Turbine Dimensions Research Articles

Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions

Wind energy development is a key component of climate change mitigation. However, birds collide with wind turbines, and this additional mortality may negatively impact populations. Collision risk could be reduced by informed selection of turbine dimensions, but the effects of turbine dimensions are still unknown for many species.As analyses of mortality data have several limitations, we applied a simulation approach based on flight height distributions of six European raptor species. To obtain accurate flight height data, we used high-frequency GPS tracking (GPS tags deployed on 275 individuals). The effects of ground clearance and rotor diameter of wind turbines on collision risk were studied using the Band collision risk model.Five species had a unimodal flight height distribution, with a mode below 25 m above ground level, while Short-toed Eagle showed a more uniform distribution with a weak mode between 120 and 260 m. The proportion of positions within 32–200 m ranged from 11 % in Marsh Harrier to 54 % in Red Kite.With increasing ground clearance (from 20 to 100 m), collision risk decreased in the species with low mode (−56 to −66 %), but increased in Short-toed Eagle (+38 %). With increasing rotor diameter (from 50 to 160 m) at fixed ground clearance, the collision risk per turbine increased in all species (+151 to +558 %), while the collision risk per MW decreased in the species with low mode (−50 % to −57 %).These results underpin that wind turbine dimensions can have substantial effects on the collision risk of raptors. As the effects varied between species, wind energy planning should consider the composition of the local bird community to optimise wind turbine dimensions. For species with a low mode of flight height, the collision risk for a given total power capacity could be reduced by increasing ground clearance, and using fewer turbines with larger diameter.

POTENSI PLTMH DI BENDUNGAN SIDAN, DESA BELOK SIDAN, KABUPATEN BADUNG

The potential of new renewable energy is highly needed to support Clean Energy Bali, and one of the viable energy sources is Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The design of the Sidan Dam PLTMH is based on the construction of the Sidan Dam area in Belok Sidan Village, Badung Regency. The planning of the Sidan Dam PLTMH only extends to the construction of the penstock. In this Capstone Project, the design of the Sidan Dam PLTMH utilizes water discharge and head height data from the Sidan Dam planning. This data is used to determine the design, type of water turbine, dimensions of the water turbine, and to determine the appropriate generator capacity. The calculation results indicate that the Sidan Dam PLTMH has a potential capacity of 290.83 kW with a Francis turbine type and a generator capacity of 472.59 Kva. It is estimated to generate an annual energy output of 1,783,396 kWh with a capacity factor 70%.

The role of repowering India’s ageing wind farms in achieving net-zero ambitions

India’s ambitious net-zero climate goals include plans for a four-fold increase in current levels of wind energy generation by 2030. Many existing wind farms in India occupy sites with the best wind resources nationally but use older, smaller turbines that achieve lower capacity factors compared to modern turbine designs. A strategy of replacing existing wind turbines with state-of-the-art models (termed repowering) could boost capacity factors and ensure maximal use of available wind resources. However, a nationwide assessment of the potential wind generation increases resulting from repowering is currently lacking for India. Here, we present the first validated synthetic wind generation dataset for India based on reanalysis data and show that full repowering of the existing fleet of wind turbines could boost capacity factors by 82% nationwide (from 0.19 to 0.35). Our assessment of attainable capacity factors under full repowering exceeds equivalent estimates within the National Electricity Plan of India and national decarbonisation pathways compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), suggesting less total installed capacity is required to achieve specific generation outcomes than previously estimated. Ongoing technological progress, leading to increased turbine dimensions, will drive capacity factors beyond the levels estimated here, which could further add to the generation benefits of repowering. Yet, despite the higher average output from a repowered fleet of wind generators, substantial variability in generation across timescales persists, highlighting the increasing need for power system flexibility within a decarbonised energy system.

