Dimensions Of Poverty Research Articles

The Age of Mobility: Can Equalization of Public Health Services Alleviate the Poverty of Migrant Workers?

Migrants workers are important participants in and contributors to economic and social construction, but they still face the reality of being marginalized. Based on data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2018, this paper systematically investigated the impact of public health services on the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. The research found that, first, the current mean of the multidimensional poverty deprivation value of migrant workers is 0.1806, which is one dimension of poverty that exists on average. In addition, migrant workers do not have high access to public health services. The proportions of migrant workers who have not established residents’ health files and who have not received public health education are 74.22% and 29.92%, respectively. Second, public health services can significantly alleviate the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. After mitigating the potential endogeneity problem by the IV-2SLS method and conducting robustness tests by the PSM method, the conclusion is still robust. Further research found that the impact of public health services on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of migrant workers is heterogeneous. The improvement of public health services has the greatest effect on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of the new generation of migrant female workers in the western region. The research in this paper helps to examine and clarify the policy significance of public health services for the multidimensional poverty alleviation of migrant workers and provides empirical evidence for the use of public health services to tackle the poverty problem.

Transport Poverty: A Comparative Study between South Africa and Nigeria

Background: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and neighbourhood liveability is dependent on an improved transportation sector. Urban transport is conceptualized as either mobility or accessibility; thus, it remains an integral part in enhancing urban livelihood and serves as a hub connecting all sectors of a city's economy. Lack of access to opportunities and/or services, inadequate transport services, and physical or financial inaccessibility to transport options are prevailing in African cities and have been used to conceptualize transport poverty. Objectives: This study seeks the relationship between some dimensions of transport poverty and life satisfaction. The argument put forward in this study is that transport poverty predicts life satisfaction that is a vital aspect of subjective wellbeing. Methods: The study utilise an exploratory, comparative design that will enable the comparison of dimensions of Transport Poverty in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Durban, South Africa. For this study, communities in both Ibadan and Durban were randomly selected; while data were collected through an online survey method. The hypothesis that spatial exclusion mediates the relationship between service availability and satisfaction with life, transport disadvantaged and satisfaction with life, and transport reliability and satisfaction with life were tested through mediation analysis. Results: For the first hypothesis, partial mediation existed; for the second hypothesis, no mediation existed; for the third hypothesis, total mediation existed. Lastly, spatial exclusion varied between the two countries. Conclusion: The study concludes that a transport network that is not reliable leads to spatial exclusion, which in turns affects satisfaction with life. Likewise, all dimensions of transport poverty are similar except for spatial exclusion which differs between the countries, with South Africans experiencing more cases of spatial exclusion as compared to Nigerians.

Understanding the complex relationship between multidimensional poverty and depressive symptoms among young South Africans: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundWe use the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to explore how different dimensions of poverty more directly linked to young people are associated with depressive symptoms among South African youth. MethodsData came from the 2017 wave of the nationally-representative National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) in South Africa. We focused on a sample of 15–24-year-olds whose depressive symptoms were assessed using an adapted version of the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. We examine how individual dimensions and indicators of the MPI relate to depression, in comparison to more conventional measures, including household income, subjective social standing, overcrowding and personal assets. Cross-sectional analyses were adjusted for clustering to account for sampling design. ResultsThe MPI index was not associated with probable depression (OR = 1.02, 95 % CI 0.81–1.29). Only lack of access to the labour market emerged as a key individual dimension associated with probable depression (OR = 5.29, 95 % CI 1.70–16.47), a relationship driven by an increased odds for those not in employment, education or training. Lack of household assets, living in an informal dwelling and lower perceived social standing were also associated with increased odds for depression. No gender differences were noted. LimitationsThe study is cross-sectional and not suitable to examine the causal nature of the association between multidimensional poverty and depression. ConclusionsPoverty dimensions that measure youth's access to employment or training have a strong association with depression. Further research is needed to assess whether improved access to employment or training contributes to improving mental health among young South Africans.

