Subjective Dimensions Research Articles

Evaluation of Intelligent Auxiliary Information Presentation Mode for Collaborative Flight Formation

Collaborative flight formations represent a promising operational model, but the integration of multi-source information in manned interfaces often results in cognitive overload and reduced situation awareness. This study evaluates the effectiveness of intelligent auxiliary information presentation modes in enhancing personnel capabilities. Using a simulation-based collaborative flight formation system, four presentation modes with varying levels of information and dynamics were experimentally tested and evaluated across subjective dimensions (cognitive workload, situation awareness, and interface design) and objective dimensions (design task flow information load and operational task flow information load). The results indicate that Level 3 and Level 4 modes significantly reduced mental workload and improved practical operational ability compared to the original mode. Level 3 achieved the highest interface evaluation scores, while Level 4 demonstrated the lowest design task flow information load. Both modes significantly enhanced situation awareness. Altogether, Level 3 and Level 4 resulted in the most significant improvements in personnel capabilities. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing interface design and improving situation awareness in collaborative flight formation tasks.

Impact of expressive intentions on upper-body kinematics in two expert pianists

IntroductionExpression is a key aspect of music performance. Studies on pianists’ gestures and expression have mainly documented the impact of their expressive intentions on proximal segments and head linear kinematics. It remains unclear how pianists’ expressive intentions influence joint angular kinematics as well as exposure to risk factors of injury, such as poor overall posture and distal jerky movements, two kinematic factors linked to injury. The first objective of this exploratory case study was to analyze the influence of pianists’ expressive intentions on proximal and distal joint range of motion (ROM) across different musical contexts. The second objective was to evaluate the impact of expressive intentions on the posture of joints that are commonly injured in pianists, as well as distal joint angular jerk. Methods: Two expert pianists (P1 and P2) performed six musical excerpts (E1–E6) in two experimental conditions: normal condition (including expressive intentions) and the control condition (strictly playing the composer’s notations written in the score with no subjective interpretation). An inertial measurement unit system recorded upper body kinematics.MethodsTwo expert pianists (P1 and P2) performed six musical excerpts (E1–E6) in two experimental conditions: normal condition (including expressive intentions) and the control condition (strictly playing the composer’s notations written in the score with no subjective interpretation). An inertial measurement unit system recorded upper body kinematics.Results and discussionBoth proximal and distal joint ROM increased when pianists incorporated expressive intentions. Participants exhibited more static, non-neutral wrist postures when incorporating expressive intentions (right and left wrist for P1 and P2, respectively), suggesting an increased risk of distal injury. On the contrary, the thorax exhibited more dynamic, neutral flexion postures, suggesting a reduced risk of proximal injury. These results suggest that expressive intentions may impact proximal and distal postures differently. Incorporating expressive intentions also led to jerkier, less smooth wrist movements in lyrical, non-virtuosic musical excerpts (E1–E4). However, in more virtuosic excerpts (E5–E6), there were generally no differences between conditions. Spatiotemporal constraints might explain these discrepancies between non-virtuosic and virtuosic musical excerpts. These results provide evidence of the impact of expressive intentions on the entire kinematic chain, while highlighting the implications of the subjective dimension of music expression in relation to exposure to risk factors of injury.

Comparing analog and 3D measurements of vertical dimension in edentulous subjects.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility and reliability of measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion/rest (OVD/RVD) on 3D facial scans of edentulous patients. Nineteen edentulous participants rehabilitated with complete removable dental prostheses (CDs) participated in this study. Analog measurements (control) were obtained directly on the face for each participant with the jaws positioned at the rest position (without CDs, RVD) and at central occlusion (OVD), between the facial landmarks: Glabella (G) and Soft Pogonion (SP), Pronasale (PN) and SP, and Subnasale (SN) and SP. Participants' faces were scanned twice, using a face-scanner (Class 1 LASER, Obiscanner). Scans were imported into a mesh-processing software, and the OVD/RVD were measured digitally. Two investigators performed all the measurements and were blinded. Data analysis included intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and pairwise comparison tests (p<0.05). Digital measurements were higher than analog measurements, and the mean paired difference ranged from -4.86±3.2 to 0.42±2.7 mm. All the differences were statistically significant, expect for SN-SP (p=0.110). Magnitude of the differences for the RVD were large for G-SP and SN-SP (ES>0.80) and moderate for PN-SP (ES>0.50). There was a large effect for G-SP when measuring OVD (ES>0.50), and small effect for PN-SP and SN-SP (ES≤0.20). Considering the limitations associated with the specific type of facial scanner used in this study, it can be concluded that registering the resting vertical dimension in edentulous patients through digital methods may not be recommended. This is due to the potential errors that may arise during the data acquisition process, which could compromise the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. Digital methods for registering the vertical dimension of rest (RVD) in edentulous patients can introduce errors, resulting in occlusal errors and discomfort. Clinicians must, for the moment, still use conventional analog methods to ensure accurate RVD measurement for a successful denture therapy.

