Dimensions Of Trustworthiness Research Articles

Who Do We Think We Are? Disrupting Notions of Quality in Qualitative Research.

The purpose of this article is to illuminate our troubles with, and troubling of, the trustworthiness dimension of balancing subjectivity and reflexivity, in qualitative research. This article evolved from debriefing sessions between three novice researchers working on a qualitative research study aimed at building understandings of the relational dynamics between adults with developmental disability diagnoses (ADevD) and their caregiving families. Following data collection, coauthors discussed interview experiences they had personally found challenging. These experiences constitute a point of departure for our examination of our researcher positions. We present a delineation of three research tensions, in the form of short "reflexive vignettes," each rooted in concern with possibly contradicting our goals of facilitating and expanding participant autonomy. We follow with recommendations about how, as researchers, our endeavor to understand participants with less conventional communication can be used to reflect and inform navigating difficulties universal to qualitative research.

Associations between cooperation, reactive aggression and social impairments among boys with autism spectrum disorder.

Cooperation is a fundamental human ability that seems to be inversely related to aggressive behaviour in typical development. However, there is no knowledge whether similar association holds for children with autism spectrum disorder. A total of 27 boys with autism spectrum disorder and their gender, age and total score intelligence matched controls were studied in order to determine associations between cooperation, reactive aggression and autism spectrum disorder-related social impairments. The participants performed a modified version of the Prisoner's Dilemma task and the Pulkkinen Aggression Machine which measure dimensions of trust, trustworthiness and self-sacrifice in predisposition to cooperate, and inhibition of reactive aggression in the absence and presence of situational cues, respectively. Autism spectrum disorder severity-related Autism Diagnostic Interview-algorithm scores were ascertained by interviewing the parents of the participants with a semi-structured parental interview (Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview). The results showed that albeit the boys with autism spectrum disorder were able to engage in reciprocation and cooperation regardless of their social impairments, their cooperativeness was positively associated with lower levels of reactive aggression and older age. Thus, strengthening inhibition mechanisms that regulate reactive aggression might make boys with autism spectrum disorder more likely to prefer mutual gain over self-interest in cooperation.

National culture and consumer trust in e-commerce

This study uses Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to explain variance in consumer trust in e-commerce. We model trust as a combination of a consumer’s disposition to trust and context specific trustworthiness of an online store. The study hypothesizes direct effects of national cultural dimensions on disposition to trust, and of disposition to trust on dimensions of trustworthiness. We also examine whether and how disposition to trust mediates the effects between national culture and trustworthiness of an online store. We test the hypotheses with a sample of 616 online bookstore customers from China and Finland, countries that represent opposite cultural poles in many respects. We find that national culture solely explain 23% of the variance in the consumer’s general disposition to trust, and that disposition to trust is a highly significant predictor of the perceived trustworthiness of an online store. We further find that the mediating role of disposition to trust between national culture and trustworthiness depends greatly on the individual cultural dimension studied.

Multidimensionality in Organizational Justice-Trust Relationship for Newcomer Employees: a Moderated-Mediation Model

Justice-trust relationship has been well acknowledged in the organizational behavior research so far. However, the existing research on justice-trust paid little attention to the process-dynamics of trust formation in the newcomer employees (Colquitt and Rodell in Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1183–1206, Colquitt and Rodell 2011; Schoorman et al. in Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344,354, Schoorman et al. 2007). The present study intends to unfold the trust formation phenomena of the newcomer employees where organizational justice perception leads to trust through organizational trustworthiness. Interactions between the dimensions of organizational justice perception and trustworthiness towards trust are the focal point of the study. We further propose that a moderated mediation model explains the trust formation phenomena comprehensively. Findings suggests that supervisor referent interpersonal justice moderates the indirect relationship between organizational justice and trust. Procedural and interactional justice also have significant relationships with trust through all the three dimensions of trustworthiness. The results indicated a full mediation for procedural justice and a partial mediation for interactional justice. The findings have important theoretical implications for uncertainty management, and psychological contract fulfillment theory.

