Dimensions Of Virtue Research Articles

How to evaluate company directors at state owned enterprises? A framework of virtue and competence based on the Chinese experience

PurposeThis paper proposes a framework for director evaluation in the context of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), taking into account the influences of traditional and modern Chinese ideologies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the Delphi method, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with Chinese SOE directors.FindingsThe framework used has been validated by examining seven dimensions of virtue and four dimensions of competence functions in Chinese SOEs. Effective and representative characteristics of each dimension are identified through interviews.Originality/valueFirst, through this research, indicators of virtue have been materialized and those of competence have been specified in a broader range. Second, this research provides advice for training of candidate directors whose experience were in private firms before they step in as SOE directors.

Virtue and the Normativity of Law

This paper examines the normativity of law, that is, law’s capacity to guide behavior by generating reasons for action, from the perspective of virtue jurisprudence. It articulates a virtue-based model of law’s normativity according to which the law generates first order reasons for action (that is, loyalty-reasons) that need to be factored in citizens’ and legal officials’ practical reasoning, which consists, primarily, in the search for the best specification of the values involved in light of an account of the good life and the role that the law plays wherein. The outcome of this piece of practical reasoning is a judgment about what ought to be done, the rightness of which depends, on the proposed model, on whether it is a judgment that a virtuous person would characteristically do in the circumstances. This model, it is argued, has distinctive features that set it apart from some prominent accounts of the normativity of law. It may, however, be disqualified as a plausible alternative account of the normativity of law on the grounds that it fails to provide action-guidance. The last part of the paper responds to this objection in a way that unveils the relevance of the social dimensions of virtue to law’s normativity.

Virtue and Competence: the Case of Directors Evaluation at Chinese State Owned Enterprises

SOE directors are now facing a more complex set of goals and diverse groups of stakeholders than their peers from the private sectors as Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are undergoing an unprecedented reform to enhance their performances. We argue that current theorical works on director evaluation require a set of virtue and competence indicators different from private firms in assessing SOE directors. This paper, therefore, proposes a framework for director evaluation in the context of Chinese SOEs, considering of the influences of traditional and modern Chinese ideologies. Through interviews based on the Delphi Method with prominent Chinese SOE directors, we have validated our framework by examining seven dimensions of virtue and four dimensions of competence functions in Chinese SOEs. Furthermore, we offer advice by examining the effective characteristics of each dimension to help the government streamline the director evaluation process to highlight the representative characteristics of virtue and competence.

Measuring consumer experience at the retail context: development of ConEx scale

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conceptualize and develop a scale to measure consumer experience at the retail context. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 164 undergraduates of one of the state universities in Sri Lanka. Five dimensions of the consumer experience were identified by the exploratory factor analysis conducted with 21 measurement indicators. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the five-factor measurement model and resulted in a five-dimensional structure for consumer experience with 14 measurement indicators. Findings: The study concluded that the consumer experience was a multidimensional construct, comprising the dimensions of virtue, equanimous, amusement, rapture, and strange. The multidimensional nature of consumer experience which was explored will help marketers to focus on the areas in which consumer experience enhancement is required and consumer experience strategies also can be designed according to the multidimensional aspects of consumer experience. Originality: The study developed a Consumer Experience scale (ConEx scale) which can be used to examine the consumer experience in the retail context. The multidimensional structure of ConEx also concerns the hedonistic perspective of consumer experience. Implications: The customer experience in retail sector can be addressed through customer emotions. The explored dimensions of customer experience provide important implications for practitioners by offering new ways to explore customer emotions in retail setting. Keywords: Consumer emotions, consumer experience, experience marketing, retailing, ConEx Scale

Evaluation of the Components of Psychological Capital and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Nigerian Graduate Employees

