Dip Structure Research Articles

STRUKTUR GEOLOGI AREA BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR DI DESA TUMENGGAL, KECAMATAN PENGADEGAN-PURBALINGGA

The Ligung Formation which is predominantly composed of claystone and the Kalibiuk Formation which is composed of volcanic breccias, both of which landslide simultaneously on the hillsides in the Tumenggal area, Pengadegan District, Purbalingga-Central Java. How the influence of the geological structure that has worked to compose the geological order of this area, which has an effect on the occurrence of the landslide, is the study that is revealed in this paper. Field observations of landslide locations were carried out by determining the position of the landslide, determining the type of bedrock, measuring the direction of the slope, measuring the dipping of rock layers and describing the distribution of landslides in the study area. The geological structures found in the study area are rock layers of the Ligung and Kalibiuk Formation and rock fractures/joints. Little dipping structure of the bed was observed in the field while intensive jointing was found in claystone. This structure has accelerated the weathering of claystone to form a thick soil. Andesite breccia found at the bottom of the slope has undergone intensive weathering. Rocks in the study area have a slope to the south and landslides to the north or towards the fore-slope, this is formed due to thick soil and intensive fractures/joints in the bedrock.

Position artifacts in 3D reconstruction of plate‐shaped precipitates in steels depending on the analysis direction of atom probe tomography

Atom probe tomography (APT) analysis often produces artifacts in atomic position owing to the difference in evaporation fields in materials. The atomic density profiles of grain boundaries, plate‐shaped low‐field precipitates (cementite), and high‐field precipitates (vanadium carbide) in steels were investigated via two analyses in directions perpendicular and parallel to the boundaries and platelets. Although the perpendicular analysis indicated better quantitative performances in the composition analyses of segregating atoms at the grain boundary and the constituent atoms of the precipitates, an abnormal atomic density was observed around the interfaces of the precipitates. Geometric calculation using a two‐radius model based on the local magnification effect suggested that a spike structure at the front interface and a dip structure at the rear interface for lamellar cementite correspond to an overlap and a gap in the evaporated atoms from the cementite and matrix, respectively. This indicates that even in the perpendicular analysis, the precipitate constituent atoms and matrix atoms mixed in the depth direction. We discuss the origin and impact of the position artifacts in the perpendicular analyses of low‐ and high‐field plate‐shaped precipitates and also discussed the application limits of the model.

Recurring Planetary Debris Transits and Circumstellar Gas around White Dwarf ZTF J0328–1219

Abstract We present follow-up photometry and spectroscopy of ZTF J0328−1219, strengthening its status as a white dwarf exhibiting transiting planetary debris. Using TESS and Zwicky Transient Facility photometry, along with follow-up high-speed photometry from various observatories, we find evidence for two significant periods of variability at 9.937 and 11.2 hr. We interpret these as most likely the orbital periods of different debris clumps. Changes in the detailed dip structures within the light curves are observed on nightly, weekly, and monthly timescales, reminiscent of the dynamic behavior observed in the first white dwarf discovered to harbor a disintegrating asteroid, WD 1145+017. We fit previously published spectroscopy along with broadband photometry to obtain new atmospheric parameters for the white dwarf, with M ⋆ = 0.731 ± 0.023 M ⊙, T eff = 7630 ± 140 K, and [Ca/He] = − 9.55 ± 0.12. With new high-resolution spectroscopy, we detect prominent and narrow Na D absorption features likely of circumstellar origin, with velocities 21.4 ± 1.0 km s−1 blueshifted relative to atmospheric lines. We attribute the periodically modulated photometric signal to dusty effluents from small orbiting bodies such as asteroids or comets, but we are unable to identify the most likely material that is being sublimated, or otherwise ejected, as the environmental temperatures range from roughly 400 to 700 K.

Blood pressure variability and night-time dipping assessed by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring: Cross-sectional association with cardiac structure in adolescents.

