Dimensions Of Mastery Questionnaire Research Articles

Effects of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles on the motivation of children with SEN integrated in mainstream schools

The aim of this study is to analyze the differences related to students’ motivation between two moments, respectively before and after participation in a program of teaching on the basis of UDL principles. The participants were 72 students with SEN enrolled in mainstream schools in Brașov county, aged between seven and 10 years, M = 8.26, SD = 1.04. The instrument used for measuring motivation was The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ). A number of 37 teachers aged between 25 and 54 years, M = 37.89, SD = 7.56, were involved in the study, of which four men (11%) and 33 women (89%). They participated in the UDL PPS Course (48 training hours). After the course, they started to teach SEN children using UDL principles for six weeks. Students’ motivation was measured twice, before and after the six weeks of UDL teaching. The results showed a significant increase in cognitive persistence, gross motor persistence, social persistence in relation to adults, social persistence in relation to other children, pleasure in doing things well, general competence, and a significant decrease in negative reactions. The discussions emphasize the importance of training teachers in the UDL model.

Assessing Children’s Mastery Motivation using the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ): Theoretical and Practical Consideration

Bibliography of the reviewed book: Morgan, G. A., Liao, H.-F., & Józsa, K. (Eds.) (2020). Assessing Mastery Motivation in Children Using the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ). Gödöllő: Szent István Egyetem.http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~jozsa/DMQbook.html

Swahili version of the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties

Introduction. The current focus of empirical studies demonstrates the significance of mastery motivation in child development, academic achievement and school success. Consequently, it is critical to have reliable and valid tools to measure this important variable accurately. The Preschool version of the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ) 18 has been validated in English, Hungarian, and Chinesem and translated to many other languages. This has opened cross-cultural and cross-ethnic studies among these countries. Method. In this study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swahili version of the DMQ 18. Teachers and parents evaluated 397 preschool children recruited using a stratified random sampling technique from Kenya's counties. Results. Reliability was established by good internal consistency, construct reliability, test-retest and parallel forms reliability values. Factorial validity was proven by confirmatory factor analysis and this fitted the theoretical model quite well. Discussion and Conclusion. The Swahili Preschool Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire was valid and reliable for collecting data in the Kenyan context and that of East Africa. This version compared well with other versions such as Hungarian, Spanish, Turkish, Persian and Indonesian.

Mastery motivation in Iranian parents and their children: A comparison study of their views

Context: The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire has been widely used to assess children's motivation to master skills and solve problems. Aims: The present study examined Iranian parents' views on the mastery motivation of their children compared with the children's views of their own mastery motivation.Setting and Design: This analytic cross-sectional and psychometric study was done in 2017-2018 in Iranian governmental regular schools in Sari, Babol (Mazandaran) and Tehran. 11 schools (5 Tehran, 3 Sari and 3 Babol) were selected based on cooperation and acceptance of the study. Materials and Methods: A convenience sampling of 114 families with schoolage children was invited to participate in the present study. Fathers (33.7%) or mothers (69.7%) and their 1115 yearold children (67% boys) filled the questionnaires; 42 parents and 33 children were asked to refill questionnaires after 2 weeks.Statistical Analysis Used: All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential internal consistency, and testretest reliability. Results: There was no difference between parent and child views on 3 out of 4 persistence subscales, but for all the emotional subscales plus general competence, children rated themselves higher than the parents rated them. The intraclass correlation coefficient of all domains and total score were significant (P 0.01). Conclusions: Pediatric rehabilitation professionals need to be aware that children and adults may differ in their view of the children's motivation. Disagreements should be discussed with parents and students. Specific treatment goals should be developed for the dimensions on which both parents and their children agree.

