Diode Bridge Rectifier Research Articles

A Self-Powered Synchronous Switch Energy Extraction Circuit for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Enhancement

Previous studies have shown that the synchronous switch energy extraction (SSEE) solutions could enhance the energy harvesting capability of vibration energy harvesters with capacitive output impedance, such as piezoelectric ones. These circuits use a synchronous switch inductive branch to compensate for the capacitive source. Some studies have also shown that an inductive source can be compensated by a synchronous switch capacitive branch. Yet, the controls were all carried out by external bulky and power-hungry controllers, which is unrealistic in a self-contained and self-sustainable system. This paper proposes a self-powered SSEE (SP-SSEE) circuit for inductive electromagnetic energy harvesting (EMEH) sources. The sampling, synchronization, and switch control are implemented with a small series sampling inductor, a comparator, and some digital gates, respectively. The SSEE circuit carries out two rounds of the switch on/off actions in each vibration cycle to make the current through the induced equivalent voltage source in phase with its voltage. By improving the power factor of the induced voltage source, it enlarges the harvested power under the same excitation. It uses fewer switching actions than the conventional pulse-width modulation (PWM) ac-dc rectifier designs. Moreover, the self-powered design makes the SSEE solution a passive ac-dc rectifier, which is more convenient to be utilized in real applications. The detailed working principle and experimental validation of the SP-SSEE circuit are provided in this paper. The results show that, under the tested frequencies, SP-SSEE outperforms the benchmark standard energy harvesting (SEH) diode-bridge rectifier by 62.1% to 96.4% percent under different excitation frequencies, in terms of harvested power.

A novel pulse multiplication circuit for reducing harmonic distortion of 12 pulse rectifiers in aircraft electrical power systems

AbstractTo improve the performance and reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the autotransformer 12‐pulse rectifier, a novel pulse multiplication circuit (PMC) based on two tapped inter‐phase reactors (TIPRs) is proposed to improve performance and reduce the THD of the autotransformer 12‐pulse rectifier. The proposed rectifier includes a phase‐shifting autotransformer based on a polygon connection, two 6‐pulse diode bridge rectifiers (DBRs), and a PMC. The novel PMC consists of two TIPRs (TIPR1 and TIPR2), an auxiliary single‐phase diode bridge (including four diodes D1 to D4), and two auxiliary diodes D21 and D22, which are connected directly to the output terminal of the DBRs (DBR1 and DBR2). The simulation and experimental results confirm the high capability of the proposed PMC to reduce the harmonic distortion of the input current, so that by using the proposed PMC, the input current is almost sinusoidal and the THD of the input current is less than 3%. Also, the results show that the proposed 12‐pulse rectifier meets the standard requirements of aircraft electrical systems (DO‐160G) without the need for any input and output filters.

DC Voltage Output Control of a Hybrid Synchronous Generator-based Wind Turbine

This article discusses regulating a Wind Turbine (WT) that uses a Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generator (HESG) to power an isolated load via a diode bridge rectifier. The HESG acts as a DC generator and supplies power to the DC load. The primary objective of the suggested control strategy is to maintain a steady DC voltage output, even when there are changes in rotor speed and/or load. The entire system is simulated and modelled in Matlab/Simulink, and the simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in delivering power to an isolated location.

Grid Interactive Solar PV and Battery Operated Air Conditioning System: Energy Management and Power Quality Improvement

The drop in solar panel cost over past decade has accelerated the usage of solar photovoltaic (SPV) in various applications. In tropical countries, air conditioning unit is extensively used for cooling comfort. In this paper, PV generation is utilized with a battery energy storage (BES) for an air conditioner to reduce the impact of energy consumption from utility grid. Recently, air conditioning units are adopted with variable speed drive (VFD) that creates peaky nature of the input grid current due to the AC-DC conversion. The diode bridge rectifier (DBR) used for such conversion, does not allow bidirectional current flow. In this paper, considering such facts and taking the benefit of the VFD technology, an energy management methodology is proposed using PV array and BES to reduce the power consumption of air conditioning unit as well as it feeds excess PV generation to the grid with improved power quality. The DC power produced by the PV panel and BES is fed to DC bus of the VFD directly with the help of dual active bridge (DAB) converter, that eliminates DC-AC conversion stage. A voltage source converter (VSC) is interfaced as a front-end converter of VFD, to feed PV generation to the grid when air conditioner is not operating. This system is useful from multistory buildings to small consumers where the air conditioners are extensively used and PV array is installed. The concept of the system is validated by implementing in a prototype in the laboratory scale. The system is investigated with different possible scenarios. Under all test conditions, the THD of the grid current is found within the limits of the IEC 6100-3-2 standard.

