Dimensions Of Perceived Risk Research Articles

Parental risk perceptions of child exposure to tobacco smoke.

BackgroundTobacco smoke exposure harms children and adults. Yet, 40% of children worldwide are exposed to tobacco smoke in their homes. Such widespread parental failure to protect children is puzzling, and may be related to risk perceptions. No consensus exists about how to measure parental risk perceptions of tobacco smoke exposure.MethodsThe objective of this research was to study Parental Risk Perceptions of child Exposure to Tobacco Smoke (PRETS) using various dimensions of risk perceptions: likelihood of harm, susceptibility to harm, and severity of harm. We aimed to estimate PRETS and identify correlates of PRETS, and assess the association between PRETS, parental smoking status, and home smoking behaviors. We conducted 132 face-to-face interviews with parents of infants.ResultsParents who smoked regularly believed that infant tobacco smoke exposure was less dangerous than did other parents (p = .0158). Birthplace of parent was significantly associated with risk perception (p = .0019); parents of Russian origin believed the overall risk to be less than did those born elsewhere. Smoking status, ethnicity, and employment status were associated with smoking in the home. The relationship between smoking behavior in the home and risk perceptions was complex, and may have been modified by ethnicity.ConclusionsParental risk perceptions concerning child exposure to tobacco smoke are associated with smoking behavior and ethnicity. Understanding how to measure risk perceptions, and identifying risk perception dimensions which differ between families with and without home smoking bans, may contribute to the development of effective interventions to protect children from the harmful effects of tobacco smoke exposure.

Dimensiones del riesgo percibido en el proceso decisorio de elección de un plan de salud privado: un estudio de caso

Este estudio busca identificar las dimensiones del riesgo percibido que pueden ser decisivas en la elección de un plan de salud en el momento de la elección de compra. Se realizó un sondeo aplicado a 216 entrevistados por medio del análisis factorial, el conjunto de 28 atributos se agrupó en cuatro factores, que representaron un índice de explicación de 61,08%. Se concluye que la identificación de las dimensiones del riesgo percibido puede ayudar a las empresas de salud a dar prioridad a acciones, considerando la percepción de los clientes, en el sentido de disminuir la inseguridad y el sentimiento de pérdida en las operaciones de los servicios ofrecidos.

Risk Dimensions and Political Decisions Frame Environmental Communication: A Content Analysis of Seven U.S. Newspapers From 1970–2010

This project examined the focus of environmental news frames used in seven American newspapers between 1970 and 2010. During this time newspapers were a primary source of news. Based on gatekeeping and agenda-setting theory, as well as source credibility, the content analysis of 2,123 articles examined the environmental topics within the articles, seven possible risk perception dimensions used in the story, and the primary source of information. The national newspapers typically reported an environmental issue paired with policy; local papers reported a single environmental issue. A Chi-square test found significant differences between national and local newspapers’ use of risk dimensions.

A Sociological Checklist for Assessing Environmental Health Risks

The contribution of social sciences to risk assessment has often been confined to dimensions of risk perception and communication. This article relates an effort to promote knowledge from the social sciences that addresses other dimensions of risk issues. A sociological checklist produced for ANSES in France helps to identify and analyse social dimensions that should be given attention during the process of risk assessment.

Religion and perceived travel risks

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of religion on perceived risks associated with travel to China. A sample of 223 international travelers answered questions about the travel risks associated with travel to China, their religious affiliation, and the strength of their religious beliefs—their religiosity. A principal components analysis identified five risk dimensions: “Value risk,” “Physical/Psychological risk,” “Health risk,” “Terrorism/Social risk,” and “Equipment/Satisfaction risk.” Regression analyses identified statistically significant positive relationships between religiosity and perceived travel risks while holding experience constant. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a series of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests revealed significant differences in the perceived travel risks across religious affiliations. Across all five risk dimensions, travelers who reported a religious affiliation perceived more risk than nonreligious travelers did. Religiosity, religious affiliation, and the perceived risk dimensions also discriminated among preferred travel styles for a future trip to China. Implications of the study's results are discussed, and limitations and recommendations for future research presented.