In consideration of implications of organizational citizenship behavior, it is quite necessary for scholars and human resource management practitioners, to urgently investigate the correlates of psychological capital dimensions and the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. The purpose of the study was twofold. Firstly, to examines the relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Secondly, to investigate the relationships between the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior and psychological capital. The study is important, because its outcomes would help the corporate world, governments and human resource managers to avert the problem of underperformance among employees by improving psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior. The study adopted the positivist explanatory cross-sectional (survey) research design to systematically sample opinions of 1,532 male and female graduate employees across the various sectors of the Nigerian economy, using a structured and validated questionnaire, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the statistical analysis of data showed that there was a significant positive relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior, r = 0.588, p<0.01. The results also showed that altruism, conscientiousness and civic virtue dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior are significantly positively interrelated to hope, optimism, resilience and self-efficacy dimensions of psychological capital. The study suggested that human resource managers should develop psychological capital in employees in order to increase the level of organizational performance. Recommendations of the study could assist in training and developing effective manpower capacity towards improving the economy of the nation.

Örgütsel Sinizm in Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile İncelenmesi - Investigation of the Effect of Organizational Cynicism on Organizational Citizenship Behavior via Structural Equation Model

The aim of research is to reveal the effect of organizational cynicism on organizational citizenship behavior. Within the scope of this aim, a questionnaire was applied to 291 research assistants working at public and foundation universities. The obtained data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis through structural equation modeling. It has been found that the behavioral dimension of organizational cynicism significantly and negatively influences altruism, sportsmanship and civic virtue dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. However, affective cynicism has a significant and negative effect on the altruism and civic virtue dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. The cognitive dimension, on the other hand, does not significantly affect organizational citizenship behavior. The research aims to contribute the literature in terms of; showing effects of organizational cynicism on organizational citizenship behavior, and revealing the perceptions of research assistants toward organizational cynicism and organizational citizenship behavior.

Aquinas, Seligman, and positive psychology: A Christian approach to the use of the virtues in psychology

This article addresses the significance of using virtues in psychology for research and interventions. It compares Martin Seligman’s secular or genetic approach to positive psychology and Thomas Aquinas’s Christian virtue theory, observing that amidst the similarities between these approaches, there are marked differences that are rooted in their philosophical and theological assumptions and are seen in their accounts of virtues and character strengths. Explicitly acknowledging suppositions opens the way to distinguish the three dimensions of virtue: the reason-based (moral aims and spiritual goals), act-based (acts and behavior), and agent-based (habits and dispositions) dimensions. It also permits identifying the uniqueness of the human person as both an object of study and an acting subject in therapy. The article explores the significance of these dimensions for research and good practices by comparing flourishing in Aquinas’s Christian approach to the ‘connection of the virtues’ and Seligman’s generic or secular approach to ‘integrity’.

Organizational Virtue and Performance: An Empirical Study of Customers and Employees

This paper offers the first large-scale empirical study of organizational virtue as perceived by both internal and external stakeholders (employees and customers, respectively) and of the links between these virtues and organizational outcomes such as identification, satisfaction, and distinctiveness. It takes a strategic approach to virtue ethics, one that differs from a more traditional Aristotelian concept of virtue and from Alasdair MacIntyre’s manner of distinguishing between internal and external goods. The literature review compares three different perspectives on the empirical study of organizational virtues, taken by virtue theorists, POS scholars, and strategy scholars. The main study describes an empirical research undertaking that involved the analysis of 2548 usable questionnaires administered to employees and customers of seven organizations in the U.K. A structural equation model was used to test the linkages of the six dimensions of organizational virtue (empathy, warmth, integrity, conscientiousness, courage, and zeal) to satisfaction, identification, and distinctiveness. All the links were significant, with the strongest between virtue and identification. For employees, identification (with a firm) was driven most significantly by integrity, whereas customers’ identification was principally influenced by empathy. The empirical finding also sounds an alarm bell to the global firms who focus on creating a differentiated image based on CSR in the hope that it will lead to satisfaction. The results lead to a discussion of how companies might build favorable stakeholder perceptions of key dimensions of virtue that most shape their identification and differentiation in the marketplace.

Linking Organizational Identification with Individual Creativity: Organizational Citizenship Behavior as a Mediator

This empirical study seeks to add depth and clarity to the research of individual creativity and combines it with reflections about organizational identification and organizational citizenship behaviors. The study results were based on the questionnaire data gathered from 177 employees working in 25 different textile companies in Istanbul, a major city of Turkey. Results from the current study showed that organizational identification positively affects individual creativity. Besides, organizational identification affects all dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors which are conscientiousness, sportsmanship, helping and civic virtue. Furthermore, helping and civic virtue dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors were found as mediator variables in the relationship between organizational identification and employees’ creativeness.

항공사 승무원의 감성지능이 자기효능감과 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the emotional intelligence of airline cabin crew on self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behavior. A total of 339 samples were conveniently selected from airline cabin crews of Asiana airline and Korean airline from February 28, 2015 to March 14, 2015. The results were as follows. First, among the sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence, regulation of emotion and use of emotion had a positive effect on self-efficacy. Second, self-efficacy did not have a significant effect on any of the five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. Third, others’ emotion appraisal had a positive effect on courtesy, sportsmanship, altruism, civic virtue and conscientiousness dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. Meanwhile, use of emotion also had a significant effect on conscientiousness, civic virtue and altruism. Regulation of emotion had a significant effect on courtesy, conscientiousness, altruism and civic virtue dimensions except for sportsmanship. Self-emotion appraisal did not have a significant effect on organizational citizenship behaviors. Suggestion of this study is that airline cabin crews’ emotional intelligence is an important antecedent of self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behavior, So there is a need to consider the emotional intelligence to human resources management.

The Impact of Organizational Communication on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Research Findings

In this research the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior is examined. To this end, correlation and mean and standart values have been done to reveal the effects of organizational communication on organizational citizenship behavior. In this study, among the organizational communication dimensions, only the dimension of communication with managers is significantly correlated with alturism and civic virtue dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior.

Comunicación y educación: percepción de docentes de universidades públicas de Colombia en torno a la virtud, la felicidad y la autonomía en su trabajo

El artículo presenta algunos de los resultados derivados del macroproyecto “Estudio internacional sobre calidad de vida laboral en organizaciones de servicios humanos- WONPUM”, liderado por el profesor Joseph María Blanch de la Universidad de Barcelona. Específicamente se publica el resultado correspondiente a la percepción que tienen los docentes de las universidades públicas de Colombia en torno a su quehacer en las dimensiones de la virtud, la felicidad y la autonomía. Como resultado, se encontró qué en la actual organización del trabajo en la universidad pública de Colombia, los docentes perciben un alto nivel de virtud en su labor que les proporciona identidad y que concuerda con sus valores propios. Se encuentra, también que los docentes perciben que la virtud no necesariamente les facilita que sus méritos sean valorados con justicia. En cuanto a la felicidad perciben que sus instituciones les hacen sentirse útiles, trabajar a gusto y crecer como personas. Perciben también poco nivel de autonomía.

Educación ética: ¿normas o virtudes? ¿Qué giro debe tomar la enseñanza de la ética en la formación de universitarios solidarios?

The reality of life in many Latin American countries, which is marked by inequality, poverty and unsatisfied basic needs, suggests the need for a change in the way ethics are taught to university students, so as to make them morecaring and prepared to shoulder greater social responsibility. Up to now, ethics has been an academic discipline weighed down by a legalistic and regulatory ap- proach, where rules take precedence, along with consideration of the licit or illicit nature of actions, detached from the acting sub- ject. This article proposes rehabilitating the Aristotelian approach to ethics, now called “first person” or “virtue” ethics. According to this approach, the relationship between freedom and virtues is intrinsic and plays a key role in education. Virtues are principles that liberate and lay the basis for cheerful and spontaneous striving, in a positive and hopeful way, and are obtained when all of life is oriented towards the truth. The dimensions of virtues and choice as the core of the moral process are analyzed as well.

Virtue beyond Reason

AbstractIn the wake of Aristotle, it is often thought that moral virtue is a matter of feeling and acting for the right reasons. This notion is not incorrect, but it obscures one of the most interesting dimensions of virtue. It overlooks the formative role that virtue can play in bringing forth the kinds of considerations that count as reasons. To illustrate this point, I discuss some instances of love and resentment that are not plausibly conceived as responses to reasons, but which exemplify virtue nonetheless. They do so, I argue, because they positively assert human worth.