Greater blood pressure (BP) is associated with greater left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7 (LVMi2.7) in adolescents. This study examined whether greater BP variability and reduced night-time dipping are associated with cardiac remodeling in a general population of adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis was undertaken in 587 UK adolescents (mean age 17.7 years; 43.1% male). BP was measured in a research clinic and using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. We examined associations (for both systolic and diastolic BP) of: 1) clinic and 24-hour mean BP; 2) measures of 24-hour BP variability: standard deviation weighted for day/night (SDdn), variability independent of the mean (VIM) and average real variability (ARV); and 3) night-time dipping with cardiac structures. Cardiac structures were assessed by echocardiography: 1) LVMi2.7; 2) relative wall thickness (RWT); 3) left atrial diameter indexed to height (LADi) and 4) left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDD). Higher systolic BP was associated with greater LVMi2.7. Systolic and diastolic BP were associated with greater RWT. Associations were inconsistent for LADi and LVIDD. There was evidence for associations between both greater SDdn and ARV and higher RWT (per 1 SD higher diastolic ARV, mean difference in RWT was 0.13 SDs, 95% CI 0.045 to 0.21); these associations with RWT remained after adjustment for mean BP. There was no consistent evidence of associations between night-time dipping and cardiac structure. Measurement of BP variability, even in adolescents with blood pressure in the physiologic range, might benefit risk of cardiovascular remodeling assessment.

Velocity model building for single-offset VSP data via deformable-layer tomography: A Texas salt dome example

We have applied multiscale deformable-layer tomography (DLT) to build a laterally varying velocity model, using a single-offset vertical seismic profile (VSP) data set acquired for a salt proximity survey in southern Texas. The purpose of the VSP survey is to delineate the 2D salt flank using the P-wave reflections. Previous study has identified an anhydrate layer as the cap rock of the salt dome. The large impedance contrasts of this anhydrite layer generate strong downgoing P (sediment)-S (anhydrite)-P (salt) waves recorded by downhole geophones. Incidentally, the P-S-P-waves have traveltimes similar to those of the P-wave salt flank reflections, thus contaminating the imaging of the salt flank. Identifying shear-mode contamination requires an accurate velocity model of anhydrite. However, the extremely poor coverage of the single-offset VSP greatly challenges tomographic techniques to determine the lateral velocity variation. We tackle this problem using multiscale DLT, which characterizes the velocity field by a set of deformable layers. We constrain the layer velocities using the check-shot data and invert for the geometric variation. The inverted model indicates that the anhydrite layer has a “thick-thin-thick” lateral variation with offset, and the S-wave in the anhydrite layer helps in imaging the P-S-P-waves along the well track. The estimated anhydrite layer geometry is validated by the kinematic accuracies of P-waves in the data domain and P-S-P-waves in the image domain. Some in-salt dipping structures are determined by multiscale DLT as well. This field data example indicates that multiscale DLT is feasible for estimating velocities using VSP data of the single-offset situation. An accurate velocity model is the key for modeling and adaptive subtraction of the shear-mode contamination related to the salt geometry.

3-D seismic interpretation of stratigraphic and structural features in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Gullfaks Field, Norwegian North Sea: A case study of reservoir development

The 3-D seismic dataset is a key tool to analyze and understand the mechanism of structural and stratigraphic hydrocarbon (HC) trapping in the subsurface. Conventionally used subsurface seismic characterization methods for fractures are based on the theory of effective anisotropy medium. The aim of this work is to improve the structural images with dense sampling of 3-D survey to evaluate structural and stratigraphic models for reservoir development to predict reservoir quality. The present study of the Gullfaks Field, located in the Norwegian North Sea Gullfaks sector, identifies the shallowest structural elements. The steepness of westward structural dip decreases eastward during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous deposition. Reservoir sands consist of the Middle Jurassic deltaic deposits and Lower Jurassic fluvial channel and delta plain deposits. Sediment supply steadily prevails on sea-level rise and the succession displays a regressive trend indicated by a good continuous stacking pattern. The key factor for the development of reservoirs in the Gullfaks Field is fault transmissibility with spatially distributed pressure. The majority of mapped faults with sand-to-sand contacts are non-sealing, which provide restriction for the HC flow between the fault blocks. The traps for HC accumulation occur between the post-rift and syn-rift strata, i.e. antiform set by extensional system, unconformity trap at the top of syn-deposition, and structural trap due to normal faults. Overall reservoir quality in the studied area is generally excellent with average 35% porosity and permeability in the Darcy range. Our findings are useful to better understand the development of siliciclastic reservoirs in similar geological settings worldwide.

