Mass Dimension Research Articles

Lorentz and CPT Tests Using Penning Traps

The theoretical prospects for quantum electrodynamics with Lorentz-violating operators of mass dimensions up to six are revisited in this work. The dominant effects due to Lorentz and CPT violation are studied in measurements of magnetic moments of particles confined in Penning traps. Using recently reported experimental results, new coefficients for Lorentz violation are constrained and existing bounds of various coefficients are improved.

The massive Elko spinor field in the de Sitter braneworld model

The Elko spinor field is a spin 1/2 fermionic quantum field with a mass dimension introduced as a candidate of dark matter. In this work, we study the localization of Elko fields on a de Sitter thick brane constructed by a canonical or phantom scalar field. By presenting the mass-independent potentials of Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes in the corresponding Schrödinger equations, it is shown that the Elko spinor field with a five- dimensional mass term can be localized on de Sitter branes. Also, by using a Yukawa type coupling term, we find that the Elko spinor field can be localized on this brane with a particular coupling constant. Furthermore, it is shown that the zero mode of the Elko field is localized on the de Sitter brane through a Yukawa geometrical coupling term.

Comparison of Mass Size Measurements: Synthesized Mammography Versus Full-Field Digital Mammography

To compare mass size measurements between synthesized mammography (SM) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM), and to assess interobserver agreement for those measurements. One hundred and forty-three patients who underwent FFDM and digital breast tomosynthesis acquisitions during the same compression session were included in the study. Two observers with four-and 1-year experience with digital breast tomosynthesis and SM images, respectively, measured mass sizes independently in two different sessions that were 2 weeks apart, and were blinded to each other. The first session included only FFDM images, and the second session included only SM images. Largest dimension of masses was measured in millimeters. Paired t test was used to compare differences in size measurements between FFDM and SM images. Intraclass correlation coefficient test was used to analyze interobserver agreement. Bland-Altman analyses were performed to evaluate agreements between the imaging techniques and between the observers. The mean mass sizes on FFDM and SM images were 20.27 ± 14.10 and 18.50 ± 13.05 mm, respectively, for the first observer and 21.56 ± 14.84 and 19.89 ± 13.68 mm, respectively, for the second observer. The mass size measurements were significantly different between FFDM and SM for both observers (p < 0.001). Range of measurement errors, defined as 95% limits of agreements between two imaging techniques for observers 1 and 2 were ±1.96*1.36 mm, and ±1.96*1.53 mm, respectively. Range of measurement errors, defined as 95% limits of agreements between two observers for SM and FFDM were ±1.96*3.68 mm, and ±1.96*3.35 mm, respectively. The measured mass sizes were significantly smaller on SM than FFDM images, and the interobserver differences for both of the imaging techniques were greater than the differences measured between FFDM and SM images.

Finite element study of tunable cantilever plate structure using position change

In this paper, a tunable cantilever plate structure is presented, in which a box is attached to each corner of its free sides and a ball is placed in each box. Change of the balls position makes natural frequency of the structure variable, which expands working bandwidth of the structure to accommodate the complex ambient vibration. The modal analysis of the tunable cantilever plate is carried out by the finite element software-ABAQUS. Changing the balls position, it is found that there are maximum and minimum values in the natural frequency of the self-tuning structure, which forms a resonance bandwidth. Moreover, there are multiple position combinations of two balls at the same natural frequency in the range of resonance band. The paper studies the influence of mass and geometrical dimensions of boxes and balls on the natural frequency and bandwidth. While ensuring strength and stiffness of the structure, optimal material and size parameters are selected to improve the resonant bandwidth. This provides a theoretical basis for applying the tunable structure to piezoelectric energy harvester.