Evaluation of the Effect of Unilateral Cleft Palate on Piriform Aperture Dimensions.

The aim of the present research was to assess and compare the piriform aperture dimensions of subjects with a unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and those of a control group using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT data of 40 subjects with a complete UCLP (28 males and 12 females, with a mean age of 17.21 ± 5.75 years) and 40 CBCT images of age- and sex-matched subjects with no cleft, serving as the control group (28 males, 12 females; mean age, 17.25 ± 5.74 years) were included in the study. The maximal height and width of the piriform aperture as well as nasal bone height were measured and statistically compared between the groups. There were no significant differences in the age and sex distributions between the groups. The mean piriform aperture height was significantly lower in the UCLP group than in the control group, while the mean piriform aperture width was significantly higher in the UCLP group compared to the control group (P < .01). Furthermore, the mean bony nasal height was found to be significantly lower in the UCLP group than in the control group (P < .01). According to the present findings, UCLP is associated with changes in the piriform aperture dimensions due to lower height and higher width values. These structural alterations may contribute to the functional and aesthetic nasal challenges in patients with UCLP.

A Right-Brain-Based Epistemology Grounded on Local Wisdom: Intuilytics as a Culturally-Meaningful Alternative in Science

Epistemology, the study of knowledge, has long grappled with the challenge of determining truth. While the combination of deductive and inductive reasoning has been a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, several limitations emerge in its application to contemporary epistemology. One significant issue lies within the core of falsificationism, a prominent philosophy championed by Karl Popper. Falsificationism posits that a scientific theory can only be proven false, not true. While this approach aims to prevent dogmatic adherence to untested ideas, it can lead to an endless cycle of trial and error. As Popper himself acknowledged, no single experiment can definitively prove a theory correct. Summarizing, the dominance of rationalist thinking has shaped the way we view the world and conduct scientific research. However, this approach often neglects the subjective dimensions of human experience, such as intuition, emotion, and creativity. Consequently, many complex phenomena are difficult to fully explain through the lens of rationalism alone. This article aims to explore the potential of right-brain-based epistemology, which we call intuilytics. This approach emphasizes the role of intuition, creativity, and holistic thinking in the process of acquiring knowledge. This article presents a critical perspective on today’s epistemological practices. It does not intend to discredit the importance of deductive-inductive reasoning or the valuable contributions of philosophers like Karl Popper and economists like Ronald Coase.

Reinhold Niebuhr and the Epistemics of Tolerance

This article examines Reinhold Niebuhr’s understanding of tolerance as a response, in significant part, to the epistemic distortions that inhibit the self’s comprehension of truth. His concept of tolerance emphasizes its subjective dimension, and involves a recognition of tendencies of the self to favor its own preferences and perspectives. Acknowledgment of one’s preferential perspectives requires self-critical scrutiny in light of what Niebuhr sees as the paradoxical character of truth. While he proposes a provocative basis for tolerance that deserves renewed attention, he does not address some of its practical challenges, such as distinguishing the tolerable from the intolerable. Nevertheless, Niebuhr’s notion of tolerance contributes to a deepened understanding of its grounding in the capabilities and constraints of selfhood.