Comparison of Different Risk Perception Measures in Predicting Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Healthy Chinese Adults in Hong Kong: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

BackgroundRisk perception is a reported predictor of vaccination uptake, but which measures of risk perception best predict influenza vaccination uptake remain unclear.MethodologyDuring the main influenza seasons (between January and March) of 2009 (Wave 1) and 2010 (Wave 2),505 Chinese students and employees from a Hong Kong university completed an online survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to assess how well different risk perceptions measures in Wave 1 predicted vaccination uptake against seasonal influenza in Wave 2.Principal FindingsThe results of the multivariate logistic regression models showed that feeling at risk (β = 0.25, p = 0.021) was the better predictor compared with probability judgment while probability judgment (β = 0.25, p = 0.029 ) was better than beliefs about risk in predicting subsequent influenza vaccination uptake. Beliefs about risk and feeling at risk seemed to predict the same aspect of subsequent vaccination uptake because their associations with vaccination uptake became insignificant when paired into the logistic regression model. Similarly, to compare the four scales for assessing probability judgment in predicting vaccination uptake, the 7-point verbal scale remained a significant and stronger predictor for vaccination uptake when paired with other three scales; the 6-point verbal scale was a significant and stronger predictor when paired with the percentage scale or the 2-point verbal scale; and the percentage scale was a significant and stronger predictor only when paired with the 2-point verbal scale.Conclusions/SignificanceBeliefs about risk and feeling at risk are not well differentiated by Hong Kong Chinese people. Feeling at risk, an affective-cognitive dimension of risk perception predicts subsequent vaccination uptake better than do probability judgments. Among the four scales for assessing risk probability judgment, the 7-point verbal scale offered the best predictive power for subsequent vaccination uptake.

Social network loyalty: evaluating the role of attitude, perceived risk and satisfaction

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of social networking site loyalty, paying special attention to the roles of user attitude, perceived risk and satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe impact of uses and gratifications of social networking sites, attitude, perceived risks and satisfaction on social networking site loyalty is tested through structural equation modelling techniques. The sample consisted of 811 Spanish social networking site users collected through a personal survey. Risk is measured as a formative construct.FindingsData analysis shows that attitude is a key variable in increasing satisfaction and loyalty towards social networking sites. Sociability and entertainment gratifications and perceived risks (psychological, time loss and social) are the main drivers of user attitude towards social networking sites.Practical implicationsThis research enables managers to know what aspects to highlight in their communication strategies to increase social networking site use and positive word‐of‐mouth. The research findings show managers that social networking site content should provide fun and foster user interactions in order to improve user attitude. Practical recommendations to increase social networking site satisfaction and loyalty and guidelines to reduce perceived risk dimensions are also provided.Originality/valueDespite the importance of social networking sites for companies, only limited work has been done to identify motivators and barriers of social networking site loyalty. This work aims to combine the influence of gratifications provided by social networking sites, perceived risks, attitude and satisfaction in order to construct an improved model for social networking site loyalty formation. Furthermore risk is measured as a formative construct because there is no reason to expect that risk dimensions in social networking site use are correlated.

A netnographic examination of travelers' online discussions of risks

This research explores online discussions of risk by applying a netnographic approach, which in previous tourism studies has been used to probe travelers' online narratives in general, rather than examining a particular dimension. In the present study, blogs about risk and safety issues were analyzed with the intention of scrutinizing risk categories discussed online and exploring the contingency of risk dimension for cities of different risk levels. Helsinki (Finland), Madrid (Spain), and Cape Town (South Africa) were chosen to represent low-, medium-, and high-risk cities, respectively. Findings from our analysis of the TripAdvisor's forum for risk prove the applicability of the taxonomy of risk categories previously identified in offline contexts and that perceived risk dimensions are destination specific. Insight into risk dimensions that tourists discuss online enable destination marketers to take action, eliminate factors that cause risk perception, refine destination marketing communication, and build strong brands.

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Evacuee Risk Perception Throughout the Evacuation and Return‐Entry Process

Developing effective evacuation and return-entry plans requires understanding the spatial and temporal dimensions of risk perception experienced by evacuees throughout a disaster event. Using data gathered from the 2008 Cedar Rapids, Iowa Flood, this article explores how risk perception and location influence evacuee behavior during the evacuation and return-entry process. Three themes are discussed: (1) the spatial and temporal characteristics of risk perception throughout the evacuation and return-entry process, (2) the relationship between risk perception and household compliance with return-entry orders, and (3) the role social influences have on the timing of the return by households. The results indicate that geographic location and spatial variation of risk influenced household risk perception and compliance with return-entry plans. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics influenced the timing and characteristics of the return groups. The findings of this study advance knowledge of evacuee behavior throughout a disaster and can inform strategies used by emergency managers throughout the evacuation and return-entry process.