First LWD Co-Located Antenna Sensors for Real-Time Anisotropy and Dip Angle Determination, Yielding Better Look-Ahead Detection

Electromagnetic (EM) resistivity tools measure the electrical properties of downhole formations that are critical in determining the hydrocarbon saturation of a reservoir. In complex and heterogeneous reservoirs, both horizontal and vertical formation resistivities are required to obtain an accurate hydrocarbon saturation. For decades, wireline multicomponent induction type measurements have provided reliable determination of formation anisotropy, structural dip, and dip azimuth in wells with any orientation relative to the bedding planes. Logging-while-drilling (LWD) multi-array propagation resistivity tools have also demonstrated similar capability in deviated wells where the relative dip angle is between 45° and 90°. However, measuring anisotropy and dip in wells with a low relative dip angle still poses difficulties for LWD propagation resistivity systems because of the antenna structures employed. This paper describes the development of a new LWD EM sensor equipped with an innovative, co-located, tilted antenna structure. The tool, along with a unique processing scheme, enables the determination of horizontal and vertical resistivity as well as the dip angle and the azimuth of the formation based on an assumption of transversely isotropic (TI) formation models (Graciet and Shen, 1998) while drilling in real time. The co-located sensor design is capable of acquiring multicomponent signals that are sensitive to formation anisotropy and structural dip in wells at any orientation. Modeling studies and several field trials have proven that the design concept can detect these formation properties at any arbitrary wellbore deviation. This paper presents test results from the new technology, together with reference measurements from azimuthally compensated LWD and fully triaxial wireline resistivity measurements. A good comparison is observed in these trials, providing an independent verification of the tool performance. The azimuthal measurements of the new sensors allow for determining formation anisotropy and dip at any wellbore deviation (Bittar et al., 2011b; Bittar et al., 2012), as well as providing 360° azimuthal resistivity and geosignals and allowing a three-dimensional (3D) resistivity mapping technique for real-time decisions. Integrating the co-located antennas with deep-reading antennas in a near-bit collar further provides both anisotropy measurements and ultradeep signals very close to the bit and enhances look-ahead detection ranges for LWD applications.

Seasonal hydrogen storage in a depleted oil and gas field

Hydrogen storage is essential in hydrogen value chains and subsurface storage may be the most suitable large-scale option. This paper reports numerical simulations of seasonal hydrogen storage in the Norne hydrocarbon field, offshore Norway. Three different storage schemes are examined by injecting pure hydrogen into the gas-, oil-, and water zones. Implementation of four annual withdrawal-injection cycles followed by one prolonged withdrawal period show that the thin gas zone is a preferred target with a final hydrogen recovery factor of 87%. The hydrogen distribution in the subsurface follow the geological structures and is restricted by fluid saturation and displacement efficiencies. Case studies show that the pre-injection of formation gas as a cushion gas efficiently increases the ultimate hydrogen recovery, but at the cost of hydrogen purity. The injection of 30% hydrogen-formation gas mixture results in a varying hydrogen fraction in the withdrawn gas. An alternative well placement down the dipping structure shows lower storage efficiency.

Analysis of fractures in the Dalan and Kangan carbonate reservoirs using FMI logs: Sefid-Zakhur gas field in the Fars Province, Iran

Fracture evaluation is very important in the carbonate reservoirs, particularly fractured reservoir, due to the high impact of fractures on the reservoir permeability. Assessment of fracture parameters of reservoirs is necessary to optimize oil production. Image logs are regarded the best methods for this aim. This study aims to use electrical image logs in the Dalan and Kangan Formations reservoir in the Zagros Basin, SW Iran. This paper presents the new findings of analysis of the effective structures on reservoir quality of the Dalan and Kangan Formations in one of the Iranian gas fields by using FMI image logs. Formation micro-imager (FMI) was taken along with petrophysical logs from depth 4677–5253. FMI data were processed and evaluated. Through this assessment, different types of natural structures such as the fracture (open, close) and bedding planes were identified. The data analysis presented different fracture sets that have a different orientation to the anticline axis. All identified bed contacts were used to determine the structural dip. The general structural dip is interpreted to be 40 degrees toward N15E, with a corresponding strike of N75W-S75E. The total fractures encountered are in three categories: major-conductive, medium-conductive, and minor-conductive fractures. Fracture apertures with values more than 0.01 cm can be the highest value of fracture aperture with a value of more than 0.1 cm, which can be observed at 5013–5015 m, 5023 m, and 5065–5070 m. The range of fracture porosity from conductive fractures is computed to be 0–0.6%. Fractures with porosity range of more than 0.4% can be observed at 4953–4960 m, 4966 m, 4973–4980 m, 5020 m, 5113 m, and 5153 m (Lower Dalan). The highest fracture porosity can be observed at 4954 and 5020 m (close to 0.6%). The main productive zones appear to be 5160–5110 m, 5030–5000 m, 4980–4910 m, and 4830–4770 m. In this section of the reservoir, the high density, porosity, and aperture of the natural conductive/open fractures at certain intervals may indicate high productivity zones at these particular places. Considering the conductive/open fracture apertures, a production profile for a reservoir can be predicted from the fracture-enhanced permeability, with the assumption that the production of the reservoir is fracture-controlled. With the same assumption for the reservoirs within the 5.875-in. section of the well, a predictive production profile was constructed by integrating the fracture apertures.

