Dimensions Of Structural Elements Research Articles

The Roofing System of the Tholos of Athena Pronaia in Delphi: Archaeological Hypotheses and Structural Suggestions

ABSTRACT This study aims to provide an integrated understanding of archaeological findings by evaluating reconstruction hypotheses from a technological and structural perspective, focusing on the Tholos of Athena Pronaia in Delphi, a prime example of 4th and 3rd-century BC Greek architecture. Archaeological research primarily focuses on proportional rules and decorative aspects. The original roof configuration remains uncertain despite its architectural significance and characteristic interlocking marble tiles. The investigation of structural problems is crucial for selecting the most feasible reconstructions and formulating hypotheses on materials, dimensions of structural elements, and how connections between elements were constructed. Due to the many reconstruction uncertainties, a reverse design approach was employed, utilizing schematic technological sections based on the known structural and technical knowledge of the time to ensure consistency between archaeological images and potential underlying structural diagrams. Variables were considered for uncertain dimensions, and the structure’s safety was analysed in terms of material strength and stability. This highlighted not only unsafe solutions but also potential novelties in structural conceptions. This contribution serves as a starting point for research, placing structural mechanics at the service of archaeology with a focus on the tholos roof system.

MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHROMIUM-NICKEL CAST IRON STRUCTURE ON ITS QUALITY CRITERIA

The influence of the structure of cast irons on their hardness was studied using multifractal analysis. The spectrum of statistical dimensions of the cast iron microstructure was calculated using the Renyi formula. The hardness of chromium-nickel cast iron was determined at three points of the sample. It was found that the pairwise correlation coefficients for predicting hardness by traditional structure characteristics (length, diameter, area) were R2= 0.73...0.87. When assessing hardness indicators by multifractal characteristics, the correlation coefficients are 0.78...0.88 for the pearlite structure with flake graphite and 0.81...0.93 for the pearlite structure with spherical graphite. The sensitivity coefficients of the hardness indicators of СПХН-43 rolls to the information and correlation dimensions of carbides, as well as to the fractal and statistical D-100 dimensions of flake graphite were determined. The sensitivity of hardness indicators to the fractal and statistical D100 dimensions of carbides and to the fractal and correlation dimensions of flake graphite was determined for СПХНФ-47 rolls. Based on the results obtained, an approach to assessing the hardness of СПХН-43 and СПХНФ-47 rolls was developed, which includes: 1). Determination of the statistical dimension spectrum of the cast iron structure elements. 2). Determination of the sensitivity coefficients of hardness indicators to the spectrum of dimensions of structural elements. 3). Creation of a mathematical model for predicting the hardness of rolls. The considered approach can be interpreted as an alternative method for assessing the quality criteria of cast irons based on the analysis of their structure.

Study of the influence of the structure of rolled iron on its hardness

Problem. The influence of the structure of cast irons on their hardness was studied using multifractal analysis. The spectrum of statistical dimensions of the cast iron microstructure was calculated using the Renyi formula. Materials and methods. The hardness of chromium-nickel cast iron was determined at three points of the sample. Results of experiments. It was found that the pairwise correlation coefficients for predicting hardness by traditional structure characteristics (length, diameter, area) were R2 = 0.73...0.87. When assessing hardness indicators by multifractal characteristics, the correlation coefficients are 0.78...0.88 for the pearlite structure with flake graphite and 0.81...0.93 for the pearlite structure with spherical graphite. The sensitivity coefficients of the hardness indicators of СПХН-43 rolls to the information and correlation dimensions of carbides, as well as to the fractal and statistical D-100 dimensions of flake graphite were determined. The sensitivity of hardness indicators to the fractal and statistical D100 dimensions of carbides and to the fractal and correlation dimensions of flake graphite was determined for СПХНФ-47 rolls. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, an approach to assessing the hardness of СПХН-43 and СПХНФ-47 rolls was developed, which includes: 1). Determination of the statistical dimension spectrum of the cast iron structure elements. 2). Determination of the sensitivity coefficients of hardness indicators to the spectrum of dimensions of structural elements. 3). Creation of a mathematical model for predicting the hardness of rolls. The considered approach can be interpreted as an alternative method for assessing the quality criteria of cast irons based on the analysis of their structure.

