Te3 solution was transferred to the end of the fiber ferrule by the optical deposition method. Conventional Kelly sidebands soliton was obtained with a fundamental repetition rate and pulse width of 24 MHz and 0.78 ps, respectively. The existing cavity length was extended and with the appropriate tuning of light polarization, dip-peak intensity soliton sidebands with bunched pulses were observed. The oscillation trace revealed the repetition rate of dip-peak intensity sidebands soliton was ascertained at 13.5 MHz, which was in accordance with the cavity length. There was a total of 144 pulses in a single bunch envelope under the maximum available pump power. With the appropriate tuning of light polarization, constructive and destructive interference between soliton and dispersive waves took place in EDFL resulting in the formation of peak intensity (Kelly sidebands) and dip-peak intensity on the soliton spectrum. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first demonstration of dip-peak intensity sidebands soliton using Bi2Te3.

Methods for Assessing Willingness to Try and Vegetable Consumption among Children in Indigenous Early Childcare Settings: The FRESH Study.

Food preferences begin in early childhood, and a child’s willingness to try (WTT) new vegetables is an important determinant of vegetable intake. Young children living in rural communities are at increased risk for food insecurity, which may limit exposure to and consumption opportunities for vegetables. This manuscript describes the validation of the Farfan-Ramirez WTT (FR-WTT) measure using baseline data from the FRESH study, a gardening intervention for Native American families with preschool-aged children in Osage Nation, Oklahoma. Individually weighed vegetable containers were prepared with six types of vegetables and ranch dip. Researchers presented children (n = 164; M = 4.3 years, SD = 0.8) with these vegetables preceding a snack- or lunch time and recorded the child’s FR-WTT for each vegetable using a 5-point scale, ranging from “did not remove food (0)” to “put food in mouth and swallowed (4)”. After the presentation period, contents were re-weighed to calculate vegetable consumption. Household parents/guardians completed the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) for their child. FR-WTT scores were positively correlated with consumption weights of all vegetables (r = 0.7613, p < 0.0001) and each vegetable individually (r = 0.2016–0.7664). The total FR-WTT score was inversely correlated with the CFNS score (r = 0.3268, p < 0.0001). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated similar relationships by BMI, food security, and age. In conclusion, the FR-WTT is a valid method for assessing young children’s vegetable eating behavior and intake.

The interplay of intralead and dot-lead Coulomb electrons on shot noise in the Kondo regime

The interplay of intralead and dot-lead Coulomb interactions on shot noise of a quantum dot coupled to Luttinger-liquid leads is systematically investigated in the Kondo regime. By equation of motion and canonical transformation methods, a general shot noise formula with transmission coefficient is derived, the factors of the above two types of interactions and on-dot Coulomb interaction being taken into account. Then we study in detail the shot noise and Fano factor as a function of bias voltage. Numerical results show for weak and moderately strong intralead Coulomb interactions, the dot-lead interaction not only helps to improve the shot noise, but also narrows the zero-bias Kondo dip. A series of polaron peaks appear in the differential shot noise when the renormalized parameter Y<1, a combination effect of the intralead and dot-lead Coulomb interactions. For Y>1, a novel type of excitonic dips appear only in the case of moderately strong intralead interaction. In the very strong intralead interaction limit, all features of excitonic peaks or dips disappear, and shot noise shows power-law dependence on the voltage with the renormalized exponent Y. The Fano factor is always sub-Poisson noise no matter whether Y is greater or less than 1.

Structural Networks Constraints on Alteration and Mineralization Processes in the Jiaojia Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China