The Effectiveness of Poverty Reduction Measures in Peri-Urban Areas of Zimbabwe: Case of Mutasa South Peri-Urban

The question of “how effective poverty eradication measures being implemented in Zimbabwe are” has not been addressed in the context of peri-urban areas. This question must be addressed since the country has a high incidence of poverty and is working towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1 i.e. “No Poverty”. Using a case study of Mutasa South peri-urban, this research therefore sought to answer the question. It adopted an exploratory methodology and data was collected from residents in Mutasa South peri-urban area and key informants from NGOs and Mutasa Rural District Council. The study found that poor people in the study area experience different forms of poverty. Poverty reduction measures being implemented in Mutasa South peri-urban include food aid, education assistance, cash transfer, microfinance and farming programmes. The effectiveness of these measures was examined based on the extent to which the programmes cover the multiple dimensions of poverty found in the study area. As the study found, the programmes take into account all the dimensions of poverty but there are aspects of these dimensions that they pay less attention to and tend to exclude some of the poor.

Multidimensional poverty and adolescent mental health: Unpacking the relationship

Extensive research suggests that poverty is associated with adolescent mental health problems. However, studies typically focus on monetary poverty and have not examined how other dimensions of poverty relate to adolescent mental health. This study examines the association between multidimensional poverty and mental health among adolescents using a Multidimensional Poverty Index. Based on data from the National Mental Health Survey in Colombia, we show that adolescents living in multidimensionally poor households have 50% higher risk of having mental health problems compared to adolescents in non-poor households. We unpack and assess the relation between each of the dimensions of poverty and mental health, and whether deprivations directly experienced by the adolescent are more strongly associated with mental health problems than deprivations experienced by other household members. Individual deprivations associated with human capital linked to schooling, work, health insurance and employment are more strongly associated with adolescent mental health problems than material deprivations. Lagging behind in school and working while studying has the strongest association with adolescent mental health problems. Results suggest that public policies that address dimensions of poverty associated with adolescents human capital accumulation may be critical to address mental health problems among adolescents.

The Art of the Possible. Data-Driven Insights into Child Poverty in New Zealand

A central goal of income support policies is to reduce the number of families below a minimum standard of living; in other words, to reduce the number of people in poverty. But one challenge is that there is no single measure of what it means to be poor. This article outlines an experimental approach that uses the available data to provide insights into the different dimensions of poverty. It applies a statistical algorithm to three poverty indicators to identify seven different categories of children in poverty, and describes the characteristics of children in each group.

Multidimensional poverty among different age cohorts in South Korea

AbstractThis study analyzed multidimensional poverty among different age cohorts in South Korea. The elements of poverty were stratified along with the individual, social, and structural dimensions, considering five poverty dimensions (monetary, health, housing, human relations, and social security) that represent wellbeing or quality of life. Latent class analysis revealed different structures by age group. The proportion of young people (≤54 years) suffering from multidimensional poverty was much smaller than other age groups. For young‐old people (55–64 years), the probability of deprivation exhibited a dispersed pattern across health, housing, human relations, and social security, whereas the old‐old (65–74 years) and oldest‐old (≥75 years) groups exhibited significant risk in the health dimension. These findings suggest the need for expansion of the scope of community care services for beneficiaries, promotion of housing welfare, and strengthening of social networks and psychological support policies.

Dynamics of Change in Poverty Measures amongst Social Service Users in Israel: A Comparison of Standard Care and a Poverty-Aware Programme

Abstract Although social service departments (SSDs) in Israel are the main institutions through which social workers provide social care to people in poverty, the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of poverty amongst service users (SUs) and the consequences of social care to these dynamics have not been systematically explored. The current study is the first study that aims to fill this gap by comparing multidimensional poverty amongst 159 SUs. The study compared two kinds of social care provided by the same SSDs: standard social care and a poverty-aware programme. Data were collected at two time points by telephone interviews and was analysed using independent samples t test, the paired-sample t test, the exact McNemar test for dichotomous variables, the Tukey test, the χ2 test and linear regression. Findings indicate that SUs who were treated in the poverty-aware programme received more assistance in a larger range of areas and a significantly positive change was found amongst them in a variety of measures. The discussion explores the importance of expanding research on the contribution of SSD’s social care in order to adapt public services to the needs of SUs and to make them a vehicle in the fight against poverty.

What can we learn about the natural disasters and multidimensional poverty link for artisanal fishery in Chile?