Effects of additional heat treatment on struc-ture and microhardness of high-strength steel shipbuilding

The paper studies kinetics of austenitic grain growth (when heating) and the peculiarities of phase transformations (when cooling) that depend on the manufacturing technology of high-strength steel. The method of vacuum etching has been applied to reveal former austenitic grain boundaries in steel. It is shown that the necessary homogeneous structure in morphology and dimensions of structural elements in martensitic steels is formed under the influence of additional quenching from furnace heating with tempering after quenching from rolling heating.

INVESTIGATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTI-STORY BUILDING WITH A POLYMER CONCRETE FRAME

Formulation of the problem. An urgent problem in construction is the development and introduction of new types of structural materials with improved characteristics: high strength, resistance to aggressive environments, frost resistance, etc. One of these materials is polymer concrete. Polymer concretes can be effectively used in modern construction in the manufacture of monolithic elements of structures, such as wall panels, slabs, columns of frame buildings. The purpose of the work is to study the dynamic characteristics of a multi-story building with a polymer concrete frame under the action of seismic loads. Method. Dynamic calculations were carried out using the finite element method in the LIRA−CAD software complex. Scientific novelty. New analytical formulas have been obtained, which allow an approximate estimation of the dimensions of structural elements of polymer concrete buildings. It was determined how changes in the properties of the frame material affect the weight of the building, the frequency of natural oscillations and displacement under the action of seismic loading. Practical significance. The results of the work make it possible to perform design calculations related to the dynamic properties of multi-story buildings with a polymer concrete frame. Conclusions. The use of polymer concrete for the construction of frames of multi-story buildings allows to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of structural elements, reduce the weight and material consumption of buildings.

Dynamic response and damage characteristics of special blast-resistant door structure subjected to underwater explosion

The blast resistance and protection of underwater special blast-resistant door structures were essential research elements for the safety of underwater facilities. This paper aimed to research the dynamic response and damage mode of the plate blast-resistant door structure under the impact load of an underwater explosion. First, a three-dimensional free-field shock wave numerical model was established through LS-DYNA based on the arbitrary lagrangian–eulerian (ALE) algorithm, and the obtained shock wave loads were compared with empirical values to verify the validity and accuracy of the finite element model. Then, to further explore the damage characteristics of the underwater explosion on the plate blast-resistant door structure, a three-dimensional numerical model of the plate blast-resistant door structure under an underwater explosion load was established. The dynamic response and damage of the blast-resistant door structure under different explosive equivalents, propagation medium, explosion distance, hydrostatic pressure and geometric dimensions of structural elements were also analyzed. The results revealed that the damage mode of the blast-resistant door structure was related to its dynamic characteristics and depended on the explosive equivalents, propagation medium, explosive distance, hydrostatic pressure and member size. As the frame beams on both sides were the weak part of the blast resistance, the blast-resistant door structure might cause bending deformation and warpage on both sides of the frame beam and overall structure bending. The research results can provide the characteristics of the underwater explosion load and the mechanism and law of fluid–solid coupling damage of the load on the special blast-resistant door structure, providing a reference for the damage power assessment and blast-resistant door structure design.

Aplicação da avaliação do ciclo de vida na otimização de projetos de concreto armado

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to assist decision-making in structural projects of reinforced concrete. Were studied structural models for an eight-story building, with classes of compressive strength (fck) of concrete ranging from 25 to 50 MPa. Also, were evaluated changes in the dimensions of structural elements, as well as the consumption of component materials of the structure. Results showed that the structural models for classes C40 obtained the best results for 67% of the categories of potential impacts assessed, with potential impact values ranging from 7.4% to 21.2%, including the possibility of saving 18 thousand kg of CO2 emitted. After carrying out an economic analysis, was observed that the structural model for the C40 concrete presented the optimal environmental-economic solution. The results of this research indicate the feasibility of using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and economic analysis as tools to assist in decision-making during the design process of reinforced concrete structures.