Structural network studies could give appropriate opportunities to understanding structural/hydrothermal events, transportation of ore-forming fluids and water/rock interaction process. Four structural deformation/hydrothermal events have been identified in the Jiaojia fault zone according to microtexture and deformation of quartz and feldspars. Plagioclase experienced ductile deformation period with bended polysynthetic twin stripes (>450 °C) in the early stage, followed by K-feldspar alteration period with ductile-brittle deformation and subgrain rotation recrystallization of quartz (380–450 °C). Then, sericitization period occurred extensive ductile-brittle deformation (350–420 °C) and extensive subgrain rotation recrystallization with a little bulging recrystallization in quartz. In the last, gold precipitation-related pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration was dominated by brittle deformation (300–380 °C) and total bulging recrystallization of quartz. From the K-feldspar alteration zone and sericitization zone to pyrite-sericitequartz alteration zone, fractal dimension values of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains increase from 1.07 and 1.24 to 1.32, the calculated paleo strain rate values of dynamically recrystallized quartz range from 10−10.7 (380 °C)−10−96 (450 °C) and 10−9.3 (350 °C)−10−82 (420 °C) to 10−9.5 (300 °C)−10−80 (380 °C), and the paleo differential stress values increase from 36.9 and 39.3, to 121.3 MPa. The increase of fractal dimension values and decrease of grain size from pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone and sericitization zone to K-feldspar alteration zone decreased average water/rock ratio values, which could lead to different acidity and redox conditions of ore-forming fluids and mineralization differences. Two kinds of orecontrolling fractures have been distinguished which include the gentle dip types (18°–50°) with NW (315°–355°) and SW (180°–235°) dip hosting No. I orebodies and the steep dip types (74°–90°) with NE (45°–85°) and SE (95°–165°) dip hosting No. III orebodies. These faults/fractures crosscut altered Linglong granite of footwall of the Jiaojia fault zone as rhombohedrons that promoted the connection between fractures in the K-feldspar alteration zone and fluid flow passages near the main fault face. Research results indicate No. I and No. III orebodies should be derived from the same mineralization event and belong to different orebody types in different mineralization sites under the same structural networks.

Study on the Alloy Coatings Properties of the New Rare Earth Yttrium Zinc Aluminum Magnesium

Hot dip plating is a main methods of iron and steel protection, but the traditional hot dip galvanizing products can not meet the actual needs. The addition of aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), rare earth (Re) and other alloying elements in zinc solution has become a hot research topic. In order to obtain multicomponent alloy coating with high corrosion resistance, a new type of hot dip galvanizing coating was obtained by adding Re yttrium(Y) into Zn-Al-Mg plating bath. The influence of adding elements Re Y, Al and Mg on the corrosion resistance of hot dipped galvanized coatings was studied by conducting immersion tests, salt spray tests and electrochemical tests (Tafel, EIS), and the anticorrosion mechanism of the coatings was primarily explored. The results showed that rare earth yttrium can improve the corrosion resistance of hot dipped galvanizing, and Zn-2%Al-1%Mg-0.08%Re alloy coating has the best corrosion resistance. Hopefully, the present work uses the current hot dip galvanizing production equipment and technology, the established galvanizing technology can be applied in industry.

New method for calculating voltage dip/swell types based on six‐dimensional vectors and Euclidean distance

The type of voltage dip or swell is an important information for utilities and customers to reduce the negative impact by voltage dip/swell. This study proposes a method to calculate the voltage dip/swell type, by transforming the three-phase voltage vector to a six-dimensional vector, generating a whole-range database and calculating the Euclidean distances between the measured voltage dip/swell and the synthetic voltage vectors in database. The voltage dip/swell type is determined by the minimum Euclidean distance. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by the tens of thousands of synthetic dips/swells and 203 sets of measured voltage dips/swells. Extensive comparison has been done, including the comparison between the proposed method and the typical algorithms. It is proved that the proposed method can overcome the shortcomings of the typical algorithms and shows good performance in two scenarios. Finally, a practical dip type chart is proposed for evaluating the event type quickly for the engineers who are interested in quick evaluation of the potential dip type.

Sound attenuation in triple panel using locally resonant sonic crystal and porous material

The present work combines the properties of sonic crystal (SC), locally resonant sonic crystal (LRSC) and porous material in the triple panel to increase the overall sound transmission loss through the combined structure. SC is a periodic structure which is mainly used for sound reduction in a particular frequency range. In the present work, sound transmission loss through the triple panels is investigated using an analytical method. Finite element simulations are also performed using acoustic structure interaction to predict sound transmission loss. The simulation predictions are validated by the analytical results. Multiple panels separated by the air gaps offer high sound reduction due to multiple reflections and discontinuities in the path of wave propagation. However, due to the 1D periodic structure made by multiple panels, there can be sudden losses in the sound attenuation, also referred to Bragg’s dip in the sound transmission loss curve. The results show that there are two types of sudden dips in sound transmission loss i.e. Bragg’s dip and dips due to the panel vibrations. To get rid of sudden dips in sound transmission loss, a porous material is filled in the air cavities. It is found that insertion of porous material in the air cavities between the triple panels does not alter the sound transmission loss curve except at certain frequencies. For enhancement of sound transmission loss, SC and LRSC are inserted along with glass wool in the triple panel. It is found that the panel with SC-glass wool assembly performs well in a specific frequency region around Bragg’s frequency whereas the panel with LRSC-glass wool assembly performs better in low frequency region as well as in high frequency region.