Consumer Trust in Internet Shopping

India has seen a tremendous growth in the number of Internet users in the last decade. Despite of the increase in the number of Internet users, the penetration rate of Internet shopping in the country remains low. Hence, this article focuses on building a model around the factors that are responsible for lack of trust in Indian consumers on Internet shopping and unveiling their effect on the consumers’ buying intention. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structure equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS 20.0 was used to confirm factor structure and to perform second-order SEM on the 5-point Likert scale proposed model tested empirically on a sample of 549 individuals. Our research indicates that there are various antecedents like brand orientation, website design, prior online purchase experience, quality orientation, perceived risk, perceived security control, perceived privacy control, perceived integrity, perceived competence, third-party integration and legal framework which affects consumer trust in Internet shopping which is positively associated with an intention to buy. However, the purchase intention of Indian consumers is influenced by the trustworthiness dimension of the model which depends on the factors affecting the consumer trust in e-shopping.

Integrating social and facial models of person perception: Converging and diverging dimensions

Models of first impressions from faces have consistently found two underlying dimensions of trustworthiness and dominance. These dimensions show apparent parallels to social psychological models of inter-group perception that describe dimensions of warmth (cf. trustworthiness) and competence (cf. dominance), and it has been suggested that they reflect universal dimensions of social cognition. We investigated whether the dimensions from face and inter-group social perception models are indeed equivalent by evaluating first impressions of faces. Across four studies with differing methods we consistently found that while perceptions of trustworthiness and warmth were closely related, perceptions of dominance and competence were less strongly related. Taken together, our results demonstrate strong similarity on the first dimension across facial and social models, with less similarity on the second dimension. We suggest that facial impressions of competence and dominance may represent different routes to judging a stranger’s capability to help or harm.

Modeling the trust-risk relationship in a wildland recreation setting: A social exchange perspective

We empirically tested relationships among the characteristics of trustworthiness, trust instilled in river guides, and risks perceived by whitewater recreationists that rafted a Wild and Scenic River in the Southern Sierra Nevada, CA. Drawing on a social exchange framework, we used survey data to address the following objectives: 1) investigate three dimensions of trustworthiness, including ability, integrity, and benevolence; 2) examine trust in decisions and trust in values that recreationists associated with their river guides; and 3) determine the effects of trustworthiness and trust on recreationists' beliefs that river guides minimized psychological and social risks from rafting the Kern River. Results from a latent variable path model revealed that the ability and integrity of river guides played important roles in explaining why they were trusted by recreationists, which in turn positively influenced the extent to which guides were believed to minimize risk. Contrary to previous research, we found that trust in values did not play a substantive role in predicting risk perception. A greater understanding of the trust-risk relationship will shed light on how public land management agencies can effectively navigate risk in dangerous wildland environments and provide access to otherwise inaccessible resources owned and valued by the public. Management ImplicationsOur results offer insight on how public land management agencies can negotiate risk and maintain high quality recreational opportunities afforded by wildland environments. Specifically, our study findings suggest:●Whitewater recreationists may not be able to access and/or enjoy wildland environments without trust and trustworthiness garnered from the assistance of guides.●The trust-risk relationship can be understood from a social exchange perspective.●Trustworthiness is an important mechanism for explaining trust in decisions and trust in values.●The extent to which river guides are thought to minimize risks can be predicted by the ability and integrity of a river guide and trust placed on their decisions.●The benevolence of river guides does not factor into the formation of trust or the risk perceptions of whitewater recreationists.

Facial trustworthiness perception bias elevated in individuals with PTSD compared to trauma exposed controls

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research has focused largely on fear processing. However, interpersonal trauma exposure can also impact interpersonal functioning and the perception of the trustworthiness of others. The present study examined facial perceptions of fearfulness and trustworthiness in individuals with PTSD (n=29), trauma-exposed without PTSD (n=19), and healthy controls (n=18). The PTSD group was hypothesized to exhibit a bias to perceive more fear and untrustworthiness in faces relative to controls. Participants rated the level of fearfulness or trustworthiness of faces that were parametrically morphed along a fear or trustworthiness dimension. The PTSD group was biased to perceive faces as more trustworthy compared to the trauma-exposed healthy controls, yet there were no differences between groups in fear processing. A trustworthiness bias in PTSD may represent a vulnerability factor. Conversely, lower trustworthiness perception may represent a protective disposition in trauma-exposed individuals who do not develop PTSD. Differences in the perception of trustworthiness may be an aspect of social perception that is independent of the fear processing abnormalities observed in PTSD.