Symmetry properties of nonlocal quark bilinear operators on a Lattice (LP3 Collaboration) * * JWC is partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (105-2112-M-002-017-MY3) and the Kenda Foundation. TI is supported by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (16DZ2260200). TI and LCJ are supported by the Department of Energy, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) funding of

Using symmetry properties, we determine the mixing pattern of a class of nonlocal quark bilinear operators containing a straight Wilson line along a spatial direction. We confirm the previous study that mixing among the lowest dimensional operators, which have a mass dimension equal to three, can occur if chiral symmetry is broken in the lattice action. For higher dimensional operators, we find that the dimension-three operators will always mix with dimension-four operators, even if chiral symmetry is preserved. Also, the number of dimension-four operators involved in the mixing is large, and hence it is impractical to remove the mixing by the improvement procedure. Our result is important for determining the Bjorken-x dependence of the parton distribution functions using the quasi-distribution method on a Euclidean lattice. The requirement of using large hadron momentum in this approach makes the control of errors from dimension-four operators even more important.

Constructing effective field theories via their harmonics

We consider the construction of operator bases for massless, relativistic quantum field theories, and show this is equivalent to obtaining the harmonic modes of a physical manifold (the kinematic Grassmannian), upon which observables have support. This enables us to recast the approach of effective field theory (EFT) through the lens of harmonic analysis. We explicitly construct harmonics corresponding to low mass dimension EFT operators.

Improved Parameterization of Ice Particle Size Distributions Using Uncorrelated Mass Spectrum Parameters: Results from GCPEx

AbstractSatellite retrieval algorithms and model microphysical parameterizations require guidance from observations to improve the representation of ice-phase microphysical quantities and processes. Here, a parameterization for ice-phase particle size distributions (PSDs) is developed using in situ measurements of cloud microphysical properties collected during the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Cold-Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx). This parameterization takes advantage of the relation between the gamma-shape parameter μ and the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm of the ice-phase PSD sampled during GCPEx. The retrieval of effective reflectivity Ze and ice water content (IWC) from the reconstructed PSD using the μ–Dm relationship was tested with independent measurements of Ze and IWC and overall leads to a mean error of 8% in both variables. This represents an improvement when compared with errors using the Field et al. parameterization of 10% in IWC and 37% in Ze. Current radar precipitation retrieval algorithms from GPM assume that the PSD follows a gamma distribution with μ = 3. This assumption leads to a mean overestimation of 5% in the retrieved Ze, whereas applying the μ–Dm relationship found here reduces this bias to an overestimation of less than 1%. Proper selection of the a and b coefficients in the mass–dimension relationship is also of crucial importance for retrievals. An inappropriate selection of a and b, even from values observed in previous studies in similar environments and cloud types, can lead to more than 100% bias in IWC and Ze for the ice-phase particles analyzed here.

Equations of motion, symmetry currents and EFT below the electroweak scale

The low-energy effective field theory is constructed by integrating out Standard Model states with masses proximate to the electroweak scale. We report the equations of motion for this theory, including corrections due to higher dimensional operators up to mass dimension six. We construct the corresponding symmetry currents, and discuss how the SU(2)L×U(1)y symmetry, and global symmetries, are manifested when Standard Model states are integrated out. Including contributions from higher dimensional operators to the equations of motion modifies the interpretation of conserved currents. We discuss the corrections to the electromagnetic current as an example, showing how modifications to the equation of motion, and corresponding surface terms, have a direct interpretation in terms of multipole charge distributions that act to source gauge fields.

Searching for CPT violation with neutral-meson oscillations

A general technique is presented for treating CPT violation in neutral-meson oscillations. The effective field theory for a complex scalar with CPT-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimension is incorporated in the formalism for the propagation and mixing of neutral mesons. Observable effects are discussed, and first measurements of CPT-violating operators of dimension five are extracted from existing experimental results.