Mastery Motivation in Children at High Risk for Developmental Delays and Implications for Early Interventionists

Abstract Date Presented 03/28/20 This presentation will provide an overview of mastery motivation, examine population metrics of the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ 18) for children at high risk for developmental delays, and provide recommendations for early interventionists or parents to assist in improving overall ability by encouraging mastery motivation. This research is most applicable to those in early intervention or OTs assessing infants or toddlers in NICU follow-up clinics. Primary Author and Speaker: Lily Gullion Contributing Authors: Patricia Blasco, Sage Saxton

Relationship between Mastery Motivation and Sensory Processing Difficulties in South Korean Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.

The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between mastery motivation and sensory processing difficulties among South Korean children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Ninety-nine children aged 4–7 years with DCD participated. The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire was used to assess the mastery motivation of the children, and the Short Sensory Profile was used to assess the children's sensory processing difficulties. All subjects showed lower mastery motivation and definite differences in sensory processing. Mastery motivation was significantly correlated with sensory processing (r = −0.34, p = 0.01). Mastery motivation predicted 41.1% of the sensory processing. In particular, a negative reaction to failure in mastery situations scale (p < 0.01) and general competence compared to peers scale (p < 0.05) in mastery motivation were significant predictors. This study indicated that sensory processing difficulties and lack of mastery motivation were identified among children with DCD in South Korea. And the children with high mastery motivation show less difficulty in sensory processing. It is suggested to develop possible solution for higher mastery motivation to improve sensory processing of the children with DCD in South Korea.

Feasibility Study of a Therapeutic Mobility Summer Camp for Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy: Power Fun

Aim: Powered mobility has positive effects on development of children with limited independent locomotion, but many are deprived of this opportunity due to their limitations. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of Power Fun, a therapeutic summer camp, for students with severe cerebral palsy (CP).Methods: Five students with CP, ages 11–15, received personally adapted powered wheelchairs and participated daily in the camp. The camp ran five days a week during three weeks and included two mobility sessions daily. Assessments were conducted three weeks prior to the camp (T1), at baseline (T2), post-intervention (T3) and six weeks follow-up (T4). Measures used were Power Mobility Program (PMP), Assessment of Learning Power mobility use (ALP), Wheelchair Outcome Measure for Young People (WhOM-YP), Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) and Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ).Results: All participants finished the camp. Outcome measures showed no change between T1-T2 but improved significantly (p<.05) after the intervention (T2-T3), and gains were maintained at T4 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Goals improved to slightly above the expected outcome (GAS average 0.11).Conclusions: Power Fun shows good feasibility and significant improvement in mobility skills and goals of children with severe CP. Further studies are warranted.

Participation in leisure activities in adolescents with congenital heart defects.

To describe leisure participation in adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD) and identify factors associated with intensity of participation. Eighty adolescents with CHD were recruited (39 males, 41 females; mean age [SD] 15y 8mo [1y 8mo] range 11y 5mo-19y 11mo) of whom 78 completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) outcome measure of leisure participation. The measure has five subscales: recreational, active-physical, social, skill-based, and self-improvement. Associations between the CAPE and age, sex, and development were examined. Motor ability (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition), cognition (Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised), behavior (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and motivation (Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire) were assessed. Participants exhibited impaired motor (43.5%), behavioral (23.7%), and cognitive (29.9%) development. The most intense participation was in social (mean [SD] 3.3 [0.99]) and recreational (2.9 [0.80]) activity types on the CAPE. Male sex (p<0.05) and younger age were associated with greater physical activity (<15y: 1.87; ≥15y: 1.31, p<0.05). Greater engagement in social activities was related to better cognition (r=0.28, p<0.05), higher motor function (r=0.30-0.36, p<0.01), and fewer behavioral difficulties (r=-0.32 to -0.47, p<0.01). Cognitive ability (r=0.27, p<0.05), dexterity and aiming/catching (r=0.27-0.33, p<0.05), and behavior problems (r=0.38-0.49, p=0.001) were correlated with physical activity participation. Persistence in tasks, an aspect of motivation, correlated with physical (r=0.45, p<0.001) and social activity involvement (r=0.28, p<0.05). Ongoing developmental impairments in adolescents with CHD are associated with decreased active-physical and social engagement, putting them at risk of poor physical and mental health. Health promotion strategies should be considered. Adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD) have limited engagement in active-physical leisure activities. Cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments are associated with decreased participation in leisure in children with CHD. Female sex and older age are associated with less engagement in leisure. Mastery motivation correlates with participation, suggesting an avenue for intervention.