First-in-Family students’ roots and routes into higher education: Familial dynamics as drivers for breaking intergenerational cycles of educational attainment

This study fills significant gaps in knowledge around how familial dynamics shape First-in-Family students’ educational pathways, inform how they engage with the higher education setting, and drive them to break intergenerational cycles of educational attainment. Twenty-seven interviews with First-in-Family students in four public universities in Austria revealed three drivers: aligning with familial expectations, leaving one’s social milieu and emancipation from familial orientations. The paper argues that these drivers inform not only the why but also the how they organise their social contacts during their university education (e.g. different forms of engagement and connection to their family milieu and community outside of university). The findings suggest that we need to take these subjective dimensions into account if we aim to improve targeted support and to enhance the quality of learning experiences for all higher education students. Furthermore, we need to acknowledge that a growing diversity in the student population might also mean a greater diversity in the reasons to pursue a higher education, which should be accompanied with critical reflections on how the needs of these students can be met in the post-pandemic university to foster student retention and success.

Automatic assessment of short answer questions: Review

With the rapid development of technology, automated assessment systems have become an essential tool to facilitate the process of correcting short answers. This research aims to explore ways to improve the accuracy of automated assessment using natural language processing techniques, such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Longest Common Sequence (LCS) algorithm, hile highlighting the challenges associated with the scarcity of Arabic language datasets.These methodologies facilitate the assessment of both lexical and semantic congruences between student submissions and benchmark answers. The overarching objective is to establish a scalable and precise grading mechanism that reduces manual evaluation's temporal and subjective dimensions. Notwithstanding significant advancements, obstacles such as the scarcity of Arabic datasets persist as a principal impediment to effective automated grading in languages other than English. This research scrutinizes contemporary strategies within the domain, highlighting the imperative for more sophisticated models and extensive datasets to bolster the precision and adaptability of automated grading frameworks, particularly concerning Arabic textual content. With the rapid development of technology, automated assessment systems have become an essential tool to facilitate the process of correcting short answers. This research aims to explore ways to improve the accuracy of automated assessment using natural language processing techniques, such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Longest Common Sequence (LCS) algorithm, hile highlighting the challenges associated with the scarcity of Arabic language datasets.These methodologies facilitate the assessment of both lexical and semantic congruences between student submissions and benchmark answers. The overarching objective is to establish a scalable and precise grading mechanism that reduces manual evaluation's temporal and subjective dimensions. Notwithstanding significant advancements, obstacles such as the scarcity of Arabic datasets persist as a principal impediment to effective automated grading in languages other than English. This research scrutinizes contemporary strategies within the domain, highlighting the imperative for more sophisticated models and extensive datasets to bolster the precision and adaptability of automated grading frameworks, particularly concerning Arabic textual content.

Psychopathological Characteristics and Subjective Dimensions of Suicidality in Adolescents at Ultra High Risk (UHR) for Psychosis.

Suicide and suicidal behaviour are among the most frequent and serious complications in severe mental disorders, especially in the developmental years. From the early stages of psychosis, i.e., in ultra high risk (UHR) and first psychotic episode (FEP) subjects, the suicide risk (SR) is higher than in the general population. Therefore, assessing suicidal thoughts during the high psychotic risk period is extremely important. This study aims to assess SR in a group of UHR adolescents compared to FEP and clinical help-seeking controls (CHSC) peers. 95 adolescents (13-18 years) were evaluated through psychopathological interviews and self-report questionnaires to assess UHR, FEP or CHSC condition, clinical suicidal behaviour and suicide thoughts, global functioning, self-disorders, and other psychiatric comorbidities. We identified 17 FEP, 33 UHR, and 45 CHSC. 54.7% of the total sample is at SR, identified in 70.6% of FEP subjects, 81.8% of UHR subjects and 28.9% of CHSC patients. Furthermore, SR correlated with positive symptoms (p = 0.013), negative symptoms (p = 0.032), general symptoms (p = 0.009), and global functioning (p < 0.001) as well as with the total EASE score (p < 0.001). An increasing rate of self-disorders was associated with an increased likelihood of SR. Monitoring UHR adolescents not only for psychotic onset but also for SR is crucial due to their higher suicidality and worse prognosis. Rigorous management and monitoring can enable more targeted interventions and suicide prevention strategies.

