Dimethyl Ether Research Articles

Research on the performance of methanol/PODE dual fuel spark-assisted compression ignition combustion with different intake air adjustment

There is room for continued research and optimization on the exothermal processes and performance of methanol/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) dual fuel spark-assisted compression ignition (DF-SACI) with different air adjustment. The exothermal processes of methanol/PODE DF-SACI were investigated and optimized at varying methanol premix ratios (RM) and intake adjustment methods to maximize the promoting effect of spark ignition (SI). The results show that burning intensity progressively falls, while the ignition delay, CA50 and combustion duration progressively rise as excess air coefficient (λ) climbs. The resistance of high RM to lean combustion is weaker than low RM. As λ grows, the high-intensity exotherm is progressively transformed to the softer exotherm. Consequently, the exothermal energy from premixed compression ignition is progressively converted into the exothermal energy from DF-SACI. Subsequently, the exothermal energy from DF-SACI is progressively replaced by the exothermal energy of diffusion and SI combustion. By reducing air through intake variable valve timing (VVT), the optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and RM under brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 0.4 MPa can be elevated to 40.67 % and 60 %, respectively. The optimal BTE for BMEP of 0.6 and 0.4 MPa are further enlarged from 42.82 % and 40.67 % to 43.52 % and 41.41 % by adjusting exhaust VVT, respectively.

Comparative assessment of simulation-based and surrogate-based approaches to flowsheet optimization using dimensionality reduction

This work proposes a framework for simulation-based and surrogate-based reduced space Bayesian optimization of process flowsheets. The framework uses global sensitivity analysis for dimensionality reduction via the identification of critical process variables that contribute significantly to the variability of the objective function (e.g. productivity and operating costs). Both simulation- and surrogate-based algorithms are applied to a biopharmaceutical and a chemical process simulator for the production of plasmid DNA and dimethyl ether (DME), respectively. Their capabilities are assessed in terms of the trade-off between computational effectiveness and solution accuracy. Results indicate that simulation-based Bayesian optimization achieves better objective function values, while surrogate-based Bayesian optimization is more computationally effective.

Effect of introducing different molecular liquid solvents on electrochemical and physical properties of sodium ion conducting polymer gel electrolytes

The current investigation presents comparative studies on the effect of introducing three different molecular liquid solvents, namely ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC), tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) on the electrochemical and physical properties of sodium ion conducting polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) containing sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4) salt, and polyvinyllidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) polymer. The PGE, which is optimized and contains the EC: DEC solvent, has an ionic conductivity of 8.9 × 10−4 S cm−1, electrochemical stability of 4.5 V and total ion transport number of 0.99 at 30 °C. Along with conductivity studies, the X-ray diffraction studies, show that the EC: DEC raises the entropy of the PGE to its maximum value. The thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations demonstrate that electrolyte with EC: DEC exhibits a weight loss of 13 % up to 200 °C and retain the gel phase up to 140 °C. The optimized electrolyte holds promise for forthcoming sodium based electrochemical devices.

EXPLORACIÓN DE LA MEZCLA RE170/R600: MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA COMO ALTERNATIVA AL R600a

The utilization of alternative mixtures to R600a has been extensively explored across various applications, showcasing their potential to enhance the energy efficiency of isobutane in domestic refrigerators and standalone commercial appliances while maintaining comparable thermodynamic characteristics and operational performance parameters. Among these mixtures, those composed of a significant proportion of R600 (butane) and a small portion of secondary refrigerant have emerged as the most promising. However, many secondary refrigerants in these blends are synthetic. RE170 (dimethyl ether or DME), a non-fluorinated and natural refrigerant, has emerged as a particularly promising candidate for blending with R600. This paper presents an experimental analysis of the RE170/R600 refrigerant mixture as an alternative to R600a. For that purpose, a simple compressor highly equipper test bench was used, in which the mixture was analyzed at a composition range varying from 2.5/97.5%w to 27.5/72.5%w at steps of 2.5%. Results show COP increments up to 19.3% respect R-600a and VCC and that low required DME matches the one obtained by R600a. RE170/R600 has been demonstrated to be a long-term superior efficiency mixture.