DELINEATING THE GEOMETRY AND MODELING OF THE UNCONVENTIONAL IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS BY SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES; A CASE STUDY IN RUDEIS-SIDRI FIELD, GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

The present work aims to recognize the geometry and buildmodeling of the Oligo-Miocene unconventional igneous intrusions ofthe fracture reservoir in Rudeis-Sidri field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Thesereservoirs, much more difficult to predict, evaluate and to buildmodeling than the conventional reservoirs. Seismic attribute is aquantity extracted or derived from the seismic data that analyzed inorder to enhance information that might be subtler in a traditionalseismic image, leading to a better understanding and interpretation ofthe data. Two attributes (Local Structural Dip), through detecting thescattered dip from the seismic events, (Sweetness), through recognizingthe variations of reflectors, that have potential to predict possiblefracturing and absorption effects, to recognize the geometry to getcriteria to build the modeling process to differentiate betweensedimentary and basalt intrusions. As a result, the combination andintegration of the two types of seismic attributes, the available well logdata analysis as control points to establish building 3-D models, whichhelp to differentiate between the sedimentary and non-sedimentaryrocks, to delineate the geometry, distribution, and to follow the new oilpotentially at Rudeis-Sidri field

Inner Magnetospheric Magnetic Dips and Energetic Protons Trapped Therein: Multi‐Spacecraft Observations and Simulations

AbstractLocalized magnetic field depressions in the inner magnetosphere, known as magnetic dips, are produced by the diamagnetic motion of energetic ions injected via substorm activities. The magnetic dips, if deep enough, can produce a local minimum in the radial profile of the field strength to trap the injected protons. Therefore, the trapped protons would drift at the same speed as the dip propagation, which leads to the simultaneous enhancements of proton fluxes in multiple energy channels at the leading edge of the dip structure. On the trailing side, the reduction of proton fluxes shows dispersive features, which can be attributed to the energy‐dependent drift motion of the injected protons in the absence of the local field minimum. This scenario is examined based on comparisons between multi‐spacecraft observations and test‐particle simulations, and their good agreement validates the scenario to shed new light on the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere‐magnetotail coupled system.

Higher‐order inertial Alfvén wave dressed solitons, quasiperiodic structures, and chaos in plasmas

AbstractThe higher‐order, low‐amplitude inertial Alfvén wave (IAW) dressed soliton and chaos are investigated in a magnetized plasma. In the linear limit, the dispersion relation for propagation of IAWs in plasmas is also obtained in the presence of electron thermal effects and illustrated numerically. It is found that the electron inertial length plays an important role for wave dispersion effects and its phase speed is increased on including the electron temperature in the model. The reductive perturbation method is employed to obtain the first‐order IAW Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) soliton and second‐order dressed soliton solutions analytically, which gives electron density dip (or rarefactive) structure and moves with super Alfvénic speed in plasmas. The numerical illustrations of the KdV and dressed IAW solitons are also presented by using the laboratory and space plasma parameters given in the literature. Furthermore, a numerical study of quasi‐periodicity and chaotic behaviour of IAWs in the presence of external periodic force is also discussed in detail. The effects of plasma beta (which depends on plasma density, electron temperature, and magnetic field intensity) and obliqueness of the wave propagation on the formation of nonlinear Alfvénic wave structures have also been presented.

Driven Qubit by Train of Gaussian-Pulses

The simplest non-dissipative 2-level atom system, a qubit, excited by a train of resonant n-Gaussian laser pulses is investigated. This concerns examination of the averaged atomic variables, the intensity-intensity correlation function, and the transient fluorescent radiation. Analytical formulas for the above expressions are obtained. Computational results show that the transient spectra with the initial ground and coherent atomic states exhibit asymmetric Mollow structure with dip structure, dense oscillation, and narrowing, and depends on the pulse number (n), the repetition time (τR), and the observed time.