An empirical study of the dimensionality of organizational justice and its relationship with organizational citizenship behaviour in the Indian context

Cross-cultural research shows that while the concerns about organizational justice may be universal, operationalization of justice standards is highly particularistic (Greenberg 2001). The present study explores the dimensionality of organizational justice in the Indian context. Apart from procedural justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice, another justice dimension, labelled as empowerment justice, emerged during the study. Next, the study tests the relationships between justice dimensions and Organ's (1988) 5-factor conceptualization of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), namely helping, compliance, sportsmanship, courtesy and civic virtue behaviours. The perception of empowerment justice influences helping, compliance, sportsmanship, and civic virtue dimensions of OCB. Interpersonal justice significantly predicts courtesy behaviour. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Medieval Consideration and Moral Pace

AbstractThis essay examines the relationship between virtue and understandings of time through a comparative examination of two medieval Christian writers, Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Aquinas. By locating temporal dimensions of virtue primarily in discussions of prudence, this essay compares Thomas's account of the virtue of counsel as preparatory to prudent judgment with Bernard's earlier account of consideration as an integrating virtue that coordinates an examination of physical surroundings and social responsibilities with an examination of one's own inner life and history of moral decisions. The essay argues that accounts of virtue ethics focusing on tradition‐specific views of the human good and practical reasoning are insufficient if they do not also examine how practical reasoning interprets and responds to religious interpretations of time that disclose the distinctive kinds of moral problems arising in each historical period.

Belief from point of islam and its role in transition of moral virtues by emphasis on biomedical ethics

Moral virtue has two dimensions: cognitive and motivational. The cognitive dimension shows value and perfection of virtue; and the motivational dimension is the internal tendency of the person to do a certain action or express a certain emotion. Faith is based on two things: cognition and wholehearted submission towards Allah with His existential and moral characteristics. The present article deals with the effect of faith on these two dimensions of moral virtue. Faith affects the cognitive dimension of virtues from two aspects. On the one hand, faithful cognition of Allah, human being and the purposefulness of the creation introduce the virtues as valuable and perfect truths. On the other hand, heartfelt submission in faith is the main factor in understanding the cognitive dimension of virtues. The role of faith in creating the motivational dimension of virtues is a fundamental role. Besides, due to distinction of the person’s tendencies from the goal of faith, and the faith’s relation to the moral Allah, a believer’s tendencies will be towards moral virtues. In addition, faith causes the moral virtues to become sacred. Accordingly, the person’s willingness to realize the motivational dimension of virtues is amplified. Due to various ranks in faith, the above effects on dimensions of virtues are of various ranks. At the end, we have briefly listed the implications of faith in a religious approach to biomedical ethics compared to a secular biomedical ethics.

The Relationship Between The Teachers’ Values And Their Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the teachers’ values and their organizational citizenship behaviors. For this purpose, Schwartz’s (1992) list of values and the scale of organizational citizenship behaviors developed by Podsakaff and his colleagues have been applied to 407 teachers working in the schools of The District Education Directorate of Kecioren in Ankara. In the study correlation has been used to determine the relationship between the teachers’ values and their organizational citizenship behaviors statistically. At the end of the research it has been identified that there is a significant and positive relationship between the teachers’ values and their organizational citizenship behaviors. It has also been found that there are statistically significant relationships between the values collected in ten dimensions on Schwartz’s list and the five main behavioral dimensions comprising organizational citizenship behaviors. The strongest relationship has been observed between the universalism value group and civic virtue dimensions of behaviors based on the data obtained from the research. The findings of the study have been interpreted based on the literature.

Organizational Virtue Orientation and Family Firms

ABSTRACT:This manuscript develops the concept of organizational virtue orientation (OVO) and examines differences between family and non-family firms on the six organizational virtue dimensions of Integrity, Empathy, Warmth, Courage, Conscientiousness, and Zeal. Using content analysis of shareholder letters fromS&P 500companies, our analyses find that there are significant differences between family and non-family firms in their espoused OVO, with family firms generally being higher. Specifically, family firms were significantly higher on the dimensions of Empathy, Warmth, and Zeal, but lower on Courage. Based on these findings we further develop the OVO concept through the discussion of implications and areas for future research.