Equal Dimensions Research Articles

An In Vitro Study of Effect of Beveling of Enamel on Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems in Primary and Permanent Teeth.

ABSTRACTAim and objectivesThis in vitro study evaluated the effect of beveling of enamel on microleakage and shear bond strength of total-etch adhesive system: prime and bond NT and self-etch: adhesive system: XENO V in primary and permanent teeth.Materials and methodsA total of 120 extracted human molars (60 primary and 60 permanent) were selected for the study. For microleakage examination, a sample size of 40 was chosen. Two rectangular slots of equal dimensions were prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth and a bevel was given on either of the slots. Each slot was restored using a composite resin with prior application of the selected bonding agent following which all the samples were soaked in 1% methylene blue dye for 48 hours. Then each tooth was sectioned horizontally and evaluated. The remaining 80 samples were subjected to the shear bond strength test. Class II cavities of standard dimension were prepared and bevel was given on each sample following which selected bonding agent was applied and restored with a composite resin. The specimens were placed in a fixture and the shear bond strength was determined using the universal testing machine.ResultsWith respect to microleakage, the least was exhibited by beveled preparations in permanent teeth using the self-etch adhesive system and the highest shear bond strength was exhibited by beveled preparations using the total-etch adhesive system in permanent teeth.ConclusionBeveling of enamel improved the marginal integrity and shear bond strength of self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems in both primary and permanent teeth.How to cite this articlePatanjali S, Arora A, et al. An In Vitro Study of Effect of Beveling of Enamel on Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems in Primary and Permanent Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):205–210.

Кримінально-правовий вимір гендерної рівності в Україні та світі

Кримінально-правовий вимір гендерної рівності в Україні та світі

Working Together: Human Rights, the Sustainable Development Goals and Gender Equality

Working Together: Human Rights, the Sustainable Development Goals and Gender Equality

Research on all-electric vehicles in the U.S. based on equal dimensions grey forecasting method

Due to the influence of environment factors, the world is committed to curbing the use of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles become more and more popular because it uses renewable energy. This essay uses equal dimension grey foresting method to predict whether the trend of all-electric vehicles development can achieve or not, This essay also uses the theory depending on reality to predict the number and the proportion. Finally, we conclude that the U.S. may switch to all-electric vehicles and give advice on how to build electric charging stations.

Acoustic Issues in Open Plan Offices: A Typological Analysis

This paper reports the acoustic issues of open plan office environments. According to a detailed research based on the scientific literature of the most suitable acoustic descriptors recommended for the open plan offices analysis, the main typological-functional configurations of these environments have been analyzed in order to identify six spatial typologies. The variation of acoustic parameters of these typologies has been evaluated by using a sound pyramid tracing software. The analysis procedure was calibrated in a case study of an office environment, where a measurement campaign was carried out. Results point out that the acoustic improvement of open plan offices can usually be achieved by introducing a sound absorbing false ceiling and dividing panels between working positions, but there are different issues depending on spatial geometries of the office. Better results are referred to office typologies characterized by reduced height and equal plan dimensions.

Track circuit fault prediction method based on grey theory and expert system

Due to the lack of accurate state judgment and health analysis of equipment operation, track circuit implements the repair and maintenance strategy of fault repair or planned repair. For this reason, a novel track circuit fault prediction method is proposed based on grey theory and expert system. In the proposed method, the feature of grey prediction model is to establish dynamic differential equation and then predict its own development according to its own data. The dynamic prediction model with equal dimension is applied to improve original grey model. Based on the gray models, the expert system is used to simulate human experts to solve the problems in a professional field. It contains man-computer interface, inference engine, knowledge library, knowledge management system, interpretation module and dynamic database. The measurement data show this system can effectively predict several typical faults of HVAP track circuit, and prove the proposed system structure is effective. Such condition-based fault prognostic maintenance mechanism provides an effective solution to improve equipment maintenance efficiency, reduce maintenance cost and reduce equipment fault rate.

Quantitative Controllability Index of Complex Networks

In this paper, the controllability issue of complex network is discussed. A new quantitative index using knowledge of control centrality and condition number is constructed to measure the controllability of given networks. For complex networks with different controllable subspace dimensions, their controllability is mainly determined by the control centrality factor. For the complex networks that have the equal controllable subspace dimension, their different controllability is mostly determined by the condition number of subnetworks’ controllability matrix. Then the effect of this index is analyzed based on simulations on various types of network topologies, such as ER random network, WS small-world network, and BA scale-free network. The results show that the presented index could reflect the holistic controllability of complex networks. Such an endeavour could help us better understand the relationship between controllability and network topology.