Analysis of Internal Forces and Structural Dimensions on the Variations of Courtroom Placement of DPRK Building

The construction of state buildings is caused by the increased mobility of needs. One of them is the DPRK building that wants the placement of the plenary session room to be on the 2nd or 3rd floor. This study aims to evaluate the internal style and behavior of the structure that arises due to variations in the placement of the plenary session room so as to produce the most optimal choice of courtroom for the most effective structural dimensions. Structural analysis was carried out using the ETABS program by carrying out 4 variations of courtroom placement, namely Varian 1 (the courtroom is located on the 1st floor), Varian 2 (2nd floor), Varian 3 (3rd floor), and Varian 4 (4th floor). Variant 2 (DED) is a reference sourced from the DED from the planning consultant. The seismic load analysis used is the method of Dynamic Analysis of Response Spectrum Variety. Parameters reviewed are internal forces (axial, normal, and moment) and structural behavior (story displacement, displacement between floors, nominal base shear forces, and vertical irregularities). The calculation analysis refers to the latest standards, namely SNI 1726:2019, SNI 1727:2020, and SNI 2847:2019. The results of this study indicate that the greatest internal force values occur in Variant 4. The level displacement and the displacement between floors increase in the variant with the smaller structural element dimensions. The level displacement of the X and Y axes has increased in Variant 3 and Variant 4, and has decreased in Variant 1. The nominal base shear force value has decreased for Variants 1, 3, and 4 against Variant 2 (DED) because it has smaller structural dimensions. . All modeling variants experienced soft stiffness irregularity type 1A, excessive soft stiffness irregularity type 1B, and heavy (mass) irregularity type 2. Variant 1 was chosen as the variant with the best courtroom placement, because it met the requirements for earthquake design.

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG BARU 3 LANTAI “TABEK MAINAN” DI JALAN M.YAMIN KELURAHAN AUR KUNING KECAMATAN AUR BIRUGO TIGO BALEH KOTA BUKITTINGGI

The number of buildings that collapsed was caused by the ability of a structure that was not able to support the working load, causing significant loss of property and even life. Therefore, in planning the design of a building structure, it must be really full of accuracy, careful calculations and according to the requirements with reference to the Indonesian National Standard (Indonesian Loading Regulations for Buildings and Buildings SNI-2847-2019 and SNI-1726-2019). This study aims to plan the dimensions of structural elements, calculation of structural reinforcement. The structural element data used are the results of the preliminary design (Preliminary Design). The analysis is assisted by the SAP2000 Version 11 program with the selection of a network system structure system (Grid System). Based on the results of the Preliminary design calculation, data is obtained for the use of the superstructure of the 1st floor to the 3rd floor where the cross section of the main column is 40 x 50 cm, the terrace column is 30x30 cm, the main beam is 30x40 cm, and the joist is 20x30 cm. The planning of floor slabs and also not concrete which was carried out with Preliminary design was found to be 12 cm thick. Planning for the foundation using a well foundation with a depth of 2 meters, and using a concrete buis with a diameter of 1 meterKeywords: Preliminary design, SAP2000 analysis, reinforcement calculation, foundation bearing capacity

Multi-criteria comparison tools to evaluate cost- and eco-efficiency of ultra-high-performance concrete

This work was motivated by the increasing need for proper metrics and tools to demonstrate the effect of mechanical performance, as a function of concrete mix composition, in dictating the dimensions of structural elements and associated costs and embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Mixture compositions associated with different concrete technologies were compared using multi-criteria comparison indices derived using structural design considerations and calculated using information on compressive strength, volumetric embodied CO2 and unit costs. In addition, predicted compressive strengths obtained with machine learning (ML) models are used to calculate these indices for a domain of mix proportions associated with ultra-high-performance concrete materials to generate multi-objective density diagrams (MODDs). The makeup of this tool facilitates the evaluation of rather complicated trends associated with mix proportions and multi-objective outcomes, allowing ML-based tools to be of easy interpretation by industry personnel with no expertise in artificial intelligence. MODDs could be used as aids in the decision-making process during mix design stages and serve as proof of mixture optimization that could be introduced in environmental product declarations. Results show that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, high-binder content and ultra-high strength concrete technologies are not necessarily detrimental to cost and/or eco efficiencies. For the applications evaluated herein, optimum solutions were mostly obtained with these types of concrete, suggesting that industry trends toward requiring minimization of embodied carbon footprint on a per volume of concrete basis are misguided and should not be used as a standalone metric to minimize the total carbon footprint of concrete structures.