An efficient data-driven approach for modeling and optimization of reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine fueled with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers and hydrogen

This paper presents an efficient data-driven approach for optimizing the utilization of PODEn and hydrogen in reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines. A novel high dimensional model representation (HDMR) technique is adopted to construct a highly accurate surrogate model for the RCCI engine based on the dataset generated by a detailed CFD model that has been calibrated against experimental data. The HDMR model is then coupled with Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA III), a multi-objective genetic algorithm, to search for the optimal operating conditions where the RCCI engine fueled by PODEn and H2 achieves the highest combustion performance. Results suggest that the constructed HDMR model is highly accurate, being able to predict the engine performance within milliseconds. The coupled HDMR-NSGA III approach successfully identifies the optimal engine operating condition, which significantly improves the combustion performance and reduces pollutant emissions compared with the base condition.

Effect of TiO2 on Acidity and Dispersion of H3PW12O40 in Bifunctional Cu-ZnO(Al)-H3PW12O40/TiO2 Catalysts for Direct Dimethyl Ether Synthesis

The performance of bifunctional hybrid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW) supported on TiO2 combined with a Cu-ZnO(Al) catalyst in the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas has been investigated. In this work, different types of TiO2 were used as a support to study the effect of changes in the structure of the TiO2 support on the acidity and dispersion of HPW. Various TiO2 supports with different structural and surface characteristics have been studied and the results indicate that: (i) the crystallinity and crystallite size of the primary particles of the HPW units depend on the TiO2 support; (ii) the pore size distribution of the TiO2 support affects the surface segregation of the heteropolyacids; and (iii) changes in the supported HPW acid catalysts do not significantly alter the crystal structure of the CuO and ZnO phases after contact with CZA in bifunctional catalysts. The activity results indicate that the variation in the intrinsic activity of the Cu-ZnOx centers in the bifunctional catalysts for direct DME synthesis is minimal due to the limited alteration of the crystal structure of the centers.

The catalytic performance of γ-Al2O3/red clay as a highly active, selective, and stable catalyst for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether at competitive low reaction temperature

This study aims to a more environment eco-friendly approach for producing dimethyl ether (DME), as an alternative fuel, through the dehydration of methanol. The method involves utilizing Egyptian natural red clay (ERC) that has been modified with various percentages of γ-Al2O3 (ranging from 3 to 30 wt%) as catalysts. The most active catalyst (10 % γ-Al2O3/ERC) was then modified with varying HCl percentages (3–7 wt%). The synthesized catalysts properties were examined by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2-sorption analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface acidity of the catalysts was assessed using two methods: dehydration of isopropyl alcohol and chemisorption of pyridine and 2,6-dimethyl pyridine. The results of the catalytic activity study reflected that the treatment of ERC by HCl and γ-Al2O3 improved its activity toward DME production. Specifically, the 5 % HCl/10 % γ-Al2O3/ERC catalyst displayed outstanding activity, achieving conversion value of 90 % with 100 % selectivity to DME at 200 °C. Furthermore, this catalyst demonstrated long-term stability, as it maintained its performance over one week without deactivation. Acidity, and the textural characteristics were identified as the key factors contributing to the remarkable improvement in catalytic activity.