Investigation of the Effect of Social Skills Training on the Motivation Levels of Preschool Children

The study was carried out in order to determine the effect of the Skills Training applied to 48-60-month-old children attending pre-school education institutions on the children’s motivation levels. The study was conducted in a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The study group consisted of 16 children aged 48-60 months and attending a pre-school education institution. The study was planned in a one-group experimental design since there was no other equivalent group in terms of the characteristics of the experimental group. The “Personal Information Form” and the “Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ 18) for Preschool Children” were used as data collection tools in the study. In the study, the Social Skills Training Program was implemented to the children for 14 weeks and two days a week. The motivation levels of the children before and after the program were measured by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. As a result of the analyses, a significant difference was detected in favor of the post-test between the scores the children obtained before and after the Social Skills Training Program (p<0.05). In the permanence test conducted, it was determined that the effect of the program continued after the program. In other words, it was concluded that there was a significant difference in the motivation levels of the children who took the Social Skills Training Program and the effect of the program was permanent. By considering the contribution of social skills training programs to motivation in pre-school education institutions, their restructuring can be suggested. Awareness training can be provided to families on contributing to the motivation levels of children by supporting their social skills.

Effectiveness of Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Compared With Bimanual Therapy Home Programs for Infants With Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We examined the effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) in treating infants with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and compared therapy outcomes with a nonconstraining bimanual therapy (BIM) of equal intensity. In a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 33 infants with hemiplegia (mean corrected age = 11.1 mo, standard deviation = 2.2) received either mCIMT (n = 17) or BIM (n = 16). Both interventions included home programs encouraging the use of the affected hand during daily 1-hr play sessions for 8 wk. Outcome measures were administered pre- and posttreatment and included the Mini-Assisting Hand Assessment for babies and the Functional Inventory. At baseline, parents also filled out the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire. Both groups demonstrated a significantly large and equal improvement in hand and gross motor function posttreatment (p < .001) and high treatment compliance. mCIMT and BIM are equally effective methods for treating infants with hemiplegia.

Does power mobility training impact a child’s mastery motivation and spectrum of EEG activity? An exploratory project

Purpose: The purposes of this exploratory project were: (1) to evaluate the impact of power mobility training with a child who has multiple, severe impairments and (2) to determine if the child’s spectrum of electroencephalography (EEG) activity changed during power mobility training.Study design: A single-subject A–B–A–B research design was conducted with a four-week duration for each phase. Two target behaviours were explored: (1) mastery motivation assessed via the dimensions of mastery questionnaire (DMQ) and (2) EEG data collected under various conditions. Power mobility skills were also assessed.Methods: The participant was a three-year, two-month-old girl with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, gross motor function classification system level V. Each target behaviour was measured weekly. During intervention phases, power mobility training was provided.Results: Improvements were noted in subscale scores of the DMQ. Short-term and long-term EEG changes were also noted. Improvements were noted in power mobility skills.Conclusions: The participant in this exploratory project demonstrated improvements in power mobility skill and function. EEG data collection procedures and variability in an individual’s EEG activity make it difficult to determine if the participant’s spectrum of EEG activity actually changed in response to power mobility training. Additional studies are needed to investigate the impact of power mobility training on the spectrum of EEG activity in children who have multiple, severe impairments.Implications for RehabilitationPower mobility training appeared to be beneficial for a child with multiple, severe impairments though the child may never become an independent, community-based power wheelchair user.Electroencephalography may be a valuable addition to the study of power mobility use in children with multiple, severe impairments.Power mobility training appeared to impact mastery motivation (the internal drive to solve complex problems and master new skills) in a child who has multiple, severe impairments.