Analisa Perhitungan Struktur Atas Bangunan Gedung Perkantoran Di Wilayah Kota Pekalongan

Infrastructure development in Indonesia experiences rapid development every year, including in Pekalongan City. Infrastructure development in Pekalongan City starts from the construction of roads, buildings, public facilities, and so on. The Pekalongan City Government has made an alternative that is in accordance with the above conditions, namely by constructing offices to improve or meet the needs of public facilities and realize sustainable infrastructure progress. The construction of existing high-rise buildings must be properly planned in accordance with applicable regulations. Based on SNI 2847-2013, regarding calculation procedures for buildings, it is explained that the loads that must be calculated for planning a structure are dead loads, live loads, wind loads, earthquake loads, and combinations of these loads. The building under review is a two-storey office building with reinforced concrete construction. The analysis is carried out with the help of the SAP computer program. Before analyzing, first make a working drawing design with the help of the Autocad program. The final results in this study are in the form of dimensions of structural elements that are planned to be strong and resistant to loads and economical in terms of cost. While the analysis of the main structure in the form of plates, beams, and columns.

Simplified Solution of Time-Cost Trade-off Problem for Building Constructions by Linear Scheduling

Time-cost trade-off is an important optimization problem for contractors, because its optimum solution minimizes the total project cost. Formation of the time-cost trade-off problem causes an important workload, since the problem requires preparation of different construction cost and duration alternatives of the activities. Previous studies focused on the optimum solution of the problem and ignored the difficulties of the preparation of the different construction alternatives for the activities, which is a very difficult task for contractors. In this study, the creation of construction alternatives consisting of different time and cost values is automated. Quantity take-off of construction items is computed by user-defined dimensions of structural elements. Workmanship and material requirements are computed by pre-defined job descriptions and quantity take-off values. Different construction alternatives are formed by assigning different crew sizes and the corresponding construction durations are computed by estimating the job efficiency of the crew by regression models derived from the literature. Precedence relationships of the main construction items are pre-defined and the construction schedule is formed by a line of balance in terms of work days. The problem is optimized by a genetic algorithm the parameters of which are fine-tuned by experimental design. The developed approach is implemented on a spreadsheet application and the total optimization process including data entry is completed in one and a half hour on a desktop computer with i5 CPU. This study contributes to relevant literature by proposing a systematic approach for the formation of construction alternatives of the time-cost trade-off problem. The proposed approach can be beneficial for contractors and project managers to form and solve the time-cost trade-off problem with minimum endeavor and cost. KEYWORDS: Time-cost trade-off, Genetic algorithm, Line of balance, Optimization, Experimental design.

APPLICATION OF EXPERT AND FRACTAL ASSESSMENTS IN FORECASTING THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION STEEL

Introduction. Different approaches are used to study the structure and properties of structural steels. The properties of steels are determined using traditional methods (physical methods, field tests, X-ray analysis, microscopy, etc.). Structure studies are also carried out using traditional methods based on Euclid's integer geometry. A similar approximation of structural elements by Euclid's figures leads to a decrease in the accuracy of forecast models due to the complex shape of its elements. The reason for this is the fractality (fine dimensionality) of most elements of the material structure. The paper proposes an approach based on a combination of expert and fractal assessments when creating a forecast model for the quality of construction steel. Materials and methods. Construction steel 20 in the mode of factory delivery was studied. The steel had a ferrite-pearlite structure. Mechanical tests and determination of chemical composition were carried out in accordance with the existing regulatory documents (DSTU 7809). The content of pearlite in steel ranged from 10 to 18 %, depending on the amount of carbon. Ferrite occupied the entire other part of the area of the slide examined under the Neophot-2 optical microscope. The results of the experiment. Expert assessment was used to predict mechanical indicators of strength with the aim of reducing material and time costs for conducting field tests with metal samples. The effect of the ferrite-pearlite structure on the mechanical characteristics of strength was investigated by comparing the fractal evaluations of the structure with the indicators of mechanical tests. It has been established that an increase in the fractal dimension of pearlite has a positive effect on the growth of strength indicators of steel 20. A similar effect is, in a certain way, associated with the change in the shape of pearlite grains in the process of changing the amount of carbon in steel within the limits of regulatory documents. Conclusions. For structural steel 20, models for assessing its mechanical characteristics were obtained using the fractal dimensions of structural elements and expert assessments. Coefficients of pairwise correlation of regression equations are recorded in the range of 0.65...0.85. The obtained results can be used to forecast strength indicators of steel, which is especially relevant when assessing its residual resource during operation.