This article examines the connection between household poverty and natural disasters in Chile using a multidimensional analysis of poverty. Rather than using household income as a single poverty indicator, we implement a multidimensional poverty index, which measures poverty in four dimensions: work and social security, housing, health and education. This study helps reduce the limited knowledge of the impact of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami on household poverty in Chile, separating those events as different but related shocks. Using data from the National Socioeconomic Survey, we applied a difference-in-difference methodology to estimate the effect of the earthquake and tsunami on multidimensional poverty for two population groups in the short- and long-term. The treatment group was fisher-households located in the areas affected by both shocks with at least one member working in the artisanal sector. The control group included the rest of the Chilean population. Results show that after both disasters, fishers have a greater lack in the “work and social security” dimension of poverty than the overall population in both the short- and long-term. They are less likely, though, to be poor in the housing dimension compared to non-fishers. Moreover, after the shocks, both groups decreased their likelihood to be poor in health in the short and long-term when controlling for territorial and time effects, whereas only the overall population was more likely to decrease in educational poverty. Some policy guidelines include: promoting faster labor capital-recovery, designing a participatory post-disaster strategy and preparing a well-established emergency response in high-risk localities.

Children's dimensions of poverty: Qualitative studies in urban China

AbstractThe dimensionality of child poverty is not well understood because children are seldom asked systematically to describe their poverty experience. This hinders the prediction of poverty's long‐term consequences and constrains policy design. In this research, 55 children aged 8–12 from Hangzhou and Beijing China were each interviewed individually for 0.5–2 h and participated in 3–4 focus group sessions on poverty experience. Integrating their understanding with the perspectives of parents and teachers suggests nine dimensions of poverty: four structural (material deprivation, limiting home environment, constrained education, restricted opportunities); three relational (violence, negative social relations, lack of confidence) and two core (shame, neglected agency).

Ethnicity as a social determinant of energy poverty: the case of Mexican indigenous population

ABSTRACT Despite an extensive literature on energy poverty, the prevalence of this problem in the indigenous populations is an underexplored area. Additionally, in Mexico and Latin America energy poverty is just an emerging research field. This paper contributes to mobilising the debate on energy poverty in indigenous populations, being the first to focus on ethnicity as a social determinant of energy poverty, and by providing elements to support progressive public policies targeting the most vulnerable populations. With a quantitative approach, an exploratory scope, and incorporating the ethnic approach as a multidisciplinary tool to diagnose and measure social inequalities, this paper analyses energy poverty in the Mexican indigenous population and measures the social inequities in energy experienced by these ethnic groups with respect to non-indigenous Mexican populations. Finding that the main efforts of the federal government have focused on electrification. However, the federative entities with the largest national proportion of the indigenous population, particularly Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Guerrero present a systematic pattern of social inequalities in all energy poverty dimensions, linked to the concentration of extreme multidimensional poverty. This is reflected in the high Energy Effort Rate, low availability of energy consumption goods and services, the exacerbated use of firewood or coal for cooking as a strategy of self-restraint to coping energy poverty, as well as a high housing precariousness, despite the high housing tenure rate. Concluding that in Mexico, due to historical Sate discrimination, ethnicity is a social determinant of energy poverty, and this could be accentuated in subgroups of the indigenous population.

Effects of Poverty on Education in Rural Pakistan

Purpose: The study's goal is to look into the impact of poverty on schooling in rural Pakistan. The purpose of the research is to see if pupils in Pakistan are truly affected by the country's economic situation and how much a standard of life can influence a student's education rural community.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This research study used a cross-sectional survey design to scientifically analyze and identifies or discusses various dimension of poverty that impacts education. The data was obtained using a questionnaire from a sample of 650 respondents drawn from the area. Using regression analysis and other results performed through STATA and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS).
 Findings: In Pakistan, there is a long list of educational issues. We may not have the ability to change the system, but we do have the ability to change ourselves. As a result, many in positions of power are unconcerned about the government schools' weak educational system. Because parents' income is insufficient to sustain the entire family, Pakistan's rising poverty forces every member of the household to work. In this situation how can a poor man care about his children's education when he has nothing to eat.
 Implications/Originality/Value: Education, more than ever, is the key to escaping poverty, while poverty remains the most significant barrier to education.

Region-wise comparative analysis of multi-dimensional poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

While there is no specific definition of poverty, it is now increasingly being considered as a multi-dimensional phenomenon instead of a unidimensional concept such as lack of income. This study delves into a region-wise comparative analysis of poverty in the northwestern province of Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which borders Afghanistan and has been witnessing drastic implications of the war against terrorism in Afghanistan. PSLM/HIES 2018-19 data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics has been used in the study which has a sample size of 4464 households from the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study incorporates ten key dimensions of poverty into the construction of multi-dimensional poverty index as per the Alkire-Foster methodology. The findings of the study reveal that the average poverty rate in the province is about 50 percent. The divisions of Bannu, Malakand, and D. I. Khan are the poorest regions in the province, whereas, as expected, the divisions of Peshawar and Mardan are the least poor. Our results also indicate that rural areas of the province have more severe poverty as compared to urban areas of the province.