Synchronous Switch Energy Extraction Circuit for Motor Regenerative Braking Enhancement

The synchronous switch technique has been utilized as a promising solution to enhance the energy harvesting capabilities of piezoelectric devices. It utilizes a switched inductive branch to compensate for the capacitive source and increase the real power. The synchronous switch technique was also extended to enhance energy harvesting from electromagnetic (EM) sources. This paper introduces a synchronous switch energy extraction (SSEE) circuit and examinates its performance in motor regenerative braking (RB) enhancement. In the SSEE scheme, a switched capacitive branch is connected to compensate for the inductive source of an electromagnetic motor. The output current from a coil is made in phase with the induced voltage source. The braking power is significantly improved. Therefore, the kinetic energy is extracted much faster to brake the motor quickly, while a portion of the extracted energy is harvested into storable electrical dc energy. This paper comprehensively evaluates the SSEE performances, in terms of energy harvesting and motor braking, respectively. Experimental results show that, given a flywheel released from the same speed, the SSEE can recover 182.5% more energy than the diode-bridge rectifier. For the braking performance, the SSEE can reduce the braking time by 35.1%, compared with the short-circuit braking (SCB) case.

Bridgeless isolated sepic PFC for EV battery charging using ANN controller

The power quality of an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charger is improved in this work using a bridgeless isolated single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC). Owing to the excessive amount of conduction losses associated with the conventional Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR) based Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuit; a Bridgeless circuit model is preferred in this work. The safe functioning of the PFC circuit is further ensured by selecting an isolated topology over a non-isolated converter topology. With the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, the converter's operation is improved in terms of rising time, overshoot, steady state error and settling time. Distortions in the input current are curtailed with the aid of Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC). The entire work of the proposed converter in terms of design equations and several operating modes is detailed elaborately. The input current displays functioning with a unity power factor for the full charging period. The proposed Bridgeless Isolated SEPIC PFC's efficacy in improving the power quality of the EV charger system is determined using simulation results from MATLAB and hardware implementation utilising a DSP30F411 controller.

Performance evaluation of isolated three-phase voltage source inverter with LC filter adopting different MPC methods under various types of load

As the variety of loads in microgrids continues to grow rapidly, the drawbacks of using conventional voltage and current double closed-loop PI control are becoming increasingly intolerable. These disadvantages include poor static tracking of the output and the need for complicated tuning of optimal PI control parameters. Model predictive control (MPC) is widely studied in recent years and gradually applied to the inverter as a modern control strategy. Currently, the research on MPC mainly focuses on reducing the computational burden of algorithms and improving computing skills. In this paper, the control theory of continuous-control-set model predictive control (CCS-MPC), optimal switching vector model predictive control (OSV-MPC), quasi-sliding mode model predictive control (QS-MPC) and optimal switching sequence model predictive control (OSS-MPC) are elaborated. Also, the disadvantages of adopting conventional voltage and current double closed-loop PI control on microgrids are clarified. Moreover, aiming at evaluating the influence of connecting and/or removing the common loads, such as electric vehicles to the microgrid on the output performance of microgrids in practical engineering applications, single three-phase voltage source inverter with LC filter system with two-phase pure resistance load, three-phase diode rectifier bridge nonlinear load, constant power load and constant current source load applying four different MPC methods, are simulated. The simulation results show that under different types of load, system with nonlinear load applying OSV-MPC method has the biggest value of total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage and the biggest steady state root mean square (RMS) tracking error of the output voltage, which are 1.33% and 2.1 V, respectively. The performances of the output voltage of the system adopting MPC are generally improved compared to the system using conventional voltage and current double close-loop PI control. Regarding the output voltage performance of a system under load step change, a system using the OSS-MPC method with a nonlinear load exhibits the smallest overshoot of the output voltage and the smallest root mean square value of the tracking error (RMSE) between the output voltage and the reference value within 20ms after the load step change. Specifically, the overshoot and RMSE are 2.804 V and 0.810 V, respectively. The simulation results provide valuable guidance for selecting the appropriate model predictive control strategy for microgrid integrating complex loads, such as electric vehicles in practical applications.