Power Mobility Training for Young Children with Multiple, Severe Impairments: A Case Series

ABSTRACTAims: Young children with neurodevelopmental conditions are often limited in their ability to explore and learn from their environment. The purposes of this case series were to (1) describe the outcomes of using an alternative power mobility device with young children who had multiple, severe impairments; (2) develop power mobility training methods for use with these children; and (3) determine the feasibility of using various outcome measures. Methods: Three children with cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System Levels IV, V, and V) ages 17 months to 3.5 years participated in the case series. Examination included the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory—Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT) and the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ). An individualized, engaging power mobility training environment was created for each participant. Intervention was provided for 60 minutes per week over 12 weeks. Results: All participants exhibited improvements in power mobility skills. Post-intervention PEDI-CAT scores increased in various domains for all participants. Post-intervention DMQ scores improved in Participants 1 and 2. Discussion: The participants appeared to make improvements in their beginning power mobility skills. Additional research is planned to further explore the impact of power mobility training in this unique population.

Reliability and Validity of the Revised Individualized Structured Mastery Tasks in Children with Developmental Delay

Objective: Mastery motivation is an under-assessed resiliency factor that helps all children achieves their potential; it impels children to strive to master skills and to solve challenging problems. Because children with developmental delay (DD) are perceived to have lower motivation than children with typical development, it is important to have good behavioural measures of mastery motivation. This research describes psychometric properties of the revised individualized structured mastery tasks (ISMT-R), a behavioral assessment, which was updated based on empirical and theoretical feedback. The purposes of this study were: to examine the test-retest, inter-rater and inter-coding reliabilities of the ISMT-R and the relationships between the ISMT-R and both the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ 18) and developmental ability measured by a standardized developmental test. Method: The design produced a cross-sectional study. Sixty-two mother-child dyads of children with DD aged 23-43 months were recruited. Children were tested with the ISMT-R (puzzles and cause-effect tasks) and the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers (CDIIT). DMQ 18 was filled out by mothers and produced scores for four persistence scales and mastery pleasure scale. Intraclass Correlation coefficient was used to examine reliabilities, and correlation analysis was used to estimate the validities (α=0.05; two-tailed). Results: The ISMT-R had well to excellent test-retest, inter-rater and inter-coding reliabilities. Children’s persistence at moderately difficult tasks positively correlated with the predicted dimensions of the maternal ratings of the child’s persistence on the DMQ 18 and the child’s development based on the CDIIT. Conclusion: The ISMT-R has acceptable reliability and convergent validity, and can be a useful tool for assessing mastery motivation of children with DD. It also can be used in clinical settings to help clinicians distinguish between motivation and developmental ability for each child with DD.

Development of the Dimensions of Adult Mastery Motivation Questionnaire

Mastery motivation is an important developmental construct that has implications for development across the lifespan. Research to date has focused predominantly on infants and children, with the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ) being the most widely used measure of mastery motivation. This article reports on the development and initial validation of an adult measure: the Dimensions of Adult Mastery Motivation Questionnaire (DAMMQ). Six hundred and twenty-eight adults (68% female) aged from 18 to 90 years completed the questionnaire. Factor analysis produced 24 items that represented five factors: task persistence, preference for challenge, task-related pleasure, task absorption, and self-efficacy. The DAMMQ was found to have good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. Within group differences for age, gender and education are reported. The development of the DAMMQ paves the way for future research about mastery motivation in adult populations.