Ion Track Etching Revisited: IV. Thermal annealing of fresh swift heavy ion-irradiated PET in different environments

ABSTRACT Many studies have already been performed on the thermal annealing of fresh and aged swift heavy ion-irradiated polymers in a vacuum. In this paper we examine the influence of different environments on annealing behaviour. The basic tool for this study is current/voltage spectroscopy with the alternating voltage applied across the etched tracks. In previous work of this series it was shown for etching of previously annealed aged swift heavy ion-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate foils in dry air that at ∼ 50°C, a dip overlapped the expected Arrhenius correlation in the Arrhenius plot of the etchant breakthrough times. We had attributed that dip tentatively to the etching of the swift heavy ion track core material, as the latter had been subjected to extremely high radiation-damage and thus differs strongly in its composition from pristine bulk material. Repetition of this experiment under different annealing environments enables us to draw conclusions about the competition between the different polymeric disintegration and healing mechanisms in swift heavy ion tracks. These results should be useful for better estimation of the polymeric durability in different environments. First tests with polyimide reveals that a similar dip structure also shows up here, indicating that this finding may be a general effect for annealing of ion-irradiated polymers.

Seabed seismic wave simulation by finite difference time domain scheme in marine environment with complex seafloor topography

The studying of the excitation and propagation characteristics of seabed seismic waves in a complex marine environment is of great significance in investigating seafloor physical and mechanical properties and exploring resources. At present, the research of time-domain seabed seismic waves is mostly restricted in a marine environment with horizontal stratification, but the actual geological conditions of seafloor are relatively complex, and the numerical solutions obtained under ideal assumption are quite different from those in an actual complex environment. To master the propagation characteristics of seabed seismic wave in the environment that is closer to the actual one, a complex and long range model including layers of water, soft mud and bedrocks is designed in the paper, where non-horizontal seafloor topography with a dipping and uplifting structure is considered. The staggered-grid finite difference method with 2nd-order accuracy in time and 10th-order accuracy in space is used to simulate the seabed seismic waves under such a complex marine environment. Meanwhile, multi axial perfectly matched layer is used as an artificial boundary condition to ensure the numerical long-term stability in a liquid-solid medium. Considering the dipping structure, the acoustic signals excited by sources at different positions of the model are compared to determine the favorable style of source excitation for Scholte interface wave receiving. Through the time-domain waveform of the calculated acoustic field, the propagation characteristics of the seabed seismic wave in the complex marine environment are analyzed. The results show that the staggered-grid finite difference method with high-order spatial accuracy can improve the dispersion problem in numerical calculation. The multi-axial perfectly matched layer used to replace the traditional perfectly matched layer can solve the instability problem in the numerical simulation of acoustic field in liquid-solid media for a long range. Through the comparison among the acoustic signal amplitudes excited by sources at different positions, a better performance can be achieved when the source-receiver is placed along the updip direction. In such a case, the acoustic signal is stronger, which is more advantageous to receive and analyze the Scholte interface wave. In the complex seabed model with a dipping and uplifting structure, the uplift of seafloor bedrock changes the propagation direction of Scholte wave, which makes it possible to receive Scholte wave at shallower depth.

Analysis of supermode properties in three-core homogeneous strongly coupled multicore fiber

We have investigated the supermode properties, namely, mode effective refractive index (RI) (neff), effective area (Aeff), and chromatic dispersion (CD), in three-core homogeneous strongly coupled multicore fibers (SC-MCFs) for different core RI profiles (step index and RI dip) and in different possible core arrangements (triangular and linear). Further, the impacts of fiber parameters, namely, core radius (a), relative RI difference between core and cladding (Δ), and core pitch (Λ), on the differential group delay (DGD) between different supermodes have also been analyzed for all the considered configurations of SC-MCFs. The analysis presented has been done numerically using the FemSIM simulation platform. It has been observed that core arrangement has significant impact on the levels of neff, Aeff, CD, and DGD, and it also affects the degeneracy of the supermodes in a three-core homogeneous SC-MCF. Further, there exist certain core pitches in which the Aeff values of fundamental supermodes in different core layouts are equal. Furthermore, there exists a certain relative RI difference between the core and cladding (Δ) values in which DGD values in all the considered SC-MCF configurations are equal. On the other hand, over a range of Δ values, DGD in a linear layout is flattened compared to a triangular layout. Incorporating the RI dip structure in the cores of SC-MCFs affects the CD levels significantly. Therefore, by careful control of the fiber parameters and core arrangement, large mode effective area and low and flattened dispersion SC-MCF can be designed that may be suitable in dense wavelength division multiplexing application.