Computer-Aided System for Parametric Design of Ship Hull Structures—CADS-Hull

The problem of the parametric design of ship hull structures is considered here. The parametric design of ship hull structures is intended to determine the dimensions of structural elements that meet the requirements of regulatory documents (Rules of Classification Societies/Strength Standards). It is shown that, in all existing shipbuilding CAD-CAM systems, the problems of the parametric design of ship hull structures are essentially not affected. A modern methodology for the parametric design of hull structures is proposed, which defines a set of principles for the structural and logical organization of the design process, methods, and technical means for implementing design procedures. The most characteristic methodological principles of the parametric design of ship hull structures and other offshore engineering structures are identified: A systematic approach; modeling as one of the main methods for solving design problems; and a rational design strategy based on iterative search procedures that implement the methodological principle of successive complication of models and procedures for designing structures. The article considers the architecture and methodological foundations of the system for automated parametric design of ship hull structures (CADS-Hull), developed at the Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University, Russia. The system is intended for use in design bureaus when designing civil ship hull structures on the basis of regulatory requirements of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping and IACS General Rules in terms of large-capacity tankers, bulk carriers, and container ships.

Light Microscopy of Medium-Density Rigid Polyurethane Foams Filled with Nanoclay.

Practical applications and mathematical modelling of the physical and mechanical properties of medium-density rigid polyurethane foams require knowledge of their structure. It is necessary to determine structural characteristics without destroying the foams and measuring each element. A methodology is described for the use of light microscopy on environmentally sustainable, medium-density rigid polyurethane foams (in the density region of ≈210–230 kg/m3), by the analysis of two types of light microscopy images: (1) Cutting surface images; and (2) Through-cutting surface images. The dimensions of structural elements of polyurethane foams, filled with the nanoclay Cloisite-30B at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% from the mass of the filled reacting mixture, are estimated. Probability density functions of projections of bubbles’ diameters and struts’ length are determined using images in three mutually perpendicular planes. A mathematical model is developed for the restoration of the actual dimensions of bubbles’ diameters using data of cutting circles’ diameters. Intercalation and exfoliation of the filler’s Cloisite-30B mono-layers is evaluated via the basal spacing by X-ray diffraction at a 5 wt.% concentration of nanoclay.

PERENCANAAN ULANG PEMBANGUNAN MASJID WUSTHA PAYAKUMBUH

The mosque as a place of worship for Muslims, which is a building with a public function, must be designed in such a way for the comfort and safety of the building, both in terms of design and a strong and sturdy building structure. As a place of worship, especially prayer, which requires a large space with not many pillars (columns) in the middle of the room which is feared to break the prayer line. Therefore, accuracy is needed in the mosque construction process, especially the calculation of the loading of the building structure so that it is safe for the safety of users. This study aims to plan the dimensions of structural elements, calculation of structural reinforcement. The structural element data used are the results of the preliminary design (Preliminary Design). The analysis is assisted by the SAP2000 Version 11 program with the selection of a network system structure system (Grid System). Based on the results of the Preliminary design calculation, data is obtained for the use of the superstructure of the 1st floor to the 3rd floor where the cross section of the main column is 60x60 cm, the terrace column is 30x60 cm, the main beam is 40x60 cm, and the child beam is 30x50 cm. The planning of floor slabs and also not concrete which was carried out with Preliminary design was found to be 12 cm thick. Planning for the foundation using a well foundation with a depth of 4 meters, and by using a concrete buis with a diameter of 1 meter. Keywords:Preliminary design, SAP2000, Building Structure, Mosque,Foundation.