Multi Dimensional and Scenario Generalization Value Quantification of Data Assets Based on a Multi Factor Valuation Scoring Model -- Taking the Water Resources Data Assets of Key Provinces in the Comprehensive Management of the Yangtze River Basin as an Example

Nowadays the explosive growth of digital assets has become a new economic growth point. The entry of data assets into the balance sheet and embracing the capital market to exert its multiplier effect have become trending topics. However, the quantification of data asset valuation, as data asset utilizations cornerstone, still faces many obstacles, such as discriminatory analysis, lack of scenario generalization valuation systems and multi objective quantitative dimension,etc.Starting from both subjective and objective dimensions and coordinating multiple market entities, this article constructs a multi factor valuation screening and scoring model to quantify the value of data assets and addresses these practical challenges. Quantify factors through methods such as the Short Ratio Method and Delphi Expert Method. Due to the heterogeneous preferences and requirements of different industries for different factors, this article uses the Compound Analytic Hierarchy Process and effect functions to rank and combine factors for weighting, meeting the specific application effects in various scenarios while also achieving a scenario generalization approach to meet the needs of cross industry trading of data assets. Finally, apply the model to the water resources data assets of the Yangtze River comprehensive management province. This case study promotes the valuation of water resources data assets and the multi-party trading and circulation between governments and market entities.This article aims to provide new models and academic recommendations for data asset valuation and value quantification, to assist in the utilization and circulation of data assets, as well as the construction of data asset trading markets.

The systematics of the European Artificial Intelligence Act in the context of the fundamental rights of the Union: the myth of the digital constitutionalism

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) bases on data driven and machine learning have been at the centre of debates on the implications of certain uses of this technology on fundamental rights in terms of individual and social risks. At the national level, reflections on whether or not AI systems have their own ontological determinism seem to have come up against the obstacles of the staticity of constitutional frameworks that are still analogical. In the European legal order, the most disruptive digital effects of the so-called knowledge economy on the subject and his or her rights seem to be conditioned by the telos of the centrality of the human being in his/her objective-axial dimension (guarantee of the Union’s values) and subjective dimension (protection of the Union’s fundamental rights). The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act would be its most recent legal-normative concretisation, in line with other norms of secondary law that would outline the dynamics of the so-called digital constitutionalism. Received: 28 May 2024Accepted: 12 September 2024

Fractal dimension of non-Newtonian Hele-Shaw flow subject to Saffman-Taylor instability

Fractal dimension of non-Newtonian Hele-Shaw flow subject to Saffman-Taylor instability

AN ANALYSIS OF USER EXPERIENCE IN THE PRIMARY TERRITORIES OF STUDENT HOUSING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA

This study explores user experiences in the primary territories of student housing provided by a university in Turkey through user-generated content (UGC). Primary territories are private zones in which users optimize ownership and privacy in student housing. Students spend most of their times in these spaces during their stay. UGC emanates from online platforms on which users can freely contribute their own thoughts, opinions, and experiences. In this study, UGC on YouTube was investigated to analyze students’ experiences in terms of the objective and subjective dimensions of primary territories. As a methodology, qualitative content analysis was used. Auditory and visual information from YouTube videos was used as the data set to ascertain user feedback to understand which spatial attributes were of the greatest interest to users for demand-based expectations. The data were analyzed by coding user comments in videos thematically, in regard to objective and subjective dimension of space to understand which experiences or interior elements were more common in primary territories. The study findings highlight interior attributes most frequently mentioned in UGC. The results encompassed experiences that are prominent in user expectations and serve as typical selection criteria for users when making relevant decisions.

Reimagining Sustainable Development and Economic Performance Indicators: A Human-Centric Maslow–Bossel Blueprint

Reflecting the shift from purely quantitative economic growth to broader socio-environmental sustainability, this study proposes a framework for assessing sustainable development (SD) by integrating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with Bossel’s classification system. As economic development increasingly emphasizes sustainability, numerous organizations and agencies, including the United Nations, have developed indicators to measure sustainable progress. However, subjective dimensions of SD, grounded in individual values and needs, remain underexplored. This study operationalizes Maslow’s “pyramid of needs” alongside Bossel’s system to establish an “SD pyramid”, distinguishing dimensions and indicators that capture social, economic, and environmental complexity. By mapping human needs onto the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study contributes to delineating (i) the research areas uncovered (or partly covered) with relevant indicators, (ii) a significant lack or partial shortage of pertinent information, and (iii) a combination of a few basic indicators summarizing the necessary information into a unique measure of SD. The outcomes offer a foundation for a quali-quantitative assessment of SD, enhancing the monitoring tools focusing on subjective and contextual needs.