Experimental study of the selective catalytic reduction after-treatment for the exhaust emission of a diesel engine

In this experimental study, the after-treatment characteristics of urea-based selective catalytic reduction (urea-SCR) in a diesel engine was investigated at a low engine exhaust temperature (250 °C). This represented the idle state of diesel vehicles during road congestion. Detailed experimental work was performed on a heavy-duty diesel engine test bench under the World Harmonized Transient Cycle. The influence of the ammonia/nitrogen ratio was first investigated using vanadium-based SCR (V-SCR) catalyst. When the ammonia/nitrogen ratio was 1.0, the influences of space velocity on the after-treatment characteristics of two different configurations of V-SCR catalysts were investigated in terms of NOX emission, NH3 slip and NOX conversion efficiency. Small SV resulted in reduction of the NH3 slip and the coated-type catalyst indicated more NH3 slip than the extruded-type catalyst at equal catalyst dimensions. It was concluded that the extruded-type V-SCR catalyst showed better operating characteristics than did the coated-type V-SCR catalyst.

Application of Approximate Analytical Technique Using the Homotopy Perturbation Method to Study the Inclination Effect on the Thermal Behavior of Porous Fin Heat Sink

This article presents the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) employed to investigate the effects of inclination on the thermal behavior of a porous fin heat sink. The study aims to review the thermal characterization of heat sink with the inclined porous fin of rectangular geometry. The study establishes that heat sink of an inclined porous fin shows a higher thermal performance compared to a heat sink of equal dimension with a vertical porous fin. In addition, the study also shows that the performance of inclined or tilted fin increases with decrease in length–thickness aspect ratio. The study further reveals that increase in the internal heat generation variable decreases the fin temperature gradient, which invariably decreases the heat transfer of the fin. The obtained results using HPM highlights the accuracy of the present method for the analysis of nonlinear heat transfer problems, as it agrees well with the established results of Runge–Kutta.

Local Heritage Values to Cope with Asia Future Shock In 2020

A cultural and population changes have a biggest influence, the older Asian population, India became the second most influential country after the United States, the high investment costs, the lack of competence and competitiveness of Indonesian human resources as the second largest country after India resulted in the ASIA business situation and required Indonesia changed to become a country that counts in ASIA through the development of mindset and character based on local wisdom owned. The implementation of characteristic sharing organizational culture based on Pancasila philosophy and research based on local wisdom "sareundeuk saigel sabobot sapihanean, silih asih silih asuh silih, simbeuh at sunda with symbol of culture grandeur of kingdom Sumedang become base to change mindset and improve competence of competitiveness Indonesia facing ASIA future shock 2020. The methodology using a literature study review and research is descriptive of local wisdom as a local cultural collaboration received by both internal and external environments and its findings are recommended to decision-makers for practical action in solving problem. Characteristics of sharing organizational culture implemented in the economic, cultural, social sector is the mindset to establish relationships with business actors through the use of culture, chinese trade, using the number of workers of low-educated classes, local raw materials, gender and anti-monopoly attitude through equal dimensions value harmonious, loyal, work together, survive and high spirit.

Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents

AbstractDynamic topography is a well-established consequence of global geodynamic models of mantle convection with horizontal dimensions of >1000 km and amplitudes up to 2 km. Such physical models guide the interpretation of geological records on equal dimensions. Continent-scale geological maps therefore serve as reference frames of choice to visualize erosion/non-deposition as a proxy for long-wavelength, low-amplitude vertical surface motion. At a resolution of systems or series, such maps display conformable and unconformable time boundaries traceable over hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Unconformable contact surfaces define the shape and size of time gap (hiatus) in millions of years based on the duration of time represented by the missing systems or series. Hiatus for a single system or series base datum diminishes laterally to locations (anchor points) where it is conformable at the mapped resolution; it is highly dependent upon scale. A comparison of hiatus area between two successive system or series boundaries yields changes in location, shape, size and duration, indicative of the transient nature of vertical surface motion. As a single-step technique, it serves as a quantitative proxy for palaeotopography that can be calibrated using other geological data. The tool magnifies the need for geological mapping at the temporal resolution of stages, matching process rates. The method has no resolving power within conformable regions (basins) but connects around them. When applied to marine seismic sections that relate to rock record, not to time, biostratigraphic and radiometric data from deep wells are needed before hiatus areas – that relate to time – can be mapped.