Machine Learning Solutions for Offshore Wind Farms: A Review of Applications and Impacts

The continuous advancement within the offshore wind energy industry is propelled by the imperatives of renewable energy generation, climate change policies, and the zero-emission targets established by governments and communities. Increasing the dimensions of offshore wind turbines to augment energy production, enhancing the power generation efficiency of existing systems, mitigating the environmental impacts of these installations, venturing into deeper waters for turbine deployment in regions with optimal wind conditions, and the drive to develop floating offshore turbines stand out as significant challenges in the domains of development, installation, operation, and maintenance of these systems. This work specifically centers on providing a comprehensive review of the research undertaken to tackle several of these challenges using machine learning and artificial intelligence. These machine learning-based techniques have been effectively applied to structural health monitoring and maintenance, facilitating the more accurate identification of potential failures and enabling the implementation of precision maintenance strategies. Furthermore, machine learning has played a pivotal role in optimizing wind farm layouts, improving power production forecasting, and mitigating wake effects, thereby leading to heightened energy generation efficiency. Additionally, the integration of machine learning-driven control systems has showcased considerable potential for enhancing the operational strategies of offshore wind farms, thereby augmenting their overall performance and energy output. Climatic data prediction and environmental studies have also benefited from the predictive capabilities of machine learning, resulting in the optimization of power generation and the comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts. The scope of this review primarily includes published articles spanning from 2005 to March 2023.

Pembuatan Model Turbin Air Dengan Sistem Sirkulasi Tertutup

Modern society is very attached to technological advances, With community technology can easily meet energy needs, one example is the electrical energy processing of energy conversion machines using turbine energy.The purpose of this manufacture is to find a solution to meet the need for electrical energy, as well as solving problems encountered in areas where there is no stream or waterfall.. as for the methodology in making this includes time and place, tools making, Tools and Materials and Methods of execution of Flow diagrams.The calculation result for effective head = 0.3 m, with the water discharge used to move the runner Q = 0.00033836 m3/s, obtained power generated for 0,87 Watt. With the data planned, the main dimension of Pelton type turbine is the outer diameter of the runner Do = 435.28 mm, diameter of D = 400 mm, the number of bowl z = 59 pieces with 1 nozzle

Improving the energy efficiency of wind turbines for charging batteries

The article describes the method for determining the optimal angular velocity and the number of turns of the generator winding on permanent magnets powered by a wind turbine operating in specific operating conditions according to the wind speed regime. The optimization criterion is the maximum potential of energy that can be used to charge the battery. The permissible power of the generator and wind turbine, current and battery charging voltage are accepted as limiting factors. The restriction is provided by connecting a ballast resistor to the generator output. The power developed by the turbine is determined taking into account the wind energy utilization factor, which depends on the angular velocity of its shaft and wind speed. Two variants of power limitation are compared: by limiting the angular velocity by aerodynamic means and by stopping the wind turbine. The return of energy to charging in both cases is determined taking into account the distribution of wind speeds, obeying the Weibull probability distribution law. As an example, the calculation of the possible annual power generation for charging a battery with a capacity of 200 A∙h with a voltage of 24 volts from a synchron generator with a number of poles of 48 driven by a wind turbine with a radius of 2 meters, operating in an area with an average wind speed of 5 m/s. The calculation shows that for the parameters and operating conditions of the electrical installation used in the example, the maximum annual energy output (3.3 × 103 kWh) is observed at optimal 11 turns of the winding at each of the poles of the generator. The deviation of the number of turns from the optimal one in both directions by 2 times leads, with the same dimensions of the wind turbine, to a decrease in annual energy output by 3...5 times, which is a clear proof of the need to carry out such a calculation for each specific wind turbine.

A Review of Generators and Power Converters for Multi-MW Wind Energy Conversion Systems

The rated power of wind turbines has consistently enlarged as large installations can reduce energy production costs. Multi-megawatt wind turbines are frequently used in offshore and onshore facilities, and today is possible to find wind turbines rated over 15 MW. New developments in generators and power converters for multi-MW wind turbines are needed, as the trend toward upscaling the dimensions of wind turbines is expected to continue. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed review of commercially available and recently proposed multi-MW wind turbine generators and power converters. Furthermore, comparative analyses indicate the advantages and disadvantages of commercially available and promising technologies for generators and power converters at the multi-MW target.

CFD Simulation of Tesla Turbines Performance Driven by Flue Gas of Internal Combustion Engine

The reduced production of fossil energy, especially petroleum, has encouraged researchers to continuously increase the role of new and renewable energy as part of energy security and independence. A Tesla turbine is a device that can be used to recover wasted energy from exhaust gases, thereby increasing the overall energy use. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of a Tesla turbine using various parameters such as engine speed, the gap between the disks, the diameter of the disks, and the number of disks. In this study, the performance of a Tesla turbine was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The reference dimensions of this Tesla turbine are made with a slit diameter of 44 mm, a hole diameter of 10 mm, disc diameter of 140 mm, a disc width of 1.5 mm, a disc gap of 35 mm, a disc gap width of 4 mm, and a shaft length of 50 mm. The results of this study were in the form of torque and pressure drop values. In the variation of engine speed, the highest torque was at 1800 rpm with a torque value of 0.422 Nm, and the highest pressure drop was at 1800 rpm with a pressure drop value of 79161.5 Pa. In the disk gap variation, the highest torque is at a 7 mm disk gap with a torque value of 0.54 Nm and the highest pressure drop is at a 4 mm disk gap with a pressure drop value of 79161.5 Pa. In the variation of disk diameter, the highest torque was found on the disk with a diameter of 180 mm and a torque value of 0.831 Nm, and the highest pressure drop was on a disk with a diameter of 180 mm and a pressure drop value of 86753.5 Pa. In the variation of the number of disks, the highest torque was found at eight disks with a torque value of 0.765 Nm, and the highest pressure drop was found at eight disks with a pressure drop value of 82031.3 Pa. After performing this simulation, it can be concluded that at variations in engine speed, the higher the engine speed, the higher the value obtained and the variations in the disk gap, disk diameter, and number of disks. There are several values of torque that increase and decrease because the input value given cannot always increase the torque value in these variations.

Development of engineering cost models for integrated design optimization of onshore and offshore wind farms

The goal of any multidisciplinary design optimization problem for wind power plants is to reduce the overall levelized cost of the energy. When it comes to designing a wind farm, one has to find the best combination of multiple parameters, such as turbine types, turbine dimensions and farm layout, to ensure the minimum cost. Clearly, since any design parameter may affect several cost items and performance indices of a farm, the most cost-effective solution should handle the mutual coupling among all design variables. For example, increasing the turbine spacing surely has a positive impact on energy production due to the minimization of wake losses, but, at the same time, may have a detrimental impact on the cost of cabling. In order to assist multidisciplinary design activities for wind farms and wind turbines, the present work is aimed at developing a tool for preliminary estimation of the levelized cost of energy of land- and sea-based wind farms. Such a tool is based on a modular architecture, which will ease the integration of the tool in a multi-level design framework. Each module of the tool implements one or more engineering models to estimate all cost items along with the annual energy production of the farm, starting from a few pieces of information related to turbine types and dimensions, farm geometry and wind conditions.

A numerical analysis to determine wake recovery distance for the longitudinal arrangement of hydrokinetic turbine in the channel system

ABSTRACT Hydrokinetic technology is developing rapidly from model to prototype testing. The principle of hydrokinetic technology involves the passage of flow through the hydrokinetic turbine, which reduces the velocity downstream of turbine due to the energy extraction and obstruction created by turbine operation. This reduced velocity regains its initial velocity after certain distance known as wake recovery distance due to mixing regime and available discharge. This study aims to analyze the wake recovery distance under different flow velocities considering various dimensions of turbine. In order to study the impact of turbine operation on the flow condition, a 3D unsteady and rotational numerical analysis has been carried out by incorporating free surface effect. It is a first prototype based study and the analysis has been carried out on actual dimensions of the turbine taking 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m dia. operating at varying water depth (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 m). Impact of velocity, turbine diameter and water depth on wake recovery distance is analyzed in the study to define the distance between two units along the channel length under different operating conditions. The distance between two units should be the summation of upstream (back water effect) and downstream (wake recovery distance) disturbance created by the turbine operation. It is observed that more than 90% of initial flow velocity gets recovered at ‘25D’ downstream of rotor.

Optimization of Low Head Axial-Flow Turbines for an Overtopping BReakwater for Energy Conversion: A Case Study

Overtopping-type wave power conversion devices represent one of the most promising technology to combine reliability and competitively priced electricity supplies from waves. While satisfactory hydraulic and structural performance have been achieved, the selection of the hydraulic turbines and their regulation is a complex process due to the very low head and a variable flow rate in the overtopping breakwater set-ups. Based on the experience acquired on the first Overtopping BReakwater for Energy Conversion (OBREC) prototype, operating since 2016, an activity has been carried out to select the most appropriate turbine dimension and control strategy for such applications. An example of this multivariable approach is provided and illustrated through a case study in the San Antonio Port, along the central coast of Chile. In this site the deployment of a breakwater equipped with OBREC modules is specifically investigated. Axial-flow turbines of different runner diameter are compared, proposing the optimal ramp height and turbine control strategy for maximizing system energy production. The energy production ranges from 20.5 MWh/y for the smallest runner diameter to a maximum of 34.8 MWh/y for the largest runner diameter.