Evaluation of hydrogen production via steam reforming and partial oxidation of dimethyl ether using response surface methodology and artificial neural network

This study aims to develop two models for thermodynamic data on hydrogen generation from the combined processes of dimethyl ether steam reforming and partial oxidation, applying artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). Three factors are recognized as important determinants for the hydrogen and carbon monoxide mole fractions. The RSM used the quadratic model to formulate two correlations for the outcomes. The ANN modeling used two algorithms, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). The optimum configuration for the MLP, employing the Levenberg–Marquardt (trainlm) algorithm, consisted of three hidden layers with 15, 10, and 5 neurons, respectively. The ideal RBF configuration contained a total of 80 neurons. The optimum configuration of ANN achieved the best mean squared error (MSE) performance of 3.95e−05 for the hydrogen mole fraction and 4.88e−05 for the carbon monoxide mole fraction after nine epochs. Each of the ANN and RSM models produced accurate predictions of the actual data. The prediction performance of the ANN model was 0.9994, which is higher than the RSM model's 0.9771. The optimal condition was obtained at O/C of 0.4, S/C of 2.5, and temperature of 250 °C to achieve the highest H2 production with the lowest CO emission.

Self‐Extinguishing and Low‐Cost Quasi‐Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Room Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractMost modification strategies of polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolyte focus on improving the room temperature ionic conductivity, while disregarding its inherent flammability that poses substantial safety hazard. Herein, a self‐extinguishing quasi‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte (PTTF‐SPE), which combines excellent room temperature electrochemical properties and high safety, has been developed by introducing triethyl phosphate (TEP) as a low‐cost and highly effective flame retardant. The cross‐linking structure derived from −CH2−CH2−O− segments of tetramethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and PEO makes a contribution to a high amorphous state of polymer. A robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed by preferential decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) that acts as a film‐forming additive, which can prevent TEP from degradation at lithium metal anode. The optimized PTTF‐SPE exhibits high ionic conductivity (0.54×10−3 S/cm) and lithium transference number (0.71) at room temperature. The LiFePO4||Li battery demonstrates excellent cycle life over 500 cycles at 0.5 C with a high average discharge capacity of 131 mAh/g. A symmetric Li||Li battery that operating for 850 hours indicates a good compatibility of PTTF‐SPE towards lithium metal. This work provides a new idea for developing high‐energy‐density and high‐safety lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) for room temperature.

Characterizing lean blowout dynamics of DME/air premixed swirl flames in a gas turbine model combustor with and without confinement

This work investigates lean blowout (LBO) dynamics of dimethyl ether (DME)/air premixed swirl flames in a gas turbine model combustor with and without confinement. CH* chemiluminescence imaging and 2 kHz high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging are performed to capture the swirl flame macrostructures. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are used to visualize the flow fields and reaction zones, respectively. Compared to the unconfined flame, the addition of confinement results in the appearance of an outer recirculation zone (ORZ), variation in flame topology, enhanced overall heat release (HR) rate, increased turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and extended LBO limits. Far from LBO, all flames are stabilized in the shear layer. Approaching LBO, the confinement enhances the flow vortex structures along the shear layers, which is associated with extinction at the flame base and shear layer. However, the unconfined flame is still stabilized in the shear layer due to the weaker flow vortex structures. Different extinction mechanisms during the LBO process are also discussed between the unconfined and confined flames. The unconfined flame suddenly leaves the inner shear layer (ISL) and recedes to the inner recirculation zone (IRZ) within about 100 ms before LBO. Abundant CH2O is transported into IRZ mainly by recirculation, which reduces the HR region area and give rise to LBO. For the confined flame, more and more cold reactants gather near the base plate and then are gradually brought into IRZ by ISL vortices, which makes the flame lift from the base plate and decrease the HR region area until LBO happens.

Operando Raman Gradient Analysis for Temperature-Dependent Electrolyte Characterization.

Transport and thermodynamic properties are integral parameters to understand, model, and optimize state-of-the-art and next-generation battery electrolytes. The accurate measurement of these properties is experimentally challenging as well as time- and resource-intensive, and consequently, reports are scarce. Their dependence on temperature is explored even less and is commonly limited to a few temperature points. Recently, we introduced an operando Raman gradient analysis (ORGA) tool to extract transport and thermodynamic properties. Here, we expand the capabilities of ORGA by incorporating a temperature-sensitive external reference into the design. With this enhancement, we are able to visualize the local concentration of any Raman-active species in the electrolyte and detect lithium filament nucleation. We demonstrate and validate this new functionality of ORGA via an examination of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G4) as a function of temperature. All transport properties and activation energies are reported, and the effect of temperature is discussed.