Affective Norms for German as a Second Language (ANGL2).

The present study introduces affective norms for a set of 880 German words rated by learners of German as a second language (L2), i.e., the Affective Norms for German as a Second Language (ANGL2). The database provides ratings across affective and subjective psycholinguistic dimensions. Besides valence and arousal ratings, ANGL2 features data on emotional prototypicality, which helps to identify emotion-label words and emotion-laden words. Moreover, the database includes two additional semantic variables: concreteness and familiarity. We observed similarities with previous studies, and the ratings provided by L2 speakers demonstrate characteristics that should be noted in studies involving bilinguals, including more moderate valence ratings, and a stronger correlation between valence and arousal, specifically for positive words. ANGL2 is the first set of affective norms that has been rated by L2 speakers for a language other than English. The set of norms is aimed to function as a resource for psycholinguistic experimental studies on the intersection between emotion and language among L2 speakers.

Towards language-sensitive teacher education: Developing a teacher competence taxonomy for the language dimension in languages and other subjects

One of the aims of teacher education is to contribute to continuity in plurilingual, intercultural, and language-sensitive education, across subjects and educational levels. In this paper, we present selected results of two European projects that support this aim. The article outlines the background and potential of a taxonomy of teacher competences that exemplifies dimensions of language-related teacher competence shared by teachers of languages and other subjects. The dimensions include descriptors for teaching competences proper, for collaboration with other teachers and stakeholders, and for teacher development. Furthermore, a dimension containing competences related to the analysis of languages, discourse and cultures reframes aspects of language teachers’ content knowledge as a competence domain that is relevant, albeit to varying degrees, for all teachers. Two transversal dimensions, which contain teachers’ language and digital competences, an overview of teachers’ values and principles, and an account of professional learning opportunities complete the taxonomy.

Social and political development: out of conceptual mazes and into political agenda-setting

The article presents the results of the analysis and systematization of discourses describing the dynamics and key areas of social development. The purpose of the study is to determine the guidelines and priorities in discussions on development that dominate the research and expert agenda, and to identify the ideas and meanings that are invested in this concept by actors participating in public discussions and political goal-setting. The research methodology is based on the structural and functional approach, and on a comparative evaluation of the target settings present in the current expert discussion and in public policymaking. A quantitative content analysis of a sample of EU documents defining priorities of interaction with third countries to achieve development goals is offered as an illustrative example. The conclusions are presented in the form of a conceptual tree constructed by correlating the main concepts that exist in the research and expert field dealing with social development discourses and their political implications. According to the results of the study, the ideological appeal of narratives circulating in the public space of the “developed world” and the normative projection of this agenda worldwide transform discursive power into discursive hegemony through “green colonialism” and other forms of “promoting development”. The authors take a critical approach to the monopolization of the expert and political field by the concept of “sustainable development” which is widely regarded as a politically correct approach and a universalist political attitude. An ambiguous understanding of “social development” beyond the progressive paradigm and purely normative approaches in the social sciences makes the need to clarify this concept all the more urgent. The paper proposes to interpret “political development” as a multidimensional process leading to the complication of political interactions and not limited to institutional change, and “politics of development” as a system of management practices correlated with the public demand for security and social well-being. The current research agenda in this field in Russia aims to promote the analysis of the subjective dimension of politics, with a focus on identity studies and on evaluating intangible development resources.

Leveraging ChatGPT for Enhanced Aesthetic Evaluations in Minimally Invasive Facial Procedures.

