Poly Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Research Articles

Extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel using diamine-terminated polyethylene glycol as a very low vapour pressure and green molecular solvent.

Removal of sulfur compounds from liquid fuel is one of the important issues in the field of energy and environment. Among the available methods, extractive desulfurization (EDS) is of great interest due to its convenient operating conditions. In this study, EDS performance of 4,7,10-trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine (TTD), a very low vapour pressure diamine-terminated oligomeric polyethylene glycol (PEG), was studied. Effect of the influencing factors, as well as multiple extraction, mutual solubility, reusability and regeneration of TTD were investigated. Results showed that the TTD/fuel volume ratio of 0.5 could extract benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and dimethyl dibenzothiophene with the efficiencies 67%, 74% and 53%, respectively, in less than 1 min at ambient temperature. The distribution coefficient (KN) value for removal of dibenzothiophene by TTD was 3.66 higher than that of PEG, and it is similar to KN values (approx. 4) for polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (as a modified PEG) and Lewis acid-containing ionic liquids. It was observed that spent TTD after five cycles could be regenerated using the back-extraction method. Also, deep EDS was achievable after three times extraction using fresh TTD. Finally, the extraction mechanism was studied using 1H-NMR. These observations, as well as very low vapour pressure and insignificant dependency of TTD on the initial S-concentration of fuel and temperature, make this extractant to be introduced as a valuable option for green and effective EDS.

Synthesis of gel polymer electrolyte with PEO/RbI/I2 for DSSC applications

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are prepared by PEO blended with rubidium iodide (RbI)/I2 for DSSC applications. GPEs are optimized by adding of acetamide at different weight % (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%) in poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME). The power conversion efficiency of Cell-B (B-0 PPRI) exhibits best performance with η = 5.03%, Jsc = 11.35 mA/cm2, Voc = 0.79 V, and Fill Factor (FF) = 0.55. This indicates that the GPE with PEO/PEGDME/0% acetamide is containing better potentiality than the other electrolytes and is reflected in the improved DSSC performance. The Voc increases from 0.79 V to 0.84 V because of the reduction of the charge recombination process on the interface of TiO2/dye/electrolyte. The lowest photocurrent conversion efficiency of 3.44% is attributed to E-20 PPARI. This is due to the poor soluble of RbI in the polymer matrix and the unfavorable interaction between RbI and acetamide. So that the influence of acetamide on the gel polymer electrolyte very less, which reflect on the photovoltaic efficiency of DSSCs. The GPE with 0% of acetamide (B-0 PPRI) exhibits high ionic conductivity of 8.85 × 10−4 s/cm. The Nyquist plot shows that the charge transfer rate control the impedance for gel polymer electrolytes. For B-0 PPRI, the series resistance (RS) is of 42.37 Ω small compared to other electrolytes, which is reflected in its open circuit voltage and efficiency. The simulated charge transfer resistances RCT1 and RCT2 of B-0 PPRI (0 wt% acetamide) are 115.1 Ω and 425.1 Ω respectively. The electron lifetime is more for B-0 PPRI which is τ = 4.88 ms from Bode phase plots.

Release of human growth hormone from an in-situ implant modulated by poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane

A patient-friendly delivery system to release human growth hormone (hGH) is very desirable. In situ forming implant systems (ISIs) can provide a long acting and effective protein delivery. In these systems, solvents and additives play major roles in drug release. In this study, four groups of PLGA-based ISIs containing hGH were prepared in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEG-DME) as solvents with and without tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) as stabilizer. Several analyses were used to investigate the implants, which include release profile, viscosity, contact angle, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hGH and IGF-1 serum measurements and histopathology. In in vitro release experiments, the hGH cumulative release from PEG-DME system was twice that from NMP system during 14 days, and hGH release was tripled in the presence of Tris. With the addition of Tris to the ISIs containing PEG-DME, the water penetration, interconnectivity of pores and inner channels, surface pores and hydrophilicity were increased. Moreover, the effect of Tris on the hGH stabilization synergized its positive effects and increased the hGH final cumulative release. Results of the ISIs containing PEG-DME and Tris injection in rabbits demonstrated a reduced tissue inflammation. Moreover, the 14-days serum levels of the hGH and IGF-1 of this system in recipient rabbits were comparable to those of the commercial daily injection samples.

Design of Thermoresponsive Polyamine Cross-Linked Perfluoropolyether Hydrogels for Imaging and Delivery Applications

Perfluorocarbons are versatile compounds with applications in 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chemical conjugation to drugs and pH sensors. We present a novel thermoresponsive perfluorocarbon emulsion hydrogel that can be detected by 19F MRI. The developed hydrogel contains perfluoro(polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether) (PFPE) emulsion droplets that are stabilized through ionic cross-linking with polyethylenimine (PEI). Specifically, PFPE ester undergoes hydrolysis upon contact with aqueous PEI solution, resulting in an ionic bond between the PFPE acid and charged PEI amino groups. Due to the ionic nature of the PFPE/PEI bond, potassium buffer is required to preserve the hydrogel's pH and rheological and emulsion droplet stability. The presence of the surface cross-linked PFPE droplets does not affect the hydrogel's rheological behavior, drug loading, or drug release, and the hydrogel is nontoxic. We propose that the presented hydrogel can be adapted to a broad range of biomedical imaging and delivery applications.

Oxidation of aromatic sulfides with molecular oxygen: Controllable synthesis of sulfoxides or sulfones

The recent development of selective oxidation of aromatic sulfides with molecular oxygen was highlighted. The sulfoxides and sulfones could be obtained by simply switching the reaction media, i.e., bis(2-butoxyethyl)ether (BBE) or poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME). The application of the high-boiling-point polyether as an initiator and green media can eliminate the need of large quantities of additives and volatile solvents. This strategy represents an economic and eco-friendly method that could find potential applications.

Thermodynamic and transport investigation of aqueous solutions containing choline L-histidinate and some water soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol di methyl ether, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol: Evaluation of solute-solvent interactions and phase forming ability

Considering to the importance of choline amino acid ionic liquids, [Ch][AA]-ILs, as green biocompatible and biodegradable solvents utilized for separation of proteins through inducing aqueous biphasic systems in the presence of some water soluble polymers, it is vital to elucidate the solute-solute and solute-solvents interactions in water media which may be responsible for phase separation. In this respect, density, sound speed and viscosity of choline L-histidine, [Ch][L-His], in water and aqueous solutions of three polymers containing polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether 250, PEGDME250, polypropylene glycol 400, PPG400, and polyethylene glycol 400, PEG400, have been measured experimentally at T = (288.15 to 318.15) K and 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure, respectively. The obtained data from these measurements were employed for computing the limiting values for apparent molar volume (Vφ0), molar isentropic compressibility (κφ0), transfer molar volume (ΔtransVφ0) and isentropic compressibility (Δtransκφ0) for transferring [Ch][L-His] from water to aqueous polymer solutions, viscosity B-coefficient, transfer viscosity B-coefficient (ΔtransB), free energies of activation per mole of solvent (Δμ10≠) and solute (Δμ20≠). These quantities provide some useful information about [Ch][L-His]-polymer and [Ch][L-His]-water interactions, soluting-out ability of IL and capability of above ternary solutions for separation into two-phases. The results showed that the ΔtransVφ0 values for PPG and PEGDME are negative which indicates that IL-water interactions become stronger in the presence of these polymers. But, in the case of PEG, a positive value of ΔtransVφ0 shows that the IL-water interactions are weaker in the presence of this polymer.

Dioxolanone-Anchored Poly(allyl ether)-Based Cross-Linked Dual-Salt Polymer Electrolytes for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries.