Nonlinear structural behavior of a size-dependent MEMS gyroscope assuming a non-trivial shaped proof mass

In this paper, a size-dependent based non-classical mechanics model for the structural behavior of a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) gyroscope is investigated. The micro-cantilever based gyroscope is possessing a proof mass at its free end, assumed to hold a non-negligible length as compared to the micro-cantilever’s length. The proof mass is triggered through an actuating electrode and at the same time is assuming a sensing electrode together assuming parallel-plates capacitive arrangements. The governing equations of the micro-gyroscope system are derived within the framework of a modified couple stress non-classical mechanics theory. Based on the resulting equations, the static and dynamic analyses of the system are performed to estimate the pull-in instability voltages, natural frequency, and dynamic responses of the sensing electrodes near primary resonance that are caused by the use of point mass assumption and classical theory. A mixed based method involving both the Galerkin modal expansion procedure along with the method of multiple scales (MMS) technique is utilized to carry out the micro-gyroscope primary resonance analysis through plotting its respective frequency responses near its fundamental mode. Simulated results show that the proof mass dimension and its respective size effects play a substantial role in drastically changing the initiation of the system pull-in instability along its actuation direction, its fundamental natural frequency, and accordingly its dynamic amplitude along its corresponding sensing direction.

Dimensions of the Subaxial Lateral Mass: A Systematic Review of Anatomic (Morphometric) Measurement Studies.

This was a systematic review. To review and synthesize information on subaxial lateral mass dimensions in order to determine the ideal starting point, trajectory, and size of a lateral mass screw. The use of lateral mass instrumentation for posterior cervical decompression and fusion has become routine as these constructs have increased rigidity and fusion rates. A systematic search of Medline and EMBASE was conducted. Studies that provided subaxial cervical lateral mass measurements, distance to the facet, vertebral artery and neuroforamen and facet angle made either directly (eg, cadaver specimen) or from patient imaging were considered for inclusion. Pooled estimates of mean dimensions were reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Stratified analysis based on level, sex, imaging plane, source (cadaver or imaging), and measurement method was done. Of the 194 citations identified, 12 cadaver and 10 imaging studies were included. Pooled estimates for C3-C6 were generally consistent for lateral mass height (12.1 mm), width (12.0 mm), depth (10.8 mm), distance to the transverse foramen (11.8 mm), and distance to the nerve. C7 dimensions were most variable. Small sex-based differences in dimensions were noted for height (1.2 mm), width (1.3 mm), depth (0.43 mm), transverse foramen distance (0.9 mm), and nerve distance (0.3-0.8 mm). No firm conclusions regarding differences between measurements made on cadavers and those based on patient computed tomographic images are possible; findings were not consistent across dimensions. The overall strength of evidence is considered very low for all findings. Although estimates of height, width, and depth were generally consistent for C3-C6, C7 dimensions were variable. Small sex differences in dimensions may suggest that surgeons should use a slightly smaller screw in female patients. Firm conclusions regarding facet angulation, source of measurement, and method of measurement were not possible.

Extracción y caracterización de quitina de escamas de tilapia roja (oreochromis sp.) del Huila mediante métodos químicos

La quitina es el segundo biopolímero lineal más importante en el mundo. Avances recientes sugieren que la quitina se puede obtener de las escamas de peces. Para este artículo, se utilizaron tres tratamientos diferentes para obtener quitina de las escamas de tilapia roja (Orechromis sp.). Todas las muestras fueron insolubles en los solventes y ácidos usados; también presentaron diferentes porcentajes de carbono (3,27-55,80 %), oxígeno (22,09-42,51 %), nitrógeno (11,61-11,81 %), P (1,08-22,2 %), Ca (1,26-26,11 %), Na (0,53-1,02 %) y Mg (0,26-0,91 %). Las bandas de 3.340 cm-1 presentes en el espectro de infrarrojo corresponden al grupo hidroxilo de las bases de glucosamina poliméricas y los picos 1.415-1.456 cm-1 están relacionados con la banda N-H característica del grupo funcional amida. Las imágenes (SE) muestran diferentes dimensiones de partículas (0,1-30 μm) y las masas moleculares promedio, Mw, para Ch1, Ch2 y Ch3 fueron 1.064,28; 1.064,56; y 823,428, respectivamente, con una polidispersidad de 1,0074.

The Spectrum of Change in the Elite Athlete's Heart

Extreme levels of both strength and aerobic training result in increased left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes and LV mass, a key component of athletes' heart. The aim of this study was to document temporal changes in the hearts of elite professional athletes (Australian Football League players) over a 2- to 6-year period. Thirty-six Australian Football League players with 3.5±2.7years of professional training at enrollment prospectively underwent echocardiography in the preseasons of 2009, 2013, and 2015. At each time point, LV dimension and contractility and RV dimension, area, and contractility were measured using two-dimensional echocardiography. LV volumes, ejection fraction, and mass were measured using three-dimensional echocardiography. The mean age at baseline was 21.8±2.6years (range, 18-29years). Most players (n=20) had increasesin fitness between studies (mean maximal oxygen uptake, 62.3±3.6 vs 64.3±2.1mL/kg/min). In these players, there were increases in both LV and RV size and in LV mass. Players who were >25years of age at their baseline scans demonstrated a trend toward increases in RV size and a decline in RV global longitudinal strain.Fitness level and playing position also affected the degree of physiological athletic cardiac remodeling. Australian football is a sport that involves both strength and aerobic training. This study, unique in its length and detail, demonstrates that remodeling in the athlete's heart is a continuous spectrum of change. This remodeling occurs over time in response to high levels of exercise, with proportional increase in LV mass and LV dimensions.

An unified cosmological evolution driven by a mass dimension one fermionic field

An unified cosmological model for an Universe filled with a mass dimension one (MDO) fermionic field plus the standard matter fields is considered. After a primordial quantum fluctuation the field slowly rolls down to the bottom of a symmetry breaking potential, driving the Universe to an inflationary regime that increases the scale factor for about 71 e-folds. After the end of inflation, the field starts to oscillate and can transfer its energy to the standard model particles through a reheating mechanism. Such a process is briefly discussed in terms of the admissible couplings of the MDO field with the electromagnetic and Higgs fields. We show that even if the field loses all its kinetic energy during reheating, it can evolve as dark matter due a gravitational coupling (of spinorial origin) with baryonic matter. Since the field acquires a constant value at the bottom of the potential, a non-null, although tiny, mass term acts as a dark energy component nowadays. Therefore, we conclude that MDO fermionic field is a good candidate to drive the whole evolution of the Universe, in such a way that the inflationary field, dark matter and dark energy are described by different manifestations of a single field.

Huge solitary fibrous tumor of pleura

A 60-year-old male presented with dyspnea and chest pain. He was referred with massive bulky mass. A mass in the left lung was observed using chest X-ray (Figures 1). A computed tomography scan of the chest showed a mass on the left lung with complete lung collapse Figures 2 (A, B). The needle biopsy was performed and the case was diagnosed with solitary fibrous tumor. Subsequently, the patient underwent complete resected open thoracotomy. In our case, the mass dimension was 50 × 35 cm weighting 5.600 gr Figures 3 (A,B).

Automatic Peccei\u2013Quinn symmetry

We present a dynamical (composite) axion model where the Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry arises automatically as a consequence of chirality and gauge symmetry. The Standard Model is simply extended by a confining and chiral SU(5) gauge symmetry. The PQ symmetry coincides with a B-L symmetry of the exotic sector. The theory is protected by construction from quantum gravitational corrections stemming from operators with mass dimension lower than nine.

Partition function for a mass dimension one fermionic field and the dark matter halo of galaxies

This work studies the finite temperature effects of a mass dimension one fermionic field, sometimes called Elko field. The equilibrium partition function was calculated by means of the imaginary time formalism and the result obtained was the same for a Dirac fermionic field, even though the Elko field does not satisfy a Dirac-like equation. The high and low temperature limits were obtained, and for the last case the degeneracy pressure due to Pauli exclusion principle can be responsible for the dark matter halos around galaxies to be greater than or of the same order of the galaxy radius. Also, for a light particle of about 1.0 eV and a density of just 1 particle per cubic centimeter, the value of the total dark matter mass due to Elko particles is of the same order of a typical galaxy. Such a result satisfactorily explains the dark matter as being formed just by Elko fermionic particles and also the existence of galactic halos that go beyond the observable limit.