Using gamification in development interventions: Evidence from a multidimensional poverty alleviation initiative in rural Paraguay

ABSTRACT Interventions focusing on behaviors and overcoming behavioral barriers have recently gained prominence in the global effort to overcome multidimensional poverty. This paper presents an innovative approach to addressing some poverty dimensions using the gamification technique, which aims at improving the wellbeing of impoverished rural communities and at empowerment of its members. Based on the iterative gamification experiments conducted in rural areas of Paraguay, we develop a gamification-based framework for the gamification-enabled intervention process and discuss the context in which this approach can be best applied, such as where the primary barrier to change is psychological reasons rather than a lack of resources.

Exploring the nexus between fiscal decentralization and energy poverty for China: Does country risk matter for energy poverty reduction?

Interpreting energy poverty in respect of lack of accessibility, availability, and affordability of energy resources, this study aims to explore the macroeconomic determinants of multidimensional energy poverty in China over the 2005Q1-2019Q4 period. Three weighted and one unweighted energy poverty indices are constructed to measure the incidence of energy poverty in China using relevant energy-related indicators that capture the accessibility, availability, and affordability dimensions of energy poverty. The overall results indicate that a 1% rise in the degrees of fiscal decentralization and country risks aggravates the energy poverty situation in the long run by reducing the energy poverty indices at most by 0.05% and 0.03%, respectively. In contrast, positive shocks to the levels of economic growth, renewable energy share, and technological innovation by 1% are evidenced to be associated with declines in the energy poverty indices in the long run at most by 0.43%, 0.18%, and 0.06%, respectively. Besides, the marginal impacts of these variables are seen to be comparatively larger for the composite energy poverty indices that emphasize more on the accessibility dimension of energy poverty in China. Based on these findings, greening the fiscal decentralization policies, lowering country risks, promoting economic growth, stimulating higher renewable energy use, and financing technological innovation are recommended for mitigating the incidence of energy poverty in China. These policies are also expected to assist China in partially achieving the Sustainable Development Goals agenda of the United Nations and enable the nation to attain its 2060 carbon neutrality target.

The probability of multidimensional poverty: A new approach and an empirical application toEU‐SILCdata

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel method to analyze multidimensional poverty by using a large set of feasible weights to summarize the information about the poor, which enables remaining agnostic about the relative importance given to different poverty dimensions. This method allows for the calculation of the individual probability of being poor in a multidimensional perspective. The distribution of individual probabilities can then be combined with Generalized Lorenz dominance techniques to derive unanimous consent for a wide class of social welfare functions with a minimum load of value judgments. The innovations proposed here allow to move from a dual definition of poverty, where poor and non‐poor individuals are classified in a mutually exclusive context, to a continuous measure of deprivation capturing both the extensive and intensive margin of multidimensional poverty. The empirical application of the method consists of measuring multidimensional poverty in ten selected countries using four waves of EU‐SILC data (2008–2014).

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ БІДНОСТІ В ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ НАУЦІ

The article attempts to generalize some interpretations of the poverty phenomenon in Economics. We take into consideration the fact that the problem of poverty has not only economic but also political, social, legal, cultural and other dimensions. In modern science, there is a pluralism of approaches to the definition, classification and measurement of poverty, that depend on the country, time frame and the researcher’s own opinion. Many publications of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Danish, Chilean and other researchers have been used in this article. We have tried to apply the results of their researches to Ukrainian reality. Modern authors consider many dimensions of poverty. It can be explained as the financial, socioeconomic, moral and psychological state of a person, family or the whole population of a country or a region. Poverty is also considered as the inability of a certain section of society to participate in fullfledged social and economic life. Economic, financial, material, social, psychological and other factors of poverty have been considered. Positive correlation between physical abilities and disabilities and poverty has been shown. Some features of the worldview and behavior of the poor are described. Active, passive and parasitic poverty have been distinguished. People who suffer from active poverty usually rely on their own resources. Due to social mobility, some of these people are sometimes able to raise themselves above the category of the poor. Passive poverty means the lack of resources due to the circumstances that are beyond people’s control. Parasitic poverty is tightly connected with the use of other people’s resources and is characterized by deviant behaviour, which is generally condemned by society and punished by the state. The main indicators of poverty are given. Absolute and relative poverty are considered. Relative poverty cannot be eliminated, since even in the richest countries there are people who cannot afford the benefits available to others. It has been shown that poverty is hereditary, and the children of poor parents are more likely to become poor in the future. Families with many children are often poor, so they cannot afford good education for their children. Therefore, young people without good education remain poor. It has been underlined that poverty is associated with social exclusion and deprivation. Poor citizens do not have the opportunity to organize themselves, as well as to maintain social ties and defend their interests. The interpretations of poverty given by Ukrainian scientists have been considered. In particular, the authors analyze poverty as a consequence of the de-industrialization in independent Ukraine. Special attention has been paid to the following trend: the smaller a town or a village, the higher the level of poverty.