Novel cross-linked polymer electrolytes (XPEs) are synthesized by free-radical copolymerization induced by ultraviolet (UV)-light irradiation of a reactive solution, which is composed of a difunctional poly(ethylene glycol) diallyl ether oligomer (PEGDAE), a monofunctional reactive diluent 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (VEC), and a stock solution containing lithium salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, LiTFSI) in a carbonate-free nonvolatile plasticizer, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME). The resulting polymer matrix can be represented as a linear polyethylene chain functionalized with cyclic carbonate (dioxolanone) moieties and cross-linked by ethylene oxide units. A series of XPEs are prepared by varying the [O]/[Li] ratio (24 to 3) of the stock solution and thoroughly characterized using physicochemical (thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, NMR, etc.) and electrochemical techniques. In addition, quantum chemical calculations are performed to elucidate the correlation between the electrochemical oxidation potential and the lithium ion-ethylene oxide coordination in the stock solution. Later, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salt is incorporated into the electrolyte system to produce a dual-salt XPE that exhibits improved electrochemical performance, a stable interface against lithium metal, and enhanced physical and chemical characteristics to be employed against high-voltage cathodes. The XPE membranes demonstrated excellent resistance against lithium dendrite growth even after reversibly plating and stripping lithium ions for more than 1000 h with a total capacity of 0.5 mAh cm-2. Finally, the XPE films are assembled in a lab-scale lithium metal battery configuration by using carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) or LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) as a cathode and galvanostatically cycled at 20, 40, and 60 °C. Remarkably, at 20 °C, the NCA-based lithium metal cells displayed excellent cycling stability and good capacity retention (>50%) even after 1000 cycles.

The role of ionic association of choline amino acid ionic liquids on the two-phase formation and extraction of bovine serum albumin in ATPSs containing PEGDME250 and choline histidine or choline arginine at different temperatures

The choline amino acid ionic liquids, [Ch][AA]-ILs, as atoxic task-specific solvents are used for inducing an aqueous two-phase systems, ATPSs, in the presence of polymers such as polyethylene glycol di-methyl ether 250, PEGDME250. In these ILs, depending on anions structure the varied and strong interactions are existed between choline cation, [Ch]+, and amino acid anions, [AA], leading to an increase of ion association. These interactions affect ILs hydration behavior and therefore the studying of these ionic associations in some detail are useful in regard to phase formation ability. In this respect, binodal curve locations and tie-lines for ATPSs composed of PEGDME250 and choline histidine or choline arginine have been determined at three temperatures (298.15–318.15) K under atmospheric pressure (≈85 kPa) and followed by searching the effects of structure and ionic association of ILs together with temperatures on the phase diagram. The ionic association constants of the above ILs together with the previously studied ILs were calculated from ionic conductivity measurements made on the these binary aqueous IL solutions at T = (288.15–318.15) K using low concentration Chemical Model method. For correlation of equilibrium data the Othmar-Tobias, Bancraft and Setschenow equations along with osmotic virial and NRTL (e-or m-NRTL) models were utilized. Finally, influences of ionic association of ILs and temperature were investigated on the separation of bovine serum albumin. The results show that phase forming ability of different [Ch][AA]-ILs is increased by decreasing of Ka values which is parallel with decreasing of amino acid hydrophobicity.

Poly(ethylene oxide)-based composite solid polymer electrolyte containing Li7La3Zr2O12 and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether

We have synthesized a self-standing, flexible, highly ion conductive, and electrochemically stable composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) composed of a poly(ethylene oxide) matrix, Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic filler, and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) plasticizer for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The CSPE containing 10 wt% PEGDME (CSPE10) shows the highest ionic conductivity of 4.7 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 60 °C. Additionally, all the CSPEs are stable up to 5.0 V vs. Li/Li+, and CSPE10 shows a high Li-ion transference number of 0.48 at 60 °C. When Li/CSPE/Li symmetric cells are cyclically polarized, the cell with CSPE10 shows the smallest overpotential because of the high ionic conductivity of CSPE10 and the low interfacial resistance between Li and CSPE10. The all-solid-state full cell with the Li/CSPE10/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 configuration delivers an initial discharge capacity of 157 mA h g-1 at 0.1C at 60 °C. Even after 100 cycles at a higher C-rate of 0.5C, the full cell maintains high discharge capacity of 116 mA h g-1 corresponding to a capacity retention of ~86%. The full cell with a high LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 mass loading of 7.7 mg cm-2 shows an initial discharge capacity of ~160 mA h g-1 and maintains high discharge capacity of 140 mA h g-1 even after 60 cycles.

Process design of thermal stripper for desorption of dissolved H2S from physical solvent Di-Methyl-Ether of poly-Ethylene-Glycol

Acid gas removal from syngas is an important process step upstream of its further processing for combustion or further processing of syngas. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant or chemical production (such as urea or petrochemicals, etc.). The process of absorbing the H2S in Di-Methyl-Ether of poly-Ethylene-Glycol (DMEPEG) solvent and the process of enriching the DMEPEG solvent with dissolved H2S has been described in literature (including the publications by the Author). This publication describe the process of stripping out the dissolved H2S from the DMEPEG solvent using a thermal stripper designed using the rate based mass transfer simulations carried out using ProTreat software.Basic process design and equipment size is described in this publication. 20 MW heat input is needed to strip out 19.13 kmol/s H2S from the 1.136 kmol/s DMEPEG solvent thus resulting in overall heat consumption of 30.7 GJ/Ton H2S capture.Limitations of this process design are also described. Various options of packed tower configuration have been suggested for tower internals resulting in similar performance.

Process design of CO2 desorption from physical solvent di-methyl-ether of poly-ethylene-glycol

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a promising technology for effective control of green-house gas emission through CO2 capture pre-combustion process. This article describes the relative advantage of a novel energy efficient process configuration for desorption and compression of CO2 (previously absorbed by physical solvent Di-Methyl-Ether of poly-Ethylene-Glycol (DMEPEG)). DMEPEG is a blend of several polymeric chain length (n = 3 to 9) of CH3-O-[C2H4O]n-CH3 which is a polar organic liquid solvent.Desorption of dissolved CO2 from solvent at highest possible pressure is helpful to minimize the power consumption for subsequent compression of CO2. This article quantifies the effect of heating the DMEPEG solvent to 120 °C for CO2 desorption (compared to CO2 desorption at 35 °C) on the regeneration (desorption) of CO2 at various pressure stages.CO2 desorption performance of DMEPEG solvent is assessed using ProTreat® simulation software. Depressurization of 4.455 kmol/s DMEPEG solvent (with dissolved gas) beginning at 120 °C results in desorption of 2.077 kmol/s CO2 capture (91.4 kg/s) out of initially dissolved 2.194 kmol/s CO2 (94.66%). Solvent heating upto 120 °C (instead of 35 °C) can compress the 97.1 kg/s CO2 from 3 barA to 34.7 barA consuming 6 MW (instead of 8.15 MW) power for CO2 compression, thus resulting in 15% saving for CO2 compression upto 120 barA consuming 14.1 MW power consumption.

Evaluation of solute-solvent interaction and phase separation for aqueous polymers solutions containing choline chloride/D-sucrose natural deep eutectic solvent through vapor-liquid equilibria, volumetric and acoustic studies

In polymer-based aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs), the understanding the role of different types of polymers in phase separation is important in the selection of a suitable ABS used for separation of biomaterials. For this purpose, in this work, a systematic investigation of ternary aqueous solutions containing one deep eutectic solvent (NADES) obtained from mixtures of choline chloride as HBA and D-sucrose as HBD, and different water soluble polymers polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG400), and polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether 250 (PEGDME250) at a molar ratio of 1:1 was made by the volumetric, ultrasonic, and vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) studies at T = 298.15 K. The obtained water iso-activity lines showed that the system containing PPG400 and NADES has negative deviation from the semi-ideal solution and therefore solute-solvent interactions are unfavorable suggesting the occurrence of phase separation in this system. But in the case of PEG400 and PEGDME250 these deviations are positive and there are favorable interactions between the polymers and NADES which means that phase separation in these systems is unlikely. The obtained values from the density and acoustic studies were used for calculating the limiting values for apparent molar volume Vφ0, apparent molar isentropic compressibility kφ0, the transfer molar volume ΔtrVφ0, and also isentropic compressibility Δtrkφ0 of polymers from water to aqueous NADES solutions. These results are consistent with the results of water activity measurements in regard to the solute-solvent interactions and phase separation in the studied ternary systems.

From Monomers to a Lasagna-like Aerogel Monolith: An Assembling Strategy for Aramid Nanofibers.

The manipulation of nanobuilding blocks into a 3D macroscopic monolith with ordered hierarchical structures has been much desired for broad and large-scale practical applications of nanoarchitectures. In this paper, we demonstrate a fully bottom-up strategy for the preparation of aramid aerogel monoliths. The process starts from the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) through the polycondensation of p-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride, with the assistance of a nonreactive dispersing agent (polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether), which helps the dispersal of the as-synthesized PPTA in an aqueous medium for the formation of p-aramid nanofibers (ANF). Then the vacuum-assisted self-assembly (Vas) technique is skillfully connected with the ice-templated directional solidification (I) technique, and the combined VasI method successfully tailors the self-assembly of ANF to transform the 1D nanofibers into a 3D aerogel monolith with a specific long-range aligned, lasagna-like, multilaminated internal structure. The study of the aerogel microstructure revealed the dependence of the lamina orientation on the direction of the freezing front of ice crystals. This direction should be parallel to the deposition plane of the Vas process if a long-range aligned lamellar structure is desired. The anisotropy of the multilaminated aerogel was proven by the different results in the radial and axial directions in the compression and thermal conductivity tests. As a kind of organic aerogel, the ANF monolith has typical low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity. Additionally, the ANF monolith exhibits high compressive stress and excellent thermal stability. Considering its high performance and facile preparation process, potential applications of the ANF aerogel monolith can be expected.

Dielectric relaxation and hydrogen bonding interaction of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether in water mixture

ABSTRACT The complex permittivity spectra of binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol dimethylether [PEGDME: Molecular Weight 250 g.mol−1 & 500 g.mol−1] with water over entire concentrations and at different temperatures (5ºC, 15ºC and 25ºC) have been measured using time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique in the frequency range of 10–30 GHz. The complex permittivity spectra were fitted in Cole–Davidson model using non-linear least square fit method. The dielectric parameters, such as static dielectric constant and relaxation time, have been determined for PEGDME250+ water and PEGDME500+ water mixtures. The hydrogen bonding interactions for the PEGDME250- water & PEGDME500- water mixtures have been discussed through the determination of excess permittivity, Bruggemann factor and thermodynamic parameters.

SO2 Solubility in Low Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether and Correlation using Cubic Equation of State

The solubility of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was measured in polyethelene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) by use of a static type apparatus in the pressure range from 15.2 to 231.2 kPa at 308.18 K. The stated average molecular weight of PEGDME was Mw = 240 g·mol−1 and the molecular structure of the repeating unit is similar to that of dimethyl ether (DME). The bubble point pressure showed a negative deviation from Raoult law. The behavior was expected from consideration of the vapor–liquid equilibrium data of DME + SO2, reported by Noles and Zollweg (Fluid Phase Equilib 66:275–289, 1991). The ‘bridge-like structure’ will be microscopically formed between the DME unit and SO2, because the two unshared electron pairs of the oxygen atom in DME unit act as an electron donner for some molecules. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate the experimental data. Two types of mixing rules were employed. One was a conventional model, and the other was of the excess Gibbs energy type. The latter, Wong–Sandler model combined with Flory–Huggins equation, showed a good reproducibility for the experimental data.

Evaluation of Solute–Solvent Interactions in Aqueous Solutions Containing Cholinium Aminoate Ionic Liquids and Polyethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether as a Nontoxic Solvent: Thermodynamic and Transport Studies

The goal of this work is to study thermodynamic and transport properties of cholinium aminoate ionic liquids ([Ch][AA]-ILs) including cholinium glycinate, cholinium valinate, and cholinium prolinat...

Hybrid physical-chemical absorption process for carbon capture with strategy of high-pressure absorption/medium-pressure desorption

Based on the conception of controlling the total energy consumption of CO2 capture process, this work proposed a hybrid physical-chemical absorption process, combined the traditional methods of physical absorption and chemical absorption, and adopted the strategy of high-pressure absorption/medium-pressure desorption, in order to achieve the reduction of total energy consumption of CO2 capture technology. The proposed process consisted of three main steps: physical absorption and desorption, chemical absorption and desorption, and compression with intercooling. Commercially used dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol and methyl diethanolamine were selected as the physical absorbent and chemical absorbent, respectively. The process scheme was constructed and simulated for capturing CO2 from industrial high-pressure and CO2-rich gas to liquid CO2 product under pressure of 15 MPa. The total energy consumption was 0.1810 MWh·t−1 CO2, which was markedly lower than that of the traditional methods. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of the key system parameters, including the desorption pressure and the allocation of the capture rate between the physical absorption and chemical absorption, on the performance of the hybrid physical-chemical absorption process. Additionally, the mechanism of energy conservation of hybrid physical-chemical absorption process was further elaborated in a strategy of high-pressure absorption/medium-pressure desorption.

Thermodynamic and transport properties of aqueous solutions containing cholinium l-alaninate and polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether 250: Evaluation of solute-solvent interactions and phase separation

Cholinium amino acids ([Ch][AA]) are novel, low toxic and biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) which utilized widely in biotechnological processes. Since, the most of these processes were done in an aqueous media, it is vital to achieve better understanding of the interactions between ILs with other species in this media. In this respect, this work is focused on the investigation of physicochemical properties of the cholinium l-alaninate ([Ch][l-Ala]) in water and in the presence of polyethylene glycol di-methyl ether 250 (PEGDME250) with different mass fractions 0.025–0.125 at T = (288.15–318.15) K under atmospheric pressure (≈85 kPa). Density (ρ), speed of sound (u), viscosity (η), and refractive index of the studied aqueous solutions were experimentally measured. The obtained values from the density and acoustic studies were used for calculating the limiting values for apparent molar volume (Vφ0), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (κφ0), and also the transfer molar volume (ΔtranVφ0) and isentropic compressibility (Δtranκφ0) of [Ch][l-Ala] from water to aqueous PEGDME250 solutions. Also, viscosity A and B-coefficients were obtained from intercept and slope of the linear plot of viscosity data versus IL molarity. Moreover, the hydration number (nH) was computed from the isentropic compressibility and viscosity data. Finally, the solute-solvent interactions in the investigated solutions were evaluated on the basis of changing the above thermodynamic properties from aqueous binary to ternary solutions consist of the [Ch][l-Ala] and PEGDME250. The results indicated that the IL-water interactions become stronger in the presence of PEGDME250 compared to pure water; and in above a critical concentration this ternary solution can be separated into two-phases.

Cross-linked polymer electrolyte and its application to lithium polymer battery

Cross-linked solid polymer electrolytes (cross-linked SPEs) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ethers (PEGDMEs) with various molecular weights and high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), Acryl-HBP having various ethylene oxide (EO) units (3EO (n = 3), 4EO (n = 4), 6EO (n = 6), 11EO (n = 11)), and LiN(SO2CF3)2 salt were prepared by using radical initiator and electron beam (EB) irradiation. The effects of molecular weights of PEGDMEs and PEO, EO units in the Acryl-HBP, crosslinking methods, and EB irradiation intensity on the ionic conductivity and mechanical property for the cross-linked SPEs were investigated. Ionic conductivities of the cross-linked SPEs composed of Acryl-HBP having 4EO (n = 4) units and PEGDME with molecular weight of 500 were found to be 1.24 × 10−4 S/cm at 20 °C and 1.97 × 10−3 S/cm at 80 °C for benzoyl peroxide radical initiator and to be 2.44 × 10−4 S/cm at 20 °C and 3.22 × 10−3 S/cm at 80 °C for EB irradiation, respectively. Further addition of a copolymer (EO-AGE) of ethylene oxide with allyl glycidyl ether improved mechanical properties of the cross-linked SPE, and provided mechanical strength suitable for practical lithium battery application. The Li4Ti5O12/cross-linked SPE/LiFePO4–C cell was assembled by using the cross-linked SPE modified with EO-AGE, and the battery performance was evaluated. The battery showed reversible charge-discharge capacity of 42 mAh at 25 °C and C/10 rate.

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium, Volumetric, and Compressibility Properties of 1-Propanol + Poly(ethylene glycol) Dimethyl Ether 250 and 500 Binary Mixtures

In this work, some of the thermodynamic properties of binary {1-propanol + poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME)} mixtures were studied. The activity of 1-propanol was determined in (1-propanol + PEGDME) systems with polymer molar masses of 250 and 500 g·mol–1 by the use of isopiestic method at 298.15 K. The effect of the polymer molar mass on the solvent activity and also vapor pressure depression was discussed. More vapor pressure lowering is obtained when we use PEGDME with a molar mass of 500 g·mol–1. The obtained solvent activity data were correlated with the Flory–Huggins, modified Flory–Huggins, nonrandom two liquid (NRTL), nonrandom factor (NRF)-NRTL, Wilson and NRF-Wilson models. The interaction parameter obtained from the Flory–Huggins model for PEGDME500 is less than that for the PEGDME250, indicating that the solvent activity has been reduced by increasing the molar mass of polymer. This result leads to an increase in the interaction between the solvent and the polymer by increasing th...