Exploring the multidimensional role of involvement and perceived risk in brand extension

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose and test a conceptual framework specifying the multidimensional role of involvement and perceived risk in brand extension domain.Design/methodology/approachA survey research design was applied to test the proposed hypotheses. Three hypothetical extensions of a real brand were selected. A total of 101 respondents participated in the study. Regression analyses was conducted to examine the role of involvement and perceived risk dimensions in brand extension evaluation.FindingsResults indicate that consumers evaluate brand extension more favorably when it is highly relevant, more pleasurable, and associated with less risk probability. In addition, each facet of perceived risk, namely, financial, performance and psychological, are found to be equally important in making decisions about brand extension.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper contributes to the growing body of literature of brand extension. The study provides a new direction to brand managers and marketers to understand the full dynamics of the relationship of consumers with brand extensions. To get more benefit from brand extension strategies, managers should pay attention to involvement and perceived risk associated with extension categories.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in that it identifies the importance of multidimensional nature of involvement and perceived risk to study consumer evaluation of brand extension.

Development of the Perceived Risk of HIV Scale

Past studies have used various methods to assess perceived risk of HIV infection; however, few have included multiple items covering different dimensions of risk perception or have examined the characteristics of individual items. This study describes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) to develop a short measure of perceived risk of HIV infection scale (PRHS). An item pool was administered by trained interviewers to 771 participants. Participants also completed the risk behavior assessment (RBA) which includes items measuring risky sexual behaviors, and 652 participants completed HIV testing. The final measure consisted of 8 items, including items assessing likelihood estimates, intuitive judgments and salience of risk. Higher scores on the PRHS were positively associated with a greater number of sex partners, episodes of unprotected sex and having sex while high. Participants who tested positive for HIV reported higher perceived risk. The PRHS demonstrated good reliability and concurrent criterion-related validity. Compared to single item measures of risk perception, the PRHS is more robust by examining multiple dimensions of perceived risk. Possible uses of the measure and directions for future research are discussed.

Risk Algısının Marka Sadakatine Etkisi: Cep Telefonları Kategorisinde Bir Uygulama

Recently, brand loyalty gains a lot of interest among the researchers, some focus whether or not consumers are showing loyal behaviour, meanwhile some other researchers study formation of brand loyalty. Relationship between brand loyalty and trust, commitment, image etc. is investigated in order to understand the brand loyalty concept. The current paper focuses on the relationship between brand loyalty and perceived risk in a similar manner. The results of the study conducted on cellular phones, in Antalya, show that the perceived risk effects brand loyalty intentions, however not all perceived risk dimensions have the same effect.

Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead-Painted Toys

In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event.

친구에 대한 청소년의 패션브랜드 동조에 관한 연구 - 위험지각, 자아존중감, 성별을 중심으로 -

This study identifies the effects of the perceived risk by adolescents on fashion brand conformity for peer groups. Perceived risk, self-esteem, and gender were adopted as variables in order to analyze conformable fashion brand behavior with peer group consideration. A quantitative survey used 672 questionnaires from male and female students between the ages of 14 and 18. The data were analyzed using factor analysis and regression analysis. The results are as follows. First, the dimensions of the brand conformity and perceived risk were revealed. The brand conformity dimensions were normative, informational, and identificational conformity. The perceived risk dimensions were socio-psychological, economic, exchange-refund, performance, management, and fashion risks. Second, fashion (+) and performance (-) risk significantly affected three types of brand conformity. In addition, socio-psychological and economic risk positively affected informational brand conformity. Third, there were more factors of perceived risk that affected brand conformity in the highly self-esteemed group and in the female adolescent group.

Values in risk perception - Studying the relationship between values and risk perception in three countries

Risk perception research has largely focused on finding how di$erent demographic variables predict risk perception dimensions. This article suggests including motivational values among the areas of focus, being a dimension shared across different demographical contexts. The methodology includes established and scrutinised tools from the values and risk perception fields respectively, combining them in a questionnaire. Data were gathered from South Africa, Sweden and the USA. The results support the hypothesis that there is a connection between motivational values and risk perception dimensions. Uses for disaster management are discussed. More advanced statistical methods and qualitative methods are suggested to delve deeper into this area.