The effect of natural waste filter on dimethyl ether production from low calorific coal gasification

In Indonesia, rapid population growth has increased energy demand, especially in the transportation and power generation sectors. The Indonesian government has been active in promoting the use of renewable energy, but the transition from fossil energy is still faced with various challenges, including limited technology and adequate infrastructure. Apart from that, Indonesia's large potential in coal is the main factor slowing down this energy transition. One promising alternative is to convert coal into Dimethyl Ether (DME) through the gasification process, which is a thermochemical process for converting solid fuel into gas, producing syngas containing H2, CO, and CH4. Synthesis purification is essential to produce high-purity DME. This process involves the use of filter materials such as zeolite and rice husk charcoal to remove contaminants such as sulfur. Zeolite, with its chemical absorption properties and regular pore structure, is effective in absorbing H2S from syngas. Meanwhile, rice husk charcoal, which is an agricultural waste rich in silica and has a porous structure, has shown potential as an absorbent material to reduce H2S content in gas. In research on the use of various filter material compositions in the up-draft type coal gasification process with CuO–ZnO–Al2O3 and ZSM-5 catalysts, it was found that a 3:7 ratio for zeolite and rice husk charcoal provided optimal performance. This ratio not only increases CH4 and CO levels in syngas, but is also effective in reducing H2S content. The research results showed that the highest DME production reached 90.10% at a ratio of 3:7, while at a ratio of 2:8 and 5:5, production was 81.61% and 73.64% respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of using diverse filter materials in improving syngas quality and DME synthesis efficiency, strengthening steps to accelerate the energy transition towards more sustainable solutions in Indonesia.

Synthesis of Hydrocarbons over a Bifunctional Oxide/Zeolite catalyst – A Study on Intermediates

The direct conversion of syngas into hydrocarbons, catalyzed by a combination of metal oxide and acidic zeolite, has garnered increasing attention in the scientific community. The remarkable hydrocarbon selectivity achieved in the OX‐ZEO process is a key factor in this growing interest. This process involves two distinct steps: CO activation over the oxide and subsequent C‐C coupling within the zeolite pores, connected by an unidentified oxygenate intermediate. In this study, we explored three proposed oxygenates as potential intermediates and compared their conversion within the OX‐ZEO process. Using a bifunctional ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst in a syngas‐fed batch reactor, we found that methanol (MeOH) and dimethyl ether (DME) produced a hydrocarbon distribution similar to syngas conversion. However, the conversion of acetic acid (AcOH) resulted in a notably distinct range of hydrocarbons, including short olefins not detected with other reagents. Our findings suggest that methanol/DME might serve as active intermediates in the OX‐ZEO process over the ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst. This study provides a deeper insight into the transformation of proposed intermediates, contributing to the identification of the bridging intermediate that links the two catalytic functions.

Investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blend fuels with exhaust gas recirculation and double injection strategy

As a kind of renewable and high oxygen content fuel, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) can be added in diesel to realize energy saving and emissions reduction. To evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and diesel/PODE mixtures, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and main-pilot injection strategies with various injection timings were applied. PODE was blended with diesel by volume to form mixtures which were marked as D100 (pure diesel), D90P10 (90% diesel + 10% PODE), and D80P20 (80% diesel + 20% PODE). The results showed that the ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) of D80P20 were the shortest because of the highest cetane number (CN) and high oxygen content of PODE, indicating more concentrated heat release. At low and medium loads, D80P20 achieved the highest peak heat release ratio (PHRR) and peak combustion temperature (PCT) among the three fuels, and it was 14.3% and 3.6% higher than those of D100. PODE blending with diesel can significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) and D80P20 has the lowest PM emissions at all loads. Compared with D100, both PM and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of PODE blends decreased simultaneously with 20% EGR at all loads. With the increase of pilot-main interval, the ID and CD of all test fuels increased, while the NOx and PM emissions decreased. The conclusions of the present research provide a state of the application in light-duty engines fueled with diesel/PODE blends in future work.