Changing the personality of a face: Perceived Big Two and Big Five personality factors modeled in real photographs.

General, spontaneous evaluations of strangers based on their faces have been shown to reflect judgments of these persons' intention and ability to harm. These evaluations can be mapped onto a 2D space defined by the dimensions trustworthiness (intention) and dominance (ability). Here we go beyond general evaluations and focus on more specific personality judgments derived from the Big Two and Big Five personality concepts. In particular, we investigate whether Big Two/Big Five personality judgments can be mapped onto the 2D space defined by the dimensions trustworthiness and dominance. Results indicate that judgments of the Big Two personality dimensions almost perfectly map onto the 2D space. In contrast, at least 3 of the Big Five dimensions (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness) go beyond the 2D space, indicating that additional dimensions are necessary to describe more specific face-based personality judgments accurately. Building on this evidence, we model the Big Two/Big Five personality dimensions in real facial photographs. Results from 2 validation studies show that the Big Two/Big Five are perceived reliably across different samples of faces and participants. Moreover, results reveal that participants differentiate reliably between the different Big Two/Big Five dimensions. Importantly, this high level of agreement and differentiation in personality judgments from faces likely creates a subjective reality which may have serious consequences for those being perceived-notably, these consequences ensue because the subjective reality is socially shared, irrespective of the judgments' validity. The methodological approach introduced here might prove useful in various psychological disciplines. (PsycINFO Database Record

Ethos in Sports: An Aristotelian Examination Focused on Source Credibility and the Modern Day Athlete

Abstract The current study analyzed source credibility in a sports related context. A review of previous literature was undertaken in order to highlight the central findings focused on the dimensions of competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness. Quantitative methods were then utilized as a means to empirically test whether unconfirmed reports of performance-enhancing drug use could negatively impact perceptions of athlete ethos. Findings revealed that athletes who were inconclusively linked to performance-enhancers were evaluated less favorably in terms of their overall competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness. The implications from this study indicate that clean athletes who are wrongfully accused should proactively communicate their innocence to the general public. Athletes who are not clean should employ various face and image restoration strategies in order to effectively manage their public credibility. Study limitations and directions for future research were appropriately addressed within the present scholarship.

Comparing the Effects of E-Government and Social Media Use on Trust in Government: Evidence from Seoul, South Korea

This study examines how citizens’ use of government social media accounts and e-government websites relate to perceptions of government trustworthiness. We hypothesize that greater use of e-government websites for information by citizens is negatively associated with perceptions of government trustworthiness, whereas greater use of government social media accounts is positively associated with perceptions of government trustworthiness. We investigate these hypotheses using data from a 2012 sample of 1,100 Seoul citizens. In general, the findings offer support for our hypotheses yet also indicate that some dimensions of government trustworthiness are more intransigent than others. This paper concludes by discussing implications for theory and practice.

Clarifying and Capturing “Trust” in Relation to Science Education: Dimensions of Trustworthiness within Schools and Associations with Equitable Student Achievement

Science education reform may fall short of its potential to reduce educational disparities if the challenges are interpreted using strictly reductionist approaches. Taking a cue from school effectiveness research and reframing our approach using systems thinking, this study examined school-level variables associated with equitable science achievement. In particular, this study explores the concept of trust in relation to science education. Building upon a substantial body of research literature, we offer refined conceptualizations of schoolwide trust along with the findings that trust fluctuates according to the type of interpersonal relationship, that teacher views of the school principal's trustworthiness are considerably more variable than views of fellow teachers’ trustworthiness, and that schoolwide science achievement is associated with perceptions of the school principal's trustworthiness. This study supports the view that trustworthy professional relationships are one of several complementary organizational resources that promote effective and equitable science education. Moreover, our study identified aspects of school trust corresponding to school-level student science outcomes, and these differed from results reported elsewhere for math and reading/language-arts achievement.

School Administrator Self-Esteem and Its Relationship to Trust in Teachers

This study aims to determine the level of school administrator self-esteem and its relationship to school administrator trust in teachers. The research design is a relational survey. The study was conducted at K-12 schools (a total of 131 schools) in İzmit county in the Kocaeli province of Turkey. The data were gathered through a three-part questionnaire: the first part consisted of the Rosenberg (1989) self-esteem scale, a ten-item four-point Likert-type scale; the second part included a three-factor trustworthiness instrument with 17 items by Mayer and Davis (1999); and the third part was related to six demographic variables. SPSS 13.0 was used for data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to the data. Findings revealed that administrators have very low levels of self-esteem. Their levels of trust in teachers were also found to be low in all three dimensions of trustworthiness that were affected by administrator self-esteem. Results indicated that administrator self-esteem, education level, and seniority as an administrator in the current school were positively correlated with trust; title, school level, and seniority as an administrator were negatively correlated.

Vietnamese Australians' perceptions of the trustworthiness of police

Trust is a central concern in the policing of ethnically and racially identified communities. A challenge for contemporary policing research on trust, as for related concerns such as confidence or cooperation, is to relate the quality of personal police trust encounters to public views about the trustworthiness of the policing institution. Within the criminological literature on policing, many quantitative empirical studies are directed towards the measurement and comparison of how confidence, trust, effectiveness and fairness are related to community perceptions of police practice. Overall, there is a general scarcity of integrated frameworks applied to empirical studies of trustworthiness although the organisation and leadership literature offer some models. In this qualitative study, a sociological framework is used to explore Vietnamese Australian's perceptions of police trustworthiness. The paper investigates the key factors that influence Vietnamese Australians' perceptions of police trustworthiness using dimensions of trustworthiness described by Sztompka, namely, reputation, performance, appearance and accountability.

Rehberlik ve Denetim Sürecinde İl Eğitim Denetmenleri Kaynaklı İletişim Engellerine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri

The purpose of this study is to determine the teachers' opinions about the sourced provincial education inspectors through the process of guidance and supervision. The universe of the study that used survey model consists of 3121 teachers working at primary and secondary schools in the central district of Elazig in the 2012-2013 academic year. Data collection tool consists of 41 items. The validity and reliability study of the tool was carried out on the collected data from 200 teachers working at primary and secondary schools in the town center of Elazig. The scale named sourced provincial education inspectors in the process of guidance and supervision was applied on 166 people. According to the research findings, teachers' opinion; honesty and trustworthiness dimension is undecided, positive feedback and empathy dimension is I agree and communication barriers dimension is disagree. In the dimension, the level of the teachers in science branch is higher than the level of the teachers in the social sciences branch. In the dimension, between the opinions of 9-13 years experienced teachers and 1-2 years,6-8 years and 19 years and above experiences teachers, a meaningful difference to the disadvantage of 9-13 years experienced teachers was found.

Trust as a predictor of innovation network ties in project teams

We examine the influence of trust on the formation of social network ties for the idea generation and idea realisation stages of innovation. Drawing on data from 153 employees working in project teams at two firms, we find two dimensions of trustworthiness, Ability and Benevolence, predict tie formation for both idea generation and idea realisation, whereas Integrity predicts tie formation for idea generation only. Moderation analyses across both firms and stages of innovation reveal that a lack of benevolence makes ability largely irrelevant as a criterion for choosing a partner for innovation activities, whereas high benevolence increases the extent to which ability influences partner choice. Additionally, a lack of integrity makes ability either irrelevant or a negative criterion for partner section. Overall the results suggest that people need to perceive others as benevolent and not lacking in integrity in order to seek out their skills and knowledge for innovation in project teams.

Gender moderates the effect of oxytocin on social judgments.