Performance evaluation of normally ON/OFF junctionless vertical channel GaN FET

GaN vertical channel junction field-effect transistor (VC-JFET) is a relatively new technology, which is particularly suitable for high-power applications. In these devices, the channel is formed between two p-GaN current blocking layers which is a complex and costly process. In addition, various traps and defects get introduced during the fabrication of p-GaN layers. The traps and defects near the interface of the p-GaN layer and n-GaN channel can deteriorate the device performance. Therefore, for reducing the fabrication complexity with enhanced device performance, a normally ON/OFF GaN vertical channel junctionless field-effect transistor (VC-JLFET) is proposed in this paper. The results are compared against conventional GaN VC-junction field-effect transistor (VC-JFET) of the equal dimensions and doping concentrations. The absence of p–n junction at source and drain in the proposed device offers less fabrication complexity, cost, and thermal budget as compared to the referenced device. The proposed device provides more than four times drain current ( $$8.37\times 10^{-6}$$ A/μm) as compared to the referenced device ( $$1.9 \times 10^{-6}$$ A/μm) at similar physical and bias conditions. The obtained values of ON resistance, trans-conductance, unity gain bandwidth frequency, and breakdown voltage for the proposed normally ON device (at Lap = 0.9 μm, Vth = −3.5 V, VG = −1V, VD = 1 V) are 5.63 × 103 Ω/μm, 6.99 × 10−7 S/μm, 1.56 × 108 Hz and 700 V, respectively. While in normally OFF mode, the obtained values of parameters such as threshold voltage, ON resistance, breakdown voltage, and drain current are 2 V, $$1.56 \times 10^{6}$$ Ω/μm, greater than 1000 V and $$1.54 \times 10^{-6}$$ A/μm, respectively. The normally OFF VC-JLFET is achieved by gate work-function engineering in conjunction with doping optimization.

Multi-time quantum correlations with no spatial analog

Multipartite quantum correlations are a powerful resource that underpins applications from quantum metrology to quantum computing. While most research has focused on spatial correlations, it is now becoming clear that a sequence of measurements on a single quantum system at different points in time reveals a similarly rich, yet fundamentally different structure of multipartite temporal correlations. Here we experimentally observe genuine multi-time correlations in a sequence of three generalized measurements on a single photon. These correlations, manifest by a simultaneous violation of all pairwise Bell inequalities, cannot be reproduced by any spatial quantum state of equal dimension. Our work lays the foundation for the exploration of temporal correlations arising in quantum networks for quantum information applications.

Comparative Discrimination Law: Age as a Protected Ground

AbstractThis comparative review of age as a protected ground in discrimination law explores the underpinning questions and themes related to two main dimensions of age discrimination. The first dimension is structural, economic and labour market driven, whereby age is used to allocate a range of rights, obligations and benefits within society. The second is the social justice and equality dimension, in which age is understood as an aspect of individual identity that is worthy of protection against indignity or detriment. The review then considers the law on age discrimination in a number of jurisdictions, the EU law, the UK, Sweden, USA, Canada and South Africa, and assesses the extent to which the underpinning questions explain the developing case law.

Comparative Evaluation of Tissue Dissolution Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Irrigant and Sodium Hypochlorite – An in vitro Study

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the tissue dissolution efficacy of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) irrigant and sodium hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: 40 bovine muscle tissue specimens of equal dimensions were used in the experiment. Based on tissue specimen treatment, they were divided into four test groups - 3%NaOCl (Group I), 7.5% A. indica irrigant (Group II), alternative use of 3%NaOCl and 7.5% A. indica irrigant (Group III) and control group as distilled water (Group IV). Tissue specimens were weighed before and after placing in test solutions at 2 different time intervals (30,60 minutes). Results: The results revealed that 3%NaOCl showed highest tissue dissolution followed by alternative use of 3%NaOCl. and A. indica irrigant, A. indica alone and distilled water (Group I >III>II>IV). The larger the duration of contact with irrigant better is the tissue dissolution. Conclusion: 7.5% A. indica irrigant alone does not have any tissue dissolving property but in combination it acts as a neutral solution neither increasing nor decreasing the capability of 3%NaOCl.

Inequality in Distribution of Health Care Resources in Iran: Human Resources, Health Centers and Hospital Beds

Background: One of the most important goals of health systems is equality in access to health services and one of the important dimensions of health equality in relation to resources distribution in this sector. Objectives: This study was done to examine the equality in resource distribution between provinces of Iran in 2014. Methods: In the present retrospective study, the population included the public health sector human resources, hospital beds, and health centers in Iran. The data were collected from the Iran statistics center and ministry of health and Medical education. The inequality was estimated by Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Hoover index, and by using Excel and Stata 12 software. Results: The Gini coefficients were 0.13797, 0.19980, and 0.1499 for the manpower, health care centers, and hospital beds, respectively. Thus, they were significant. In addition, the Hoover index was 7, 8.60, and 6.70 for the three studied resources, respectively. Conclusions: The distribution of the health sector resources between Iran provinces was relatively equal. Therefore, health policy makers should be focused on the other aspects of accessibility such as distribution of resources according to health needs, resources distribution within provinces, and quality of provided services.