Dynamic Phasor-Based Modeling and Simulation of a Single-Phase Diode-Bridge Rectifier

This paper presents dynamic phasor (DP) models of a single-phase diode-bridge rectifier (DBR). Single-phase DBRs serve as a primary building block of consumer electronics, whether with a simple filter or coupled with additional circuitry to produce unity power factor rectification. Four DP models are proposed, two models (DP-SF and DP-AW) suitable for systems with negligible line inductance and two models (DP-Full and DP-Fund) which can be used when the line inductance causes significant commutation overlap. The proposed models are implemented in MATLAB and simulation results are compared against a detailed switching model simulation. A significant reduction in simulation time is demonstrated by the proposed DP models. The simulation results are validated against experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the proposed modeling approaches.

Sliding mode approach for control and observation of a three phase AC-DC pulse-width modulation rectifier

Introduction. For AC-DC conversion systems, the electrical systems typically use thyristor or diode bridge rectifiers, which have relatively poor performance. Nowadays, three-phase pulse-width modulation rectifiers are widely applied in various applications for their well-known intrinsic benefits, such as adjustable DC link voltage, unity power factor, bidirectional power flow and very low total harmonic distortion. Purpose. The objective of this work is to achieve better stability and dynamic performance using sliding mode strategy for control and observation. Methods. For that purpose, first a sliding mode controller is introduced on the DC-link side to ensure a fast and accurate response of the output load voltage. Then, the sliding mode approach is employed to control the quadrature and direct components of power to maintain the input power factor at unity. Finally, this approach is used to design two observers for grid voltage estimation and online variation of load resistance. To overcome the problem associated with the use of the classical low-pass filter, an adaptive compensation algorithm is used to compensate the attenuation of the amplitude and phase delay of the observed grid voltages. This algorithm is based on the use of the two low-pass filters in cascade and ensures the minimization of chattering. Results. Comparative studies have been carried out between sliding mode control method for controlling the three-phase AC-DC pulse-width modulation rectifier and other conventional techniques. The validation by simulation and the tests carried out gave very satisfactory results and proved the effectiveness and feasibility of the sliding mode for both control and observation of three phase pulse-width modulation rectifier.

Single-Phase H-Bridge Rectifier Fed High-Speed SRM System Based on Integrated Power Control

Traditionally, an uncontrollable diode bridge rectifier (DBR) is employed to supply the constant DC voltage for the asymmetric half-bridge (ASHB) converter fed switched reluctance motors (SRMs), which brings about inferior AC side power quality. In this article, a high-speed SRM drive system based on integrated power control scheme is proposed, which not only realizes the regulation of SRM but improves the AC side power quality. For the topology, a single-phase H-bridge rectifier and ASHB converter are connected in a cascade arrangement to form an AC-DC-DC converter to drive the SRM. For the control, the proposed integrated power control scheme governs the rectifier and SRM as one control unit in which stable motor speed and high AC side power factor are realized via regulating the input real and reactive power, respectively. Moreover, the proposed system has bi-directional power flow capability, which means the power can flow out of and into the AC side. Experiments are carried out to investigate the steady-state and dynamic performances of the proposed driving system. The experimental data and performance comparison confirm its effectiveness.

System modelling and performance assessment of green hydrogen production by integrating proton exchange membrane electrolyser with wind turbine

This investigation delves into the production of green hydrogen with the aid of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer with its source of energy harnessed from wind using a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The integrated numerical approach was adopted in the simulation environment of MATLAB, Simulink, and Simscape™ to develop the comprehensive mathematical model of the system. The component-level models are linked to the electrolyser, and wind turbines are modelled distinctively considering their efficiencies. The study first explores current types of electrolysers, from their operational characteristics to their merits and demerits. The Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers were recommended as the best electrolysis alternative due to their fast start-up time, and the technology being matured. Various power electronics required in connecting the energy from the wind turbine to the electrolyser was equally discussed. Some of these notable power electronics include the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG), Full Bridge Diode Rectifier, as well as DC–DC Buck Boost Converter. The study was conducted at Warwickshire area as the location for the installation of the Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser System. It was however deduced that the performance of the electrolyser was predominant at higher temperatures but lower pressures. The intensity of wind also had a direct correlation to the overall performance of the electrolyser. In summary, for the wind turbine under investigation, at 1 bar pressure and operating temperature of 20 °C, 65,770 L of hydrogen was produced and this is equivalent to 4656.3 kg of hydrogen or 156.4 kWh of energy.