Design and loss analysis of radial turbines for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles

The use of supercritical fluids has been identified as potential solution in realizing highly efficient and compact sized power systems. In this study, the effect of design power scale and specific speed on supercritical CO2 operated radial inflow turbines within the power range of 0.1 MW–3.5 MW is investigated and analyzed. A radial turbine design tool including loss distribution analysis based on loss correlations was developed. In general, the SCO2 radial turbines can be designed to have high efficiency with efficiency ranging from over 80%–87% depending on the turbine design power scale. On the other hand, the turbine dimensions are small and the required rotational speeds are significantly high even at MW scale designs. It was observed that the specific speed and mass flow rate highly affect both the geometry and the turbine loss distribution. Turbine designs with highest isentropic efficiencies were observed with specific speeds ranging from 0.50 to 0.60. With the lowest investigated turbine power outputs from 100 kW to few hundreds of kW the tip clearance loss is the most significant loss whereas the passage, stator and exit kinetic loss are the most significant loss sources at higher power levels.

Wind energy conversion system with capacity of 450 W in order to support teaching and learning process in the laboratory

This study examines a 5-blade Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine to obtain the best performance at different wind speeds. The dimensions of this wind turbine have a rotor diameter of 1200 mm, blade length of 600 mm, number of blades 3 pieces, and blade material made of fiberglass. The research method uses different wind speed test parameters. The speed test using a blower is 4 m / s, 5.1 m / s, 6.5 m / s, and 7.5 m/s with the load of the lamp is 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, 40 W, 50 W, and 60 W. Subsequently analyze the characteristics of the wind turbine. The results of testing the wind turbine at a speed of 4 m/s obtained a maximum efficiency of 36.4% at 496.3 rpm turbine rotation. Power generator 15.8 W at a voltage of 20V and current 0.79 A.

The utilization of moving train as an alternative energy sources in railways with savonius wind turbine

The purpose of this research is to obtain the dimensions of the savonius wind turbine and to test the calculation results and design of the savonius wind turbine based on the wind speed generated due to the movement of the train in the tunnel. The method used is to calculate the dimensions of the turbine diameter. The results of the calculations show that the savonius wind turbine diameter is 60 cm with a height of 60 cm. The maximum voltage generated is 12.26 V with a current of 0.52 A at a wind speed of 5.7 m/s.

Increasing turbine dimensions: impact on shear and power

As wind turbine average hub-height (H) and rotor diameter (D) grow, it is assumed that the benefit derived from larger swept areas and higher wind speeds at higher altitudes will outweigh any increase in fatigue loading due to higher shear and manufacturing/installation costs. The impact of increasing wind turbine H and D on power production and the occurrence of extreme positive and negative shear is examined using high-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over Iowa. Three wind turbine scenarios are considered; S#1: H=83m, D=100m; S#2: H=100 m, D=100 m and S#3: H=100 m, D=133 m. Increasing H from 83 m to 100 m while maintaining D=100 m increases power by 16% relative to scenario 1. Increasing D to 133 m from 100 m with H=100 m doubles the power output compared to S#1. Extreme shear across the rotor plane (shear exponent α > 0.2 or α < 0) is frequently observed, but only modestly impacted by the changes in wind turbine dimensions. Thus, the increase in power output from increasing H and D to these levels seems to incur little penalty in terms of increased occurrence of high positive or negative shear.

Power and Wind Shear Implications of Large Wind Turbine Scenarios in the US Central Plains

Continued growth of wind turbine physical dimensions is examined in terms of the implications for wind speed, power and shear across the rotor plane. High-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model are used to generate statistics of wind speed profiles for scenarios of current and future wind turbines. The nine-month simulations, focused on the eastern Central Plains, show that the power scales broadly as expected with the increase in rotor diameter (D) and wind speeds at hub-height (H). Increasing wind turbine dimensions from current values (approximately H = 100 m, D = 100 m) to those of the new International Energy Agency reference wind turbine (H = 150 m, D = 240 m), the power across the rotor plane increases 7.1 times. The mean domain-wide wind shear exponent (α) decreases from 0.21 (H = 100 m, D = 100 m) to 0.19 for the largest wind turbine scenario considered (H = 168 m, D = 248 m) and the frequency of extreme positive shear (α &gt; 0.2) declines from 48% to 38% of 10-min periods. Thus, deployment of larger wind turbines potentially yields considerable net benefits for both the wind resource and reductions in fatigue loading related to vertical shear.