Improving Net Energy Efficiency of Dimethyl Ether Production Process by Methanol Dehydration

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a source of fuel that produces clean energy for the future. Methanol can be used as a raw material for the manufacture of DME as a natural gas that is treated for synthesis. This paper evaluates how to improve net energy efficiency in DME production and how to review the net energy efficiency calculations in DME production. Methods used for production of DME are methanol dehydration, thermodynamics examination, also improving the net energy efficiency of DME with the addition of the heat exchanger (E-100), the addition of a heater (E-104) before entering a column (T-102), and moved the mixer position before the heater (E-100). By modifying the addition of a heat exchanger (E-100), heater (E-104), and changing the position of the mixer in DME production, it has been proven that it can reduce energy requirements in the dimethyl ether synthesis process from methanol and increase net energy efficiency by up to 98.83%. The results of the case study indicate that the addition heat exchanger (E-100) able to reduce the heater load after the creation process and remove the cooler (E-101) that existed before creation, then the addition of the heater (E-104) serves to reduce the load of Qcond2 and Qreb2 on columns (T-102), also the position of the mixer for the methanol recycling flow is moved before the heater (E-100) is intended to remove the heaters (E-103). Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Reducing Energy Consumption in the Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether (DME) from Methanol Dehydration by Modifying Heat Transfer Unit Using Aspen HYSYS

In the pursuit of a transport sector free from fossil fuels, the incorporation of Dimethyl ether (DME) emerges as a commendable ecological substitute. The DME is a synthetically produced serves as a viable alternative to conventional fuels such as diesel and liquified petroleum gas (LPG). The Dimethyl Ether (DME) production is carried out by catalytic dehydration of methanol over an acidic zeolite-based catalyst. The technological process for the DME synthesis was simulated using Aspen HYSYS based on the combined operating parameters of the reaction dynamic model for the methanol dehydration reaction. This paper attempts to evaluate a modification in dehydration of methanol process to reducing energy consumption by modifying heat transfer unit. The heater and cooler heat transfer units were converted into heat exchangers (HE) by utilizing the output of the process that can be used for other processes so that energy consumption is reduced. The temperature of reaction and the heat transfer unit are modified to reduce energy consumption from 11.850 MMBtu/h to 7.6291 MMBtu/h by changing one heater and one cooler with two heat exchangers. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Thermodynamic Analysis of Modelled and Simulated Heat Pump Drying System Using Azeotropic Mixture of Organic Working Fluids

It is well-known that the choice of working fluid significantly impacts the performance, cost estimation, and environmental effect of a heat pump. In this study, the performance of pure working fluids (dimethyl ether and ethanol) was compared with that of azeotropic mixture working fluids used in vapor compression heat pumps. The study also examined the effect of compression ratio and different compressor models on the performance of a vapor compression heat pump for heating processes and drying tomato slices at an air temperature of 40 °C and an air flow rate of 200 kg/hr. Using ethanol as the working fluid at evaporating and condensing temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C, respectively, the specific moisture extraction rate was 0.2112 kg/kWh, and the Carnot coefficient of performance was 57.60. The study demonstrated a COP improvement of more than 15% for azeotropic mixtures compared to a pure working fluid. The maximum overall energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, achieved with Mixture II, were 5.68% and 27.32%, respectively. As suction pressure increased while maintaining constant discharge pressure, the compression ratio and work done by the compressor decreased, while the system's overall energy efficiency, and overall exergy efficiency improved under the given conditions.