Effects of Voltage Dips on Robotic Grasping

This paper addresses the effects of electric power quality on robotic operations. A general overview is reported to highlight the main characteristics of electric power quality and it’s effects on a powered system by considering an end-user’s viewpoint. Then, the authors outline the influence of voltage dip effects by focusing on robotic grasping applications. A specific case study is reported, namely that of LARM Hand IV, a three-fingered robotic hand which has been designed and built at LARM in Cassino, Italy. A dedicated test rig has been developed and set up to generate predefined voltage dips. Experimental tests are carried out to evaluate the effects of different types of voltage dip on the grasping of objects.

Analytical expressions for characterising voltage dips and phase‐angle jumps in electricity networks

Voltage dips/sags are one of the major concerns for electricity consumers as well as utility service providers. Therefore, the characterisation of voltage dips/sags is required. This study presents a set of mathematical expressions for characterising different types of voltage dips/sags and their associated phase-angle jumps, which are typically found due to faults and/or disturbances in electricity networks. The expressions are derived analytically from the model of the power network containing generators, transmission and/or distribution lines, transformers etc. Four types of voltage dips, namely, A, B, E, and G, which are associated with four major types of faults including balanced three-phase faults, single line-to-ground, double line-to-ground, and line-to-line faults, are considered to derive the analytical expressions. Dynamic simulation results, using a test distribution system, approve the validity as well as the accuracy of the developed expressions. The influence of fault-types and fault-locations is investigated from the mathematical expressions; further, validation is conducted through a simulation study. The analytical expressions, presented in this study, are a valuable tool in the planning stage since the expressions can be employed to characterise during-fault voltage dips at different buses in electricity network without conducting a large number of repeated dynamic simulations.

U-bent plastic optical fiber probes as refractive index based fat sensor for milk quality monitoring

Abstract Milk fat content is an important parameter for milk quality assessment in the dairy industry. This study reports the development of a hand-held, highly sensitive fiber optic milk fat sensor using U-bent plastic optical fiber (POF) probes based on the refractive index (RI) of milk, an inherent physicochemical property of milk, which is significantly influenced by the milk fat content. The U-bent POF sensor probes facilitate dip type sensing and offer non-destructive assessment of milk quality in real-time. The sensor works on the principle of intensity modulation technique by exploiting evanescent wave absorbance and refractive losses. The fiber optic probes sense a change in RI of the medium as a result of attenuated total reflection by virtue of the evanescent wave interactions of light at the fiber core/cladding interface with the surrounding medium. A relative change in the refractive index property of milk as a result of variation in fat content and addition of water is investigated using U-bent POF probes for milk quality assessment. The sensor shows an optical absorbance sensitivity of 0.15 ΔA/Δ% fat for the variation of fat content in the milk. Besides, the response of the sensor to water addition in wide concentration range was studied. Furthermore, a low cost portable optoelectronic device is reported for instantaneous milk quality monitoring in farm fields. This sensor could be of huge potential in dairy industries, milk collection centers as well as end-user applications for real-time milk quality monitoring.

Characterization of Voltage Dips and Swells in a DG-Embedded Distribution Network During and Subsequent to Islanding Process and Grid Reconnection

Stand-alone operation of distributed generations (DGs) under an islanded mode is achieved by appropriate switching of controllers from grid-parallel to stand-alone mode. Conversely, during grid restoration, reverse switching operation is employed. These operations cause voltage quality issues; among these issues, voltage dips and swells are two crucial events that are encountered during and subsequent to islanding. This paper characterizes the voltage dips and/or swells caused by the islanding of DG and its subsequent pre- and post-islanding events. Pre-islanding events encompass the fault-initiated islanding scenarios, whereas postislanding events are associated with transitional state, island stabilization, and grid-reconnection states. Considering pre- and post-islanding scenarios, this paper classifies and characterizes the voltage dips and swells using an algorithm incorporating three-phase voltage ellipse and three-dimensional (3-D) polarization ellipse parameters. Three-phase voltage ellipse parameters, namely, major axis, minor axis, and inclination angle of an ellipse, are exploited for characterization and classification of voltage dips/swells based on their affected phases, whereas 3-D polarization ellipse parameters are employed for classifying seven dip types, namely, A, B, D, F, E, C, and G. Islanding and its subsequent scenarios are simulated using a test distribution network of Australia embedded with DG, and the voltage dips and swells are characterized using the proposed algorithm.