Operation Characteristics of Discontinuous Current Mode for a Dual-Active-Bridge AC-DC Converter with an Active Energy Buffer

This paper discusses operation characteristics of discontinuous current mode (DCM) for an ac-dc isolated converter for on-board battery chargers of electric vehicles. The converter discussed in this paper consists of a front-end diode-bridge rectifier, an active energy buffer, and a dual-active-bridge dc-dc converter. The energy buffer circuit absorbs the power pulsation form the single-phase ac line into a small-rated capacitor, and thus, makes it possible to reduce a required capacitance of the dc-link capacitor. This paper explains details of the DCM control method including a technique of the ripple cancel of the inductor current, to realize the power factor correction of the line current and the voltage control of the buffer capacitor at the same time without complex calculations. Then, a reference value of the inductor current and an operation range of the dc-output voltage are discussed. Experimental results obtained by a 220-V, 6.6-kW experimental setup demonstrate a sinusoidal-line current and a controlled buffer capacitor voltage as well as a smoothed dc-output current.

A novel approach to design of a power factor correction and total harmonic distortion reduction-based BLDC motor drive

This study describes a novel approach to design of a power factor correction (PFC) and total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction-based brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. The drive was designed to obtain a reduced THD for PFC. The basic design of the BLDC motor drive contains an AC voltage source as input for a diode bridge rectifier. The output DC voltage is filtered out to reduce ripples. The smooth DC output voltage is supplied to the modified Zeta converter. The output voltage of the modified Zeta converter is controlled by using pulse width modulation (PWM). The modified Zeta converter is utilized in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) for better power factor. This controlled DC voltage is supplied to the voltage source inverter (VSI) as input. The VSI is designed to convert input DC into a suitable AC voltage source. The output voltage of the VSI depends upon switching patterns applied to power transistors generated by space vector PWM. Additionally, the output of the VSI is supplied to the BLDC motor for speed control. The main purpose of this paper is to simulate and assess BLDC motor function via the MATLAB/Simulink environment, using SimPowerSystems and the Simscape toolbox, with the goals of improved power factor, lower THD, and better speed control. The PFC modified Zeta converter topology produced the best power factor, currently 0.981, which is better than other topologies, with a THD of only 9.81%, the lowest of all three topologies, which demonstrates the significance of the proposed model.

A New Analytical Model of Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers in the Presence of Interharmonics in Supply Voltage

In this paper, a new accurate and comprehensive analytical model of harmonic and interharmonic distortion produced by a single-phase AC/DC diode bridge rectifier (DBR) is presented. Its main and new characteristic is the ability to consider the presence of interharmonics in addition to harmonics in the voltage at the terminals of DBR due to the background distortion. Analytical expressions able to predict DC voltage and AC current either in time or frequency domains are obtained. Several numerical and experimental tests have been performed showing very accurate results. The proposed model presents all the advantages of analytical models (e.g., fastness); therefore, it can be easily integrated with iterative harmonic and interharmonic analysis procedures. Subsequent applications are the possibility to perform parametric analyses and probabilistic studies, to derive harmonically and interharmonically coupled admittance matrices, to help in introducing standard limits for interharmonics.

Three-phase AC-DC Converter for Direct-drive PMSG-based Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system (WECS) is presented for the electrification of rural areas with wind energy availability. A three-phase AC-DC converter based on a bridgeless Cuk converter is used for power extraction from the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The bridgeless topology enables the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier (DBR). Moreover, the converter has fewer components, simple control, and high efficiency, making it suitable for a small-scale WECS. A squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) is used to emulate a MOD-2 wind turbine to implement the PMSG-based WECS. A direct-drive eight-pole PMSG is used in this study; thus, a low-input-voltage system is designed. The converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) for inherent power factor correction (PFC) and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved through the tip-speed ratio (TSR) following. The performance of the developed system is analyzed through simulation, and a 500 W hardware prototype is developed and tested in different wind speed conditions.

Optimized Power Factor Correction for High Speed Switched Reluctance Motor

The Power Factor Correction (PFC) in Switched Reluctance (SR) motor is discussed in this article. The SR motors are applicable for multiple applications like electric vehicles, wind mills, machineries etc. The doubly salient structure of SR motor causes the occurrence of torque ripples, which affects the power factor of the motor. To improve the power quality, the power factor has to be corrected and the ripples have to be minimized. In order to achieve these objectives, a novel power factor correction (PFC) method is proposed in this work. Here, the conventional Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR) is replaced by a Bridgeless Hybrid Resonant (HR) converter, which assists in improvising the output in a wider range. The converter is chosen because of having variety of beneficial measures including high gain. The converter’s output is fed to the SR motor by means of an asymmetric Bridge Resonant (BR) converter. The proposed converter operates in continuous mode of conduction with the switching frequency of 10 KHz. A hysteresis current controller and Proportional Integral (PI) controller are utilized for reducing the harmonics in the source current along with the regulation of output voltage. In addition, the speed control of SR motor is accomplished by means of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) assisted PI controller. The proposed methodology is effective for the control of unity power factor, torque and current ripples. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the source current is also minimized, which suits the standard of International Electrotechnical Comission IEC 61000-3-2. By this methodology, the power factor of 0.99 is achieved with 97% efficiency and 3.92% THD. The proposed methodology is validated in simulation by MATLAB and in hardware by FPGA Spartan 6E.

Power factor Enhancement in EV Charger fed by a New Modified BL Converter

Existing EV chargers use a strong non - linear diode bridge rectifier to deliver Direct Current voltage at the DC-DC converter's input, which degrades input AC current power factor. Due to these issues, typical battery chargers must eliminate the input bridge to improve power factor. This research paper main aim to improve the front end power factor by using bridge less landsman converter. It is combination of PFC converter and isolated fly back converter to operate between constant current and constant voltage modes. The modified PFC should achieve the constant DC-link voltage and improve the power factor up to unity. It also provide the improve in power quality, low device stress, low input and output ripples, and low input current harmonics when compared with bridge converter.

Power Electronic Converter with Improved Power Quality for EV Charger Application

High voltage electrical vehicle battery models are acquiring plenty of attention in both industry and the scholarly field for their capacity to decrease charging time and increase battery life. Existing EV chargers use a strong non - linear diode bridge rectifier to deliver Direct Current voltage at the DC-DC converter’s input, which degrades input AC current power quality. Due to these issues, typical battery chargers must eliminate the input bridge to improve power quality (PQ). This research uses an upgraded PQ-based bridgeless (BL) Luo converter. Two Luo converters use this PFC converter’s input inductor throughout their half cycles. A PFC converter without an input diode bridge may offer a cost less, power-density increased EV charging solution with few switches. Synchronizing the charger’s input current with source voltage increases input power factor. Luo converters provide the largest voltage transfer gain. Various segments of the project were simulated in order to understand their characteristics. The open-loop and closed-loop analysis of ULC with PI control yields graphical results that highlight the connection between the duty cycle and voltage transfer gain. The simulation graphs obtained for the dc-dc buck converter and Li-Ion SOC also provide important results for analysis.

Modeling and Control of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle charger application

This paper proposes a nonlinear state-space model for a dynamic wireless power transfer system (DWPT). The DWPT system comprises emitter coils supplied by DC/AC converters, with a phase angle control to achieve maximum power transfer. The power receiver coil is connected to a full bridge diode rectifier followed by an equivalent load resistance. To emulate the dynamic movement property of WPT, the coupling factors between the emitter and receiver coils are set to be variable and depend on the movement of the power receiver alongside the power emitter coils. The control has been successfully demonstrated under variable coupling coefficients to achieve maximum power transfer. Such improvement maintains the power and voltage across the load during transient states.

Development of converter configuration and corresponding control strategy for wind turbines using permanent magnet synchronous generator: A Case study

This study aims to investigate a feasible converter architecture and corresponding control method for Wind Turbine (WT) systems using permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG). The converter configuration is designed based on the AC/DC/AC converter, including the Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR) and Pulse Width Modulated Current Source Inverter (PWM-CSI), Buck-Boost Converter (BBC), and Bypass Chopper (BC). The control strategy for the proposed converter is developed to enhance the operating performance of WT-PMSG, which must satisfy four requisitions. Firstly, it proposes the control approach for the pitch angle to control the output power of the WT when the wind speed is over the rated value. The selected control variables are the generator speed and active power. Secondly, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is archived to the satisfaction of the full-range operation through the control strategy for the BBC. The control strategy is applied by the Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The control variables are the generator speed and the diode rectifier's output DC current. Thirdly, the control strategy for PWM-CSI controls the voltage at the connection point and the frequency of the inverter. Fourthly, the DC-link voltage is controlled to the constant value at various operating conditions. Simulation of a 3MW and 0.69 kV WT-PMSG was carried on in PSCAD software to verify under considering the variable wind speed and the three-phase fault. The obtained results prove the feasibility of the proposed WT-PMSG system that serves as an alternative for a high-power wind energy conversion system.