Key drivers of internet banking services use

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of internet banking use, paying special attention to the role of product involvement, perceived risk and trust.Design/methodology/approachThe impact of trust, perceived risks, product involvement and TAM beliefs (ease of use and usefulness) on internet banking adoption is tested through structural equation modelling techniques. The sample consists of 511 Spanish internet banking services users and the data are collected through an internet survey. Risk is measured as a formative construct.FindingsData analysis shows that TAM beliefs and perceived risks (security, privacy, performance and social) have a direct influence on e‐banking adoption. Trust appears as a key variable that reduces perceived risk. Involvement plays an important role in increasing perceived ease of use.Practical implicationsThis research provides banks with knowledge of what aspects to highlight in their communications strategies to increase their internet banking services adoption rates. The research findings show managers that web contents and design are key tools to increase internet banking services adoption. Practical recommendations to increase web usefulness and trust, and guidelines to reduce perceived risk dimensions are also provided.Originality/valueDespite the importance of trust issues and risk perceptions for internet banking adoption, only limited work has been done to identify trust and risk dimensions in an online banking context. We have evaluated the impact of each risk dimension instead of treating risk as a whole. Furthermore, risk has been measured as a formative construct because there is no reason to expect that risk dimensions in online financial services are correlated.

Risk Perception and Communication

Many health risks are the result of deliberate decisions by individuals consciously trying to get the best deal possible for themselves and for those important to them. Some of these choices are private ones, such as whether to wear bicycle helmets and seatbelts, whether to read and follow safety warnings, whether to buy and use condoms, and how to select and cook food. Other choices involve societal issues, such as whether to protest the siting of hazardous waste incinerators and half-way houses, whether to vote for fluoridation and "green" candidates, and whether to support sex education in the schools. In some cases, single choices can have a large effect on health risks (e.g. buying a car with airbags, taking a dangerous job, getting pregnant). In other

Drivers and barriers to online airline ticket purchasing

Although online sales of airline tickets are growing, many travellers are still reluctant to use the web as a purchase channel. Given the cost advantages of online sales for airlines, it is useful for them to know the main drivers and barriers affecting the use of the Internet to purchase tickets. This study analyses the influence of risk, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on the airline ticket online purchase intention. The results of a survey show that perceived purchase risk and perceived usefulness exercise a direct influence on airline ticket purchasing intentions, while perceived ease of use has an indirect influence through perceived usefulness. Psychological risk, performance risk and privacy risk are the predominant perceived risk dimensions in airline tickets purchase, whereas social risk and time loss risk are negligible.

Public risk perception of nuclear waste

Nuclear waste has emerged as a very salient issue in the nuclear power debate. In the present study, a broad range of risk perception and attitude dimensions concerned with nuclear waste was investigated. It was found that most respondents from the general public were not willing to accept a local high-level nuclear waste repository in their home region. Nuclear waste was seen, by the public, as a very important issue. Regression analysis of perceived nuclear waste risk yielded a high level of explained variance (about 65%). Fear of radiation appeared to be an important determinant of the perceived risk and so was attitude to nuclear power, risk sensitivity and a pooled measure of the traditional psychometric dimensions of risk perception. A structural equations model of acceptance of a local repository was quite successful in explaining acceptance.

Stealth Risks and Catastrophic Risks

SUMMARY What individuals do in the present is to a certain degree influenced by their vision of the future, which comprises a dimension of risk perception. This study compares the risk perception of stealth risks and catastrophic risks to the development of a tourism destination. The main distinction between the two types of risk relies on the distribution of the consequences over a longer or shorter timeline. In the case of stealth risks the consequences are diffused whilst in the case of catastrophic risks the consequences are concentrated in time, suggesting the hypothesis that catastrophic risks would be perceived as higher risks to tourism development than stealth risks, given the higher visibility of the consequences. A second hypothesis compares the risk perceptions of the tourists and residents to the tourism development of the destination. The data shows that stealth risks are considered higher risks than catastrophic risks and reveal a wide consistency in the risk perceptions of tourists and residents. These results and other aspects of risk perception as the sense of personal invulnerability and the effect of gender are explored and confronted with the literature and implications to destination management and travel and tourism research are discussed.