MPC framework for constrained wind turbine individual pitch control

AbstractThe reduction of structural loads is becoming an important objective for the wind turbine control system due to the ever‐increasing specifications/demands on wind turbine rated power and related growth of turbine dimensions. Among various control algorithms that have been researched in recent years, the individual pitch control has demonstrated its effectiveness in wind turbine load reduction. Since the individual pitch control, like other load reduction algorithms, requires higher levels of actuator activity, one must take actuator constraints into account when designing the controller. This paper presents a method for the inclusion of such constraints into a predictive wind turbine controller. It is shown that the direct inclusion of constraints would result in a control problem that is nonconvex and difficult to solve. Therefore, a modification of the constraints is proposed that ensures the convexity of the control problem. Simulation results show that the developed predictive control algorithm achieves individual pitch control objectives while satisfying all imposed constraints.

The Effect of the Brake Location and Gear Defects on the Dynamic Behavior of a Wind Turbine

Wind turbines have been used for decades in order to produce electricity. Its main advantage is that its energy is clean, does not harm the nature and maintains its balance. For this reason, researchers and engineers have been focused on improving its design, performance and reliability. In addition, its condition monitoring has been studied for many years by processing its vibration signature. The latter is performed either by collecting it from the real mechanical system using sensors or by modeling its vibration signature. In this paper, a wind turbine drivetrain dynamic behavior is developed under different excitation conditions considering the influence of two-disk brake position. Main key factors involved in the dynamic behavior, such as wind turbine dimensions, gear mesh stiffness fluctuation, driving torque, braking torque and bearing stiffness, are taken into account in the model. To investigate a complex damage case, a typical gear fault, profile error and assembly defect are introduced. The dynamic response of the wind turbine, for healthy and damaged cases, is studied based on time series and spectra of acceleration signals. To diagnose gear faults, three indicators (RMS, STD and kurtosis) are used. Based on signal observations, it can be concluded that the disk brake location, wind turbine characteristics and gearbox defects have a direct influence on the dynamic behavior of the system.

Design Rotor Turbine Hybrid of PV-Picohydro Power Plant as Energy Sources for Rural Area in Indonesia

In Indonesia, especially in rural areas, the potential of low head river and sunlight is still quite abundant energy source; these can be used as a source of electricity on a small scale such as picohydro and solar energy. The rural areas are usually far from the electricity network, so that a power plant off grid is sufficient enough for a house. One component of the picohydro generator is a turbine, and so, this research is designed with dimensions of turbine according to flow condition of the river in West Java Indonesia. The design of the turbine starts with assessing the water flow in the river in the country side, and then determining the design specifications, followed by designing the turbine details with theoretical and simulation approach. The generator that will be used has 12 Volt 500 rpm, the designed power has minimum of 100 watts. The results of the design obtained a Kaplan turbine with a 4 degree angle of attack, blade diameter 217 mm. The maximum stress 5,9 MPa, this occurs in the area between the hub and turbine blade rotors, with thickness 2 mm and material blade used aluminum Alloy.

Design of microhidro turbine for electricity plants based on techno park in cimanggu village

The utilization of water as a natural resource of renewable energy for power plant is one of the alternative solutions to replace the need for fossil fuels. In Cimanggu village, there is a river that has a waterfall, which can be used to generate electricity. But the waterfall is currently used as a village tour. From observations and the calculation speed of the flow by using buoys, and river cross-sectional area obtained the total river debit Q more than 0.07 m3 / s. From the measurements is also obtained high fall the waterfall H = 22 m. Based on the existing height and debit of the water fall the major dimensions of a water turbine Pelton Micro Hydro type as the driving power generator was planned. The results of calculations for effective head = 18 m, with a water debit that is used to drive the runners Q = 0.07 m3/s, gained power generated by 7,0 kW. By the data is planned the main dimensions of micro turbine, Pelton outer runner diameter D = 250 mm, the diameter of the circle pin DL = 346 mm, number of blades z = 12 with 2 nozzles, and a shaft diameter ds = 30 mm. In planning this turbine, water is only directed to radiate to one side in order to replace the function of the waterfall. Because water is directed to one side, the shaft will experience an axial force (which is parallel to the shaft).