Experimental studies on the interaction mechanism of landslide stabilizing piles and sandwich-type bedrock

The mechanical properties of stabilizing piles are directly affected by the spatial structure of the bedrock of landslides. To effectively reinforce landslides with a sandwich-type bedrock, the interaction mechanism between manually excavated stabilizing piles and the different types of bedrock must be investigated. The research presents experimental models of manually excavated stabilizing piles for two kinds of sandwich-type bedrock structures, namely hard rock–dominant interlayered bedrock (HDIB) and weak rock–dominant interlayered bedrock (WDIB). Six physical models with different bedrock structure types and dip angles θ were prepared to explore the influence of these two parameters on the pile-bedrock interaction mechanism. The mechanical properties of the pile were investigated based on the monitoring results of the earth pressure distributions against the piles and the bending moment distributions. The embedded section of the pile experiences a rotation subjected to lateral soil movement. The center point of the rotation in the HDIB is at a greater elevation than in the WDIB. The earth pressure in the HDIB appears to increase with dip angle θ but is similar to each other in the WDIB. The pile embedded in the HDIB exhibits flexible behavior, whereas the pile embedded in the WDIB exhibits rigid behavior. With the increase of dip angle θ in the WDIB material, the bending moment steadily rises followed by fluctuation. The maximum bending moment of the embedded section increases with θ. These results provide a basis for improving the design of manually excavated stabilizing piles in sandwich-type bedrock.

Theoretical investigation of the scanning tunneling microscopy of Majorana bound states in topological superconductor vortices

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is an indispensable tool in detecting Majorana bound states (MBSs) in vortices of topological superconductors. By reducing the computational complexity via non-uniform grids, we systematically study the tunnel coupling as well as the temperature dependence of the differential conductance of MBSs in two dimensional devices. Numerical results show that the conductance peak approaches the quantized value 2e 2/h in strong coupling limit at low temperatures which are characteristic features of MBSs. More interestingly, a conductance local minimum in the spatially scanning is observed when the STM tip is placed at the vortex center. The dip structure can be enhanced with increased temperature or enlarged vortex size. We ascribe this observation to the sensitivity of the Andreev reflection processes of carriers at the vortex center where the thermal energy could be comparable to the vanishing pair potential. We also investigate the STM of two-vortex systems where the hybridization of the vortices can lead to oscillatory behavior of the state energy. With small inter-vortex distances, the original MBSs in vortices can merge into topologically trivial states and the conductance peak can be significantly suppressed.

Manipulation of phase slips in carbon-nanotube-templated niobium-nitride superconducting nanowires under microwave radiation

We study the manipulation of thermal/quantum phase slips (tPSs/qPSs) in ultra-thin niobium-nitride superconducting nanowires (scNW) grown on carbon-nanotube templates. These NWs exhibit resistive steps in current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, and the number of phase slip centers (PSCs) in an NW can be tuned by the NW length. Under microwave (MW) radiation, emergence of each single PSC can be precisely controlled by varying the MW power. For thin and short scNW, a dip structure between the qPS-dominated low-temperature region and the tPS-dominated high-temperature region were observed owing to anti-proximity effect by electrodes.

New scaling of fractures in a giant carbonate platform from outcrops and subsurface

We scale properties of fractures in the Late Kimmeridgian carbonate platform of the Arabian Shelf from outcrop and subsurface strata. The platform is flat-lying undeformed except from low-relief anticlines and domes, at which the strata hosts the world's most prolific petroleum reserves. The strata exhibit stylolites and veins, besides the dominant fractures. The fractures are opening-mode, steep, and forming major sets of NW–SE and NE–SW orientations. Faults are uncommon. Fracture abundance varies significantly across the platform, but it is constrained spatially by inherent variation in mechanical stratigraphy and temporally by anticlinal growth and isotope geochemistry. In early burial stages, the platform strata were slightly deformed by bed-parallel stylolites and mutually crosscutting veins. The strata fracturing increased by the anticlinal growth in the Late Cretaceous. Fracture spacing is an average of 2 m in the horizontal-bedded outcrops in Central Arabia and 0.30 m in the equivalent subsurface in a dome in Eastern Arabia. The dome is an end member in the deformation spectrum of the platform interior, with up to c. 5° structural dip and 2% dilational strain expressed in the doming and a few major faults. This finding indicates that carbonate platforms can reach fracture oversaturation under such a subtle tectonic extension.