Does Context Matter? Mastery Motivation and Therapy Engagement of Children with Cerebral Palsy

ABSTRACTAims: To determine if mastery motivation at baseline predicts engagement in two goal-directed upper limb (UL) interventions for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). Methods: Participants were 44 children with UCP, mean age 7 years 10 months, Manual Ability Classification System level I (N = 23) or II (N = 21). Twenty-six children received intensive novel group-based intervention (Hybrid Constraint Induced Movement Therapy, hCIMT) and 18 received distributed individual occupational therapy (OT). Caregivers completed the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ) parent-proxy report at baseline. Children's engagement was independently rated using the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire (PVQ). Associations between children's mastery motivation and engagement were examined using linear regression. Results: Children who received hCIMT had lower DMQ persistence at baseline (p = .05) yet higher PVQ volitional (p = .04) and exploration (p = .001) scores. Among children who received hCIMT, greater object-oriented persistence was associated with task-directedness (β 0.25, p = .05), seeking challenges (β = 0.51, p = .02), exploration (β = 0.10, p = .03), and volitional scores (β = 0.23, p = .01). Conclusion: Despite having lower levels of persistence prior to engaging in UL interventions, children who received hCIMT demonstrated greater engagement in goal-directed tasks than children who received individual OT. Within hCIMT, children's motivational predisposition to persist with tasks manifested in their exploration and engagement in therapy.

Age and Cultural Differences in Self-Perceptions of Mastery Motivation and Competence in American, Chinese, and Hungarian School Age Children

We examined age differences in self-perceptions of five dimensions of mastery motivation and also of competence in American, Chinese, and Hungarian children and teens. Participants included 200 Americans, 1,465 Chinese, and 8,175 Hungarians from 7 to 19 years of age. The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire provides comparable data across these different cultures as indicated by very similar factor structures and reasonably good internal consistency reliabilities for the scales. Across all three cultures, there was the expected decline from primary to secondary school in total persistence and the four instrumental mastery motivation scales, except for social persistence with adults in the American sample. Mastery pleasure did not decline in the American and Chinese samples but declined in the Hungarian sample. Self-perceived competence did not decline significantly in the American sample or in the Hungarian sample from age 11 to 17; however, competence self-ratings declined in the Chinese sample. The three cultures were compared at 11 and 16. Although there were some significant differences, small effect sizes indicated that the level of motivation was similar for each culture at each age. The other literature provides clues about why the declines occur in all three cultures and why there are some differences among cultures.

Mastery motivation: a way of understanding therapy outcomes for children with unilateral cerebral palsy

Purpose: To investigate the impact of mastery motivation on occupational performance outcomes immediately following upper limb (UL) training and 6 months post-intervention for school-aged children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Method: This prediction study was a post-hoc analysis of a matched pairs randomized comparison trial (COMBiT Trial Registration: ACTRN12613000181707). The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was administered at baseline, 13 and 26 weeks post-intervention. Parents completed the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ), Parenting Scale and a demographic questionnaire. Children’s UL capacity and performance was assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral UL Function and assisting hand assessment (AHA). Regression models were fitted using generalized estimating equations to baseline, 13 and 26 week measurements. Results: Forty-six children (7.78 years SD 2.27 years, 31 males, Manual Ability Classification System I = 23, II = 23) participated. Higher levels of bimanual performance (AHA: β = 0.03, p < 0.001), greater object-oriented persistence (DMQ: β = 0.31, p = 0.05), and treatment group allocation (Standard Care: β = 0.24, p = 0.01) were positively associated with COPM performance scores post-intervention. Conclusions: Children’s bimanual performance and persistence with object-oriented tasks significantly impact occupational performance outcomes following UL training. Predetermining children’s mastery motivation along with bimanual ability may assist in tailoring of intervention strategies and models of service delivery to improve effectiveness.Implications for RehabilitationChildren’s object persistence and bimanual performance both impact upper limb training outcomesWorking with children’s motivational predispositions may optimize engagement and therapy outcomes.Supporting positive parenting styles may enhance a child’s mastery motivation and persistence with difficult tasks.

Do maternal interactive behaviors correlate with developmental outcomes and mastery motivation in toddlers with and without motor delay?