The neuropeptide oxytocin is implicated in social processing, and recent research has begun to explore how gender relates to the reported effects. This study examined the effects of oxytocin on social affective perception and learning. Forty-seven male and female participants made judgments of faces during two different tasks, after being randomized to either double-blinded intranasal oxytocin or placebo. In the first task, "unseen" affective stimuli were presented in a continuous flash suppression paradigm, and participants evaluated faces paired with these stimuli on dimensions of competence, trustworthiness, and warmth. In the second task, participants learned affective associations between neutral faces and affective acts through a gossip learning procedure and later made affective ratings of the faces. In both tasks, we found that gender moderated the effect of oxytocin, such that male participants in the oxytocin condition rated faces more negatively, compared with placebo. The opposite pattern of findings emerged for female participants: they rated faces more positively in the oxytocin condition, compared with placebo. These findings contribute to a small but growing body of research demonstrating differential effects of oxytocin in men and women.

Predicting adolescents’ willingness to disclose personal information to a commercial website: Testing the applicability of a trust-based model

This study examines the relationship between the level of trust that adolescents place in a specific commercial website and their behavioural intentions to disclose four categories of personal information (identity information, geographical information, profile information and contact information) to the website. Following the integrative model of organisational trust, we hypothesise that respondents’ level of trust in a specific commercial website is determined by three dimensions of trustworthiness: ability, integrity and benevolence. In order to test the proposed model, we conducted a survey among 1042 Flemish adolescents. Analyses indicate that perceived ability and integrity predicted adolescents’ level of trust in the focal website. The respondents’ trust in the website subsequently predicted their willingness to disclose. The influence of the discerned trustworthiness beliefs was fully mediated by the level of trust adolescents had in the specific commercial website. Adolescents’ risk perception about disclosing information to this website also affected their willingness to disclose information. Finally, our analysis identified an individual’s disposition to trust (i.e. trust propensity) as significantly predicting (1) the three trustworthiness beliefs and (2) the willingness to disclose the four discerned categories of personal information. Surprisingly no significant association was found between trust propensity and adolescents’ trust in the specific commercial website.

Oxytocin does not make a face appear more trustworthy but improves the accuracy of trustworthiness judgments

Previous research on the relation between oxytocin and trustworthiness evaluations has yielded inconsistent results. The current study reports an experiment using artificial faces which allows manipulating the dimension of trustworthiness without changing factors like emotions or face symmetry. We investigate whether (1) oxytocin increases the average trustworthiness evaluation of faces (level effect), and/or whether (2) oxytocin improves the discriminatory ability of trustworthiness perception so that people become more accurate in distinguishing faces that vary along a gradient of trustworthiness. In a double blind oxytocin/placebo experiment (N=106) participants conducted two judgement tasks. First they evaluated the trustworthiness of a series of pictures of artificially generated faces, neutral in the trustworthiness dimension. Next they compared neutral faces with artificially generated faces that were manipulated to vary in trustworthiness. The results indicate that oxytocin (relative to a placebo) does not affect the evaluation of trustworthiness in the first task. However, in the second task, misclassification of untrustworthy faces as trustworthy occurred significantly less in the oxytocin group. Furthermore, oxytocin improved the discriminatory ability of untrustworthy, but not trustworthy faces. We conclude that oxytocin does not increase trustworthiness judgments on average, but that it helps people to more accurately recognize an untrustworthy face.

Face‐Off: Facial Features and Strategic Choice

I study experimentally a single‐shot trust game where players have the opportunity to choose an avatar—a computer‐generated face—to represent them. These avatars vary on several dimensions—trustworthiness, dominance, and threat—identified by previous work as influencing perceptions of those who view the faces (Todorov, Said, Engell, & Oosterhof, 2008). I take this previous work and ask whether subjects choose faces that are ex ante more trustworthy, whether selected avatars have an influence on strategy choices, and whether individuals who evaluate faces as more trustworthy are also more likely to trust others. Results indicate affirmative answers to all three questions. Additional experimental sessions used randomly assigned avatars. This design allows me to compare behavior when everyone knows avatars are self‐selected versus when everyone knows they are randomly assigned. Random assignment eliminated all three effects observed when subjects chose their avatars.