Technological and rheological bases for molding pasta in press houses with preliminary two-stage compaction, plasticization and warming of dough

One of efficient directions for pasta press designs modernization is installation of special conical-andcylindrical inserts in the pre-matrix space and matrix wells in front of the dies having, like Venturi tubes, narrowing zones (convergent), expansion (divergent) and a cylindrical path located between them. However, rheological aspects of such method of forming tool modernizing in relation to pasta presses have not been studied, recommendations for structural elements calculation and design have not been developed. All this is a significant obstacle for using the method in engineering and industrial practice. The research purpose is to develop rheological models the pasta dough flow in the conical-cylindrical channels of convergent-divergent inserts and to evaluate with their help the impact of structural dimensions and rheological properties on resistance to pasta dough flow. Pasta dough was considered as a rheological complex nonlinearly viscous plastic material. In technical calculations contribution of shear strength was neglected and a rheological analysis was performed using the Oswald-de-Ville power law equation. Analytical dependences obtained make it possible to calculate the pressure drops in the convergent-divergent insert and its elements. Numerical modeling was performed and calculated data were obtained regarding the impact of dimensions of structural elements of the insert and rheological parameters of pasta dough on its resistance to viscous flow. The results obtained can form the basis of engineering and technological calculations in design of convergent-divergent inserts for laboratory and industrial pasta presses.

Relationship Between Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Composite and Fractal Dimension of Structural Elements of its Surface

Relationship Between Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Composite and Fractal Dimension of Structural Elements of its Surface

Compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood of yellow pine

The compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood from the yellow pine sapwood and heartwood areas was examined in the study. The structure of the basic structural elements of wood - tracheids, which conduct water and/or perform the mechanical function - was also characterized. The compressive strength parallel to grain of latewood in the sapwood area was found to be twice as high as the compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood. The compressive strength parallel to grain of latewood in the heartwood area, on the other hand, was found to be 2,5 times higher than the compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood. This was due to the density of particular areas of wood and the dimensions of structural elements - tracheids. In the sapwood area, the density of latewood was ca. twice as high as the density of earlywood. Similar relationships were found for heartwood. The thickness of latewood tracheids was found to be 1,5 times greater than the thickness of earlywood tracheids. These relationships were observed in sapwood and heartwood. The diameter of earlywood tracheids in radial direction was twice as large as the diameter of latewood tracheids. These relationships were observed in yellow pine sapwood and heartwood

Installation of stainless metal reinforcements in stone cultural monuments

Objective: To provide examples of the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in a stone cultural monument as part of conservation and restoration work. Methods: During conservation and restoration works, metal elements in stone monuments are replaced by stainless steel, which shares the same physical properties as, for example, iron, but its chemical properties are much superior. Estimates of appropriate reinforcement, technical drawings and a detailed plan are drafted before the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in the stonework itself. For more demanding calculations and designs, structural and other engineers and architects were consulted to obtain the optimal dimensions of structural elements. Results: The presented examples of stone monuments (an ancient stone sarcophagus, two ancient sculptures, one medieval portal, two baroque baptismal fonts and a baroque bell gable) were reinforced with stainless steel. A reinforcing mesh was utilized to connect fragments of the sarcophagus and reconstruct the missing parts. The sculptures were found in fragments and required steel reinforcement to be set up in a free-standing position. The baptismal fonts were also found in fragments due to the corrosion of their iron clamps; they were furnished with a detachable, externally invisible steel reinforcement. The medieval portal was at risk of collapse due to the static instability caused by the rupture of its load-bearing lintel. The lintel was reinforced with a steel bar, which absorbs compression forces acting on the stone superstructure. The baroque bell gable was a prime example of a monument damaged by its iron clamps. These were completely removed and the structural stability was secured by embedding a reversible steel structure in the stonework. Conclusion: Good physical and chemical properties make stainless steel the basic material in the reinforcement of stone cultural monuments. Its application in the conservation and restoration of stone monuments is currently the best and most efficient solution for restoring sustainable structural stability, original appearance and optimal positioning of monuments, as well as preventing further deterioration.