Can low-fusing glass application affect the marginal misfit and bond strength of Y-TZP crowns?

To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the marginal misfit and retentive strength between Y-TZP crowns and an epoxy resin. Forty (40) epoxy resin (G10) abutments (height: 5mm, conicity: 60, finish line: large chamfer) with equal dimensions were milled and included in polyurethane to simulate the periodontal ligament. Next, 40 Y-TZP crowns (thickness: 1mm) were milled (Cerec in Lab) and randomly divided into four groups (n=10) according to the surface treatment: GS(glaze spray), GP(glaze powder/liquid), P(zirconia primer) and RS(tribochemical silica coating). The conditioned surfaces were cemented with dual self-adhesive cement, light cured and submitted to thermomechanical cycling (2x106, 100N, 4Hz, 5°/55°C). Marginal misfit was analyzed by a stereomicroscope and SEM. Retentive strength test was performed (1mm/min) until crown debonding. Glaze layer thickness was also performed to GS and GP groups. Marginal misfit data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests; one-way ANOVA and Tukey (5%) analyzed the tensile strength data. The marginal misfit of the GS (48.6±19.9μm) and GP (65.4±42.5μm) were statistically lower than the RS (96±62.9μm) and P (156±113.3μm) (p=0.001). The retentive strength of the GP (470.5±104.1N) and GS (416.8±170.2N) were similar to the P (342.1±109.7N), but statistically higher than those of the RS (208.9±110N). The GS and GP glaze layer was 11.64μm and 9.73μm respectively. Thus, glaze application promoted lower marginal discrepancy and higher retentive strength values than conventional techniques.

Monopole operators in U(1) Chern-Simons-matter theories

We study monopole operators at the infrared fixed points of U(1) Chern-Simons-matter theories (QED3, scalar QED3, mathcal{N}=1 SQED3, and mathcal{N}=2 SQED3) with N matter flavors and Chern-Simons level k. We work in the limit where both N and k are taken to be large with κ = k/N fixed. In this limit, we extract information about the low-lying spectrum of monopole operators from evaluating the S2 × S1 partition function in the sector where the S2 is threaded by magnetic flux 4πq. At leading order in N, we find a large number of monopole operators with equal scaling dimensions and a wide range of spins and flavor symmetry irreducible representations. In two simple cases, we deduce how the degeneracy in the scaling dimensions is broken by the 1/N corrections. For QED3 at κ = 0, we provide conformal bootstrap evidence that this near-degeneracy is in fact maintained to small values of N. For mathcal{N}=2 SQED3, we find that the lowest dimension monopole operator is generically non-BPS.

A Compact Beam-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna With Improved Performance

A compact microstrip leaky-wave antenna (MLWA) with reduced sidelobe level and increased linear frequency-scanning capability is proposed in this letter. Symmetric Yagi-like elements are introduced, which reduce the sidelobe level by radiating the remaining power at the physical end of MLWA, and make the radiation plane ( xz plane) symmetric. Defected ground plane is used to optimize the working of Yagi-like elements. Measured results show that the sidelobe is suppressed about 16 dB at 4.8 GHz. To further reduce the sidelobe level, improve frequency-scanning capability, and increase the gain, the leaky section of the antenna is tapered, and two slots of equal dimensions are introduced. The frequency beam scanning is improved compared with the conventional MLWAs by achieving a total beam scan of 78° (from broadside [12°] to endfire [90°]). The measurements performed on the fabricated prototype exhibit good agreement with simulations.

Wide‐area measurement system‐based model‐free approach of post‐fault rotor angle trajectory prediction for on‐line transient instability detection

In order to achieve adequate time for emergency control against transient instability, a scheme to predict the post-fault rotor angle trajectory based on the grey Verhulst self-memory model is provided. The proposed scheme is model free and only uses wide-area measurement system data to provide timely, reliable information about the transient rotor angle stability. Moreover, the scheme is model-parameter-adaptive and takes full consideration of the non-linearity as well as uncertainty of power systems. Firstly, the grey Verhulst self-memory prediction model is presented to cope with the strong non-linear and non-autonomous nature of the power system. Secondly, the equal dimension and new information data model as well as the rolling prediction method are adopted to improve adaptability and robustness of prediction. Investigations with the IEEE-39 bus system and NCE China power system indicate that the proposed prediction scheme gives better prediction performance compared with the other two prediction methods, i.e. grey Verhulst prediction and auto-regressive prediction. Furthermore, combined with equal area criterion based on the severely disturbed generator pair, the proposed prediction scheme is conducted to detect transient instability. Simulation results indicate that the proposed prediction scheme is effective for prediction of transient stability.