Maternal interactive behaviors theoretically affect developmental outcomes and mastery motivation in young children. However, these associations are inconsistent in the literature. The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the differences in maternal behaviors between toddlers with motor delay (MD) and those with typical development (TD), (2) to investigate the correlation of maternal behaviors and developmental quotients (DQs) in toddlers with MD and TD, and (3) to examine the correlation of maternal behaviors and mastery motivation in toddlers with MD and TD. This was a sex- and mental age-matched case-control study. Twenty-two mother-child dyads of toddlers with MD (ages 23-47 months) and 22 dyads of sex- and mental age-matched toddlers with TD (ages 15-29 months) were recruited. Maternal scores from the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale, 2 indicators of motivation (persistence and mastery pleasure) from individualized mastery tasks and the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, and DQs from the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Children were assessed. Mothers of children in the MD group showed significantly lower cognitive growth fostering scores than mothers of children in the TD group. Maternal total scores were significantly correlated with whole DQs in both groups. In the MD group, maternal total scores correlated significantly with DMQ mastery pleasure but not with mastery task motivation. The study design makes it impossible to know the causal relationships between maternal behaviors and children's DQs and motivation. Mothers of toddlers with MD exhibited less adequate interactive behaviors than mothers of toddlers with TD. Because higher-quality maternal behaviors correlated with higher DQs in the MD group, clinicians should encourage parents to participate in early intervention programs and model high-quality parenting behavior to enhance parents' and children's outcomes.

Mastery motivation as a predictor of occupational performance following upper limb intervention for school-aged children with congenital hemiplegia.

To determine the extent to which children's mastery motivation predicts occupational performance outcomes following upper limb intervention (ULI). In this cohort study, participants received 45 hours of ULI, either in an intensive group-based or distributed individualized model. The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ) measured mastery motivation at baseline. Occupational performance outcomes were assessed at baseline and 13 weeks' post-intervention using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Multivariable models determined the contribution of mastery motivation to COPM outcome irrespective of group membership. Forty-two children with congenital hemiplegia (29 males, 13 females; mean age 7y 8mo [SD 2y 2mo]; range 5y 1mo-12y 8mo; Manual Ability Classification System [MACS] I=20 and II=22; predominant motor type unilateral spastic n=41) participated in the study. Significant gains were seen in COPM performance and satisfaction scores (p<0.001) post-intervention with no between group differences. Children who had greater persistence with object-oriented tasks (p=0.02) and better manual ability (p=0.03) achieved higher COPM performance scores at 13 weeks. Children's persistence on object-oriented tasks was the strongest predictor of COPM satisfaction (p=0.01). Children's persistence with object-oriented tasks as well as manual abilities needs to be considered when undertaking ULI. Predetermining children's motivational predispositions can assist clinicians to tailor therapy sessions individually based on children's strengths, contributing to effective engagement in ULI.

Developmental changes in cognitive persistence and academic achievement between grade 4 and grade 8

This study describes changes in cognitive persistence, a key measure of mastery motivation, between the ages of 10 (grade 4) and 14 (grade 8). Prior research in the field of mastery motivation has focused mainly on early childhood. No longitudinal research findings have been published about age changes in mastery motivation during the school years. The sample of this longitudinal study consisted of 372 students in Hungary and was representative of the Hungarian school population regarding parents’ level of education. Participants were in 25 school classes, each from a different town. The instrument was the cognitive persistence scale of the Hungarian version of the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ). Grade point average (GPA), parents’ level of education, the size of the class and of the town were analyzed as background variables. Cognitive persistence based on students’ self-reports decreased substantially in 61 % of the students, did not change in 33 %, and increased in only 6 % over the four school years. Changes in cognitive persistence correlated with changes in GPA. Significant differences were found among school classes in both the average level of cognitive persistence and in how much it changed. However, neither cognitive persistence nor changes in cognitive persistence correlated with parents’ level of education or town size. Aspects of the school and classroom climate seem to substantially impact changes in students’ cognitive persistence. In addition, this study considered educational applications and for further research.