Changes in left ventricular shape and morphology in the presence of heart failure: a four-dimensional quantitative and qualitative analysis.

The presence and progression of heart failure (HF) are associated with cardiac remodelling, defined as cellular, molecular and interstitial changes which occur after injury and manifest as changes in left ventricular (LV) size, mass, geometry and function. This research study was designed to investigate the changes to LV morphology and shape which occur in the presence of heart failure using three-dimensional (3D) modelling and analysis of cardiac-gated CT scans from both healthy individuals and patients classified with HF. A number of quantitative and qualitative strategies were applied to cardiac CT scans of HF patients and healthy controls (n = 7) in order to analyse changes to LV size, shape and structure and to examine LV remodelling in the different classes of HF. Three-dimensional wireframe representations of endocardial and epicardial borders were created, three-dimensional computer stereolithography models of the inner LV cavity and myocardial wall segments were generated and three-dimensionally printed and a number of clinical LV dimension and shape indices were measured. All data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey method for multiple comparisons for significant variables. Results of most significance included abnormalities in LV mass and end-systolic dimensions and significantly increased septal wall thickness among mid-range ejection fraction cases. Also of importance were significant increases in both dimension-based and volumetric sphericity index measures in all HF cases. Three-dimensional printed models provided qualitative information as to changes in inner LV cavity and myocardial wall morphology across the cardiac cycle for healthy and HF cases and validated quantitative findings. Findings from this study can successfully be applied to motivate the research and development of new HF treatment strategies and devices as well as for the development of a realistic cardiac simulator system.

An Elementary Canonical Classical and Quantum Dynamics for General Relativity

A consistent canonical classical and quantum dynamics in the framework of special relativity was formulated by Stueckelberg in 1941, and generalized to many body theory by Horwitz and Piron in 1973 (SHP). In this paper, using local coordinate transformations, following the original procedure of Einstein, this theory is embedded into the framework of general relativity (GR) both for potential models (where the potential appears as a spacetime mass distribution with dimension of mass) and for electromagnetism (emerging as a gauge field on the quantum mechanical Hilbert space). The canonical Poisson brackets of the SHP theory remain valid (invariant under local coordinate transformations) on the manifold of GR, and provide the basis, following Dirac’s quantization procedure, for formulating a quantum theory. The theory is developed both for one and many particles.

MaxQuant.Live Enables Global Targeting of More Than 25,000 Peptides

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is often performed in a shotgun format, in which as many peptide precursors as possible are selected from full or MS1 scans so that their fragment spectra can be recorded in MS2 scans. Although achieving great proteome depths, shotgun proteomics cannot guarantee that each precursor will be fragmented in each run. In contrast, targeted proteomics aims to reproducibly and sensitively record a restricted number of precursor/fragment combinations in each run, based on prescheduled mass-to-charge and retention time windows. Here we set out to unify these two concepts by a global targeting approach in which an arbitrary number of precursors of interest are detected in real-time, followed by standard fragmentation or advanced peptide-specific analyses. We made use of a fast application programming interface to a quadrupole Orbitrap instrument and real-time recalibration in mass, retention time and intensity dimensions to predict precursor identity. MaxQuant.Live is freely available (www.maxquant.live) and has a graphical user interface to specify many predefined data acquisition strategies. Acquisition speed is as fast as with the vendor software and the power of our approach is demonstrated with the acquisition of breakdown curves for hundreds of precursors of interest. We also uncover precursors that are not even visible in MS1 scans, using elution time prediction based on the auto-adjusted retention time alone. Finally, we successfully recognized and targeted more than 25,000 peptides in single LC-MS runs. Global targeting combines the advantages of two classical approaches in MS-based proteomics, whereas greatly expanding the analytical toolbox.