Homegarden agroforestry systems in achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. A review.

Homegarden, a type of agroforestry system, is one of the earliest thriving traditional food systems reported. Studying the contribution of homegardens in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is crucial when the COVID-19 pandemic has hindered the achievement of many of the crucial SDGs. In this review, we focused on 94 peer-reviewed papers on homegardens from 2010 to 2021 to interrelate them with the corresponding targets and indicators of each SDG. The SDGs were classified into five categories, each focusing on a specific aspect: Category 1 (SDGs 1–5, poverty dimension), Category 2 (SDGs 6–9, development infrastructures), Category 3 (SDGs 10–12, sustainable production and consumption), Category 4 (SDGs 13–15, green infrastructures), and Category 5 (SDGs 16–17, green institutions). The distribution of the 94 papers analyzed was 92%, 23%, 33%, 51%, and 50% in each of the SDG categories, respectively. Category 1 and SDG 2 were found to be most realized in the homegarden literature. Important observations were found that highlight homegardens’ probable use in providing food security, nutritional needs, health and wellness, preservation of agrobiodiversity, and enduring sustainability. Homegardens appear to be an important strategy for attaining the SDGs and can be accomplished with proper planning, in addition to taking into consideration how the traditional societies have sustained it for long.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-022-00781-9.

Multidimensional poverty and children’s behavioral trajectories in immigrant families: Beating the odds?

Despite a large body of scholarship examining the relation between poverty and child behavioral outcomes, little is known about how such a relation may differ when poverty is viewed through a multidimensional lens. In addition, the evidence is mixed on the behavioral well-being of children of immigrants relative to their counterparts with U.S.-born parents under various poverty conditions. Using data from the ECLS-K (N ≈ 16,660), this study examines the relation among three dimensions of poverty—depth, volatility, and duration—and internalizing and externalizing behavioral trajectories from kindergarten through eighth grade, paying particular attention to children of immigrants with diverse racial-ethnic backgrounds. Growth-curve analysis results indicate that under the same poverty conditions, children of immigrants received more favorable ratings by teachers on internalizing and externalizing behaviors, but self-reported worse internalizing scores than children with U.S.-born parents. Among children of immigrants, Black and Hispanic children had relatively worse teacher-reported externalizing behaviors, while Hispanic and Asian children reported unfavorable internalizing behaviors. The results shed light on the intersectional forces of poverty, immigration, and race-ethnicity in shaping children’s behavioral trajectories, confirming aspects of the immigrant risk and immigrant paradox stories. The discrepancy between teacher- and youth-reported outcomes highlights the importance of using multiple informants.

Analyzing energy deprivation for cooking in Argentina and Brazil

Lack of access to clean cooking is one dimension of energy poverty that has called the attention of many international organizations and policymakers, due to the relevance of cooking, as an energy service, in the satisfaction of essential needs. The present paper has two central objectives: it intends to characterize the population with energy deprivation for cooking and detect if their characteristics are coincident in Brazil and Argentina, and it analyses whether the selection of traditional fuels for cooking is related to the presence of other socioeconomic deprivations. To fulfill these objectives, an analysis of descriptive statistics is performed, and logistic models are estimated during the period 2004-2014. From the descriptive analysis, it is found that the socioeconomic characteristics of the population that presents energy deprivation in cooking are markedly different from those that are not deprived in this dimension. In turn, there is a strong dependence between the multidimensional deprivations and energy poverty in cooking.