The influence of molecular structure on the oxidation reactivity of long-chain ethers: Experimental observation and theoretical analysis

Long-chain ethers have been proposed as promising biofuels for advanced combustion methods, yet their low-temperature oxidation (LTO) characteristics remain poorly understood. In this study, the LTO reactivities of n-heptane and five long-chain ethers with different structures, including dibutyl ether (DBE), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGM), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1,2-DME), and dipropyleneglycol dimethyl ether (DPGDE) are investigated using a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine, which is closer to the actual internal combustion engine operating environment. Products formed from LTO of ethers and n-heptane are investigated over a wide range of compress ratios (CRs), and their relationship to the global oxidation reactivity is suggested based on the quantum chemistry calculation. The presence of oxygen atoms in long-chain ethers significantly enhances oxidation reactivity, with the global oxidation reactivity ranking as follows: DGM > DPGDE > 1,2-DME > DBE > PODE > n-heptane. The key intermediate species generated during the LTO of n-heptane include aldehydes, ketones, and cyclic ethers, while oxygen atoms in ethers facilitate the formation of acids. The species pathway analysis and quantum chemistry calculations reveal that (1,5) and (1,6) H-transfers of alkylperoxy radical (ROȮ) are critical chain-propagation channels, playing pivotal roles in the LTO process. The impact of oxygen on oxidation reactivity can be attributed to two primary factors: accelerating the H-abstraction of ȮH and H-transfer of ROȮ by weakening the neighboring C-H bonds, and enhancing the branching ratio of H-transfer of ROȮ. The arrangement of two oxygen atoms between every two carbon atoms (–OCH2CH2O–) is optimal for oxidation reactivity, while the arrangement of oxygen and carbon (–OCH2OCH2–) weakens the oxidation activity due to fewer available hydrogens for H-transfer. The methyl group in branching-chain, exhibit reduced oxidation reactivity due to the strength of C-H bonds. Additionally, for ethers with the same structure, a longer carbon chain allows for more available hydrogens, resulting in stronger oxidation reactivity.

A Novel Phase Change Absorbent for CO2 Capture with Low Viscosity and Effective Absorption–Desorption Properties

Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can lead to environmental problems, and the use of phase change absorbents for CO2 capture has received much attention due to their excellent absorption and desorption properties. Herein, a novel liquid–liquid phase change absorbent consisting of N‐aminoethylpiperazine (AEP), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), and H2O is utilized. Under the optimal absorption conditions, the absorption capacity is 1.23 mol CO2·mol−1 amine. The rich‐phase viscosity of the AEP/DEGDME/H2O solution is only 6.2 mPa s−1, and the rich phase‐to‐volume ratio is 52.7%, which is suitable for industrial applications. After five cycles of absorption–desorption experiments, the cyclic capacity reaches 0.62 mol CO2·mol−1 amine. However, it should be noted that this leads to an increase in the viscosity of the solution with time. The 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance characterization is used to analyze the material distribution and phase separation mechanism, and it is found that during the absorption process, the carbamate and carbonate products generated by the reaction of the amino group in the AEP with CO2 are mainly located in the rich phase, while the DEGDME and H2O mainly remain in the lean phase. In the desorption process, most of the absorbed products are decomposed, and the regeneration efficiency is 66.8%. Through the regeneration energy consumption experiment, when the regeneration efficiency is 56%–67%, the total regeneration energy consumption is 2.71–2.89 GJ t−1 CO2, which is 0.91–1.09 GJ t−1 CO2 lower than that of the regeneration efficiency of 30 wt% MEA solution at 63%, which indicates that this absorbent has certain energy‐saving advantages.

Effect of Hybrid Fuels of Aqueous Ammonia, Dimethyl Ether, Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel on Thermal Performance of Diesel Engine

Effect of Hybrid Fuels of Aqueous Ammonia, Dimethyl Ether, Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel on Thermal Performance of Diesel Engine