In recent years, the application of AI technologies like ChatGPT has gained traction in the field of plastic surgery. AI models can analyze pre- and post-treatment images to offer insights into the effectiveness of cosmetic procedures. This technological advancement enables rapid, objective evaluations that can complement traditional assessment methods, providing a more comprehensive understanding of treatment outcomes. The study aimed to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of custom ChatGPT model, "Face Rating and Review AI," in facial feature evaluation in minimally invasive aesthetic procedures, particularly before and after Botox treatments. An analysis was conducted on the Web of Science (WoS) database, identifying 79 articles published between 2023 and 2024 on ChatGPT in the field of plastic surgery from various countries. A dataset of 23 patients from Kaggle, including pre- and post-Botox images, was used. The custom ChatGPT model, "Face Rating & Review AI," was used to assess facial features based on objective parameters such as the golden ratio, symmetry, proportion, side angles, skin condition, and overall harmony, as well as subjective parameters like personality, temperament, and social attraction. The WoS search found 79 articles on ChatGPT in plastic surgery from 27 countries, with most publications originating from the USA, Australia, and Italy. The objective and subjective parameters were analyzed using a paired t-test, and all facial features showed low p-values (<0.05). Higher mean scores on features such as the golden ratio (mean = 5.86, SD = 0.69), skin condition (mean = 3.78, SD = 0.73), and personality (mean = 5.0, SD = 0.79) indicate positive shifts after the treatment. The custom ChatGPT model "Face Rating and Review AI" is a valuable tool for assessing facial features in Botox treatments. It effectively evaluates objective and subjective attributes, aiding clinical decision-making. However, ethical considerations highlight the need for diverse datasets in future research to improve accuracy and inclusivity. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Sensemaking of wave–particle duality in a scientific outreach minicourse: a study based in self-regulation

Abstract On the Internet, Quantum Mechanics is an area of physics that is shrouded in misinterpretations. In this scenario, scientific outreach may serve as an instrument for disseminating scientific knowledge. Especially in this context, it is important that people’s learning encompasses more than the meanings of concepts and laws, involving aspects related to the ‘why’ and ‘for what purpose’ the knowledge was and is constructed. We consider these aspects as components of the sense, the connotative and subjective dimension of conceptual learning which encompasses a positioning of an individual towards a concept and its relevance in the physics framework. Motivated by this, in the present study, we investigated the senses ascribed to the concept of wave–particle duality (WPD) by 121 participants in a two-day (five-hour) science outreach minicourse in the double-slit experiment. Drawing on the ideas of Franco et al (2023, Cadernos de Pesquisa do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ensino de Física da UFRGS (Research Notebooks from the Postgraduate Program in Physics Teaching at UFRGS), Pimenta Cultural Editors S/A), we posit sensemaking as a type of cognitive effort to overcome a situation, viewed as a self-regulatory phenomenon wherein individuals self-observe, self-evaluate, and self-react to the situation to achieve a certain goal. In addition to identifying the senses attributed to the concept of WPD, we assessed the relationships between these senses and participants’ performance in a standardized test of this concept, as well as their educational background and field of study. Data were collected using questionnaires answered before and at the end of the course. The senses ascribed to the concept of WPD were investigated through similarity and cluster analysis based on responses to essay questions. The relationships among these senses, questionnaire performance, and educational background were evaluated using non-parametric statistical tests. We infer two senses attributed to wave–particle duality: (1) WPD is a basic and fundamental concept that impacts the way we comprehend the essence of nature, and (2) WPD is a very advanced concept restricted to the field of Quantum Mechanics. A statistically significant correlation (0.26 was identified between the senses attributed and participants’ performance on the standardized test, suggesting that the sense ascribed to a concept and performance in questions requiring its mobilization are overlapping elements but constitute two distinct dimensions of learning that need to be assessed simultaneously.

Advocating for environmental law – grounds for its status as an independent branch of law in Slovak legal doctrine

The article traces the historical development of environmental regulation in Czechoslovakia, and subsequently Slovakia, highlighting the transition from fragmented legal frameworks to comprehensivelegislation, notably Act no. 17/1992 Coll. on Environment. It explores theoretical debates on whether environmental law constitutes an independent legal branch, examining criteria, such as subject matter, objectives, distinct principles, regulatory methods, and international dimensions. While advocating for environmental law’s recognition as a distinct branch, the article acknowledges ongoing debates and emphasizes the need for continued inquiry to reach consensus. Overall, it provides insights into environmental law’s evolution, challenges, and potential role within legal theory and practice.