Size Dimensions Research Articles

Voltage-Mediated Water Dynamics Enables On-Demand Transport of Sugar Molecules in Two-Dimensional Channels.

The constructing of artificial channels with gating functions is an important undertaking for gaining insight into biological process and achieving efficient bionic functions. Typically, controllable transport within such channels relies on either electrostatic or specific interactions between the transporting species and the channel. However, for molecules with weak interactions with the channel, achieving precise gating of the transport remains a significant challenge. In this regard, this study proposes a voltage gating membrane of two-dimensional channels that selectively transport of neutral molecules glucose with a dimension of 0.60 nm. The permeation of glucose is switched on/off by electrochemically manipulating the water dynamics in the nanochannel. Voltage driven-intercalation of ion into the two-dimensional channel causes water to stratify and move closer to the channel walls, thereby resulting in the channel center being emptier for glucose diffusion. Due to the sub-nanometer size dimension of the channel, selective permeation of glucose over sucrose is also achieved in this approach.

Voltage‐Mediated Water Dynamics Enables On‐Demand Transport of Sugar Molecules in Two‐Dimensional Channels

AbstractThe constructing of artificial channels with gating functions is an important undertaking for gaining insight into biological process and achieving efficient bionic functions. Typically, controllable transport within such channels relies on either electrostatic or specific interactions between the transporting species and the channel. However, for molecules with weak interactions with the channel, achieving precise gating of the transport remains a significant challenge. In this regard, this study proposes a voltage gating membrane of two‐dimensional channels that selectively transport of neutral molecules glucose with a dimension of 0.60 nm. The permeation of glucose is switched on/off by electrochemically manipulating the water dynamics in the nanochannel. Voltage driven‐intercalation of ion into the two‐dimensional channel causes water to stratify and move closer to the channel walls, thereby resulting in the channel center being emptier for glucose diffusion. Due to the sub‐nanometer size dimension of the channel, selective permeation of glucose over sucrose is also achieved in this approach.

Digital rock modeling to quantify scale dependence of petrophysical measurements in burrowed reservoir rocks: An example using Thalassinoides

Recent evaluations of burrow connectivity have shown that burrow morphology, abundance, and size impact the sampling scheme required for faithfully representing permeability in the laboratory. Quantifying these controls to design appropriate sampling is essential. This study illustrates a new approach using multipoint statistics modeling and applies it to Thalassinoides, to simulate a range of burrow abundances and sizes, and then interrogates the outcome to develop a statistical model that allows sampling strategies to be designed. Our workflow started with digital models that were known to have open or permeable Thalassinoides that connected one side of the model volume to another, (i.e., high permeability). We cut the model volumes into 540 digital samples with a range of burrow abundance, burrow size and sample cross section. The Thalassinoides showed no cross-sample connectivity in 173 (32%) samples; the remaining 367 (68%) showed cross-sample Thalassinoides connectivity. The data on burrow abundance, burrow size, and sample dimensions (as independent variables) and the result of samples representing Thalassinoides connectivity or not (as a dependent variable), was analyzed using logistic regression modeling. An important outcome from the logistic regression model is an equation that provides a probability of Thalassinoides connectivity across samples, given burrow abundance, burrow size, and sample dimension inputs. This equation has practical applications in determining the minimum sample cross-sections and sample lengths needed for samples to adequately represent the permeability. As examples, for samples with cross sections similar to core plugs and full diameter core, given various burrow percentages and sizes, only 37% yield burrow connectivity across any and all sample lengths. For the rest, our data on the largest connected burrow length allows for calculation of the probabilities of samples of typical lengths being representative of the burrow connectivity. Thus, researchers can assess the likelihood of their samples representing Thalassinoides connectivity given a range of burrow abundance, burrow size, sample cross section and sample length. The spreadsheet to make these calculations and lookup tables are provided as digital accessory files. The example using Thalassinoides provides proof-of-concept of a methodology that should be broadly applicable to any given burrow morphology. An algorithm and lookup table that can be modeled for each given burrow morphology with an appropriate training image.

Experimental research on flow regime and transitional criterion of slug to churn-turbulent and churn-turbulent to annular flow in rectangular channels

As for two-phase flow in rectangular channels, the flow regimes especially like churn-turbulent and annular flow are significant for the physical problem like Countercurrent Flow Limitation (CCFL). In this study, the rectangular channels with cross-sections of 4 × 66 mm, 6 × 66 mm, 8 × 66 mm are adopted to investigate the flow regimes of air-water vertical upward two phase flow under adiabatic condition. The gas and liquid superficial velocities are 0≤jg≤20m/s and 0.25≤jf≤3m/s respectively which covering bubbly to annular flow. The flow regimes are identified by random forest algorithm and the flow regime maps are obtained. As the results, the transitional void fraction from slug to churn turbulent flow fluctuate from 0.47 to 0.58 which is significantly affected by the dimensional size of channel and flow rate. Besides, the void fraction at transitional points from churn-turbulent (slug) to annular flow are 0.66–0.67, which are independent with the gap size. Furthermore, a new criteria of slug to churn-turbulent flow is established in this study. In addition, by introducing the interfacial force model, the criteria of churn-turbulent (slug) flow to annular flow is verified.

Normalization of ascending aorta dimension for body size influences pathophysiologic correlation in hypertensive patients: the Campania Salute Network.

In the present study, we assessed correlates and their consistency of ascending aorta (AscAo) measurement in treated hypertensive patients. A total of 1634 patients ≥ 18 years old with available AscAo ultrasound were included. Ascending aorta was measured at end-diastole with leading edge to leading edge method, perpendicular to the long axis of the aorta in parasternal long-axis view at its maximal identifiable dimension. Correlations of AscAo and AscAo normalized for height (AscAo/HT) or body surface area (AscAo/BSA) with demographics and metabolic profile were explored. Multi-variable regression was also used to identify potential confounders influencing univariate correlations. Sensitivity analysis was performed using cardiovascular (CV) outcome. Correlations with age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were similar among the three aortic measures. Women exhibited smaller AscAo but larger AscAo/BSA than men with AscAo/HT offsetting the sex difference. Obesity and diabetes were associated with greater AscAo and AscAo/HT but with smaller AscAo/BSA (all P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression model, all aortic measure confirmed the sign of their relations with sex and metabolic profile independently of age, BP, and HR. In Kaplan-Mayer analysis, only dilated AscAo and AscAo/HT were significantly associated with increased risk of CV events (both P < 0.008). Among patients with long-standing controlled systemic hypertension, magnitude of aortic remodelling is influenced by the type of the measure adopted, with physiological consistency only for AscAo and AscAo/HT, but not for AscAo/BSA.

On the role of organic matter composition in fresh-water kaolinite flocculation

Organic matter has long been understood to affect fine sediment flocculation, yet the specific effects of different types of organic matter remain only partially understood. To address this knowledge gap, laboratory tank experiments were conducted in fresh water to investigate the sensitivity of kaolinite flocculation to varying organic matter species and contents. Three species of organic matter (xanthan gum, guar gum and humic acid) were investigated at varying concentrations. Results revealed a significant enhancement in kaolinite flocculation when organic polymers (xanthan gum and guar gum) were introduced. In contrast, the addition of humic acid had minimal influence on aggregation and floc structure. Notably, the nonionic polymer guar gum demonstrated greater efficacy in promoting the development of floc size compared to the anionic polymer, xanthan gum. We observed non-linear trends in the evolution of mean floc size (Dm) and boundary fractal dimension (Np) with increasing ratios of organic polymer concentration to kaolinite concentration. Initially, increasing polymer content facilitated the formation of larger and more fractal flocs. However, beyond a certain threshold, further increases in polymer content hindered flocculation and even led to the break-up of macro-flocs, resulting in the formation of more spherical and compact flocs. We further quantified the co-relationships between floc Np and Dm and found that larger Np values corresponded to larger Dm. These findings highlight the significant impact of organic matter species and concentrations on floc size, shape and structure, and shed light on the complex dynamics of fine sediment and associated nutrients and contaminants in fluvial systems.

Probing the dark dimension with Auger data

By combining swampland conjectures with observational data, it was recently pointed out that our universe could stretch off in an asymptotic region of the string landscape of vacua. Within this framework, the cosmological hierarchy problem (i.e. the smallness of the cosmological constant in Planck units: Λ∼10−122MPl4) can be naturally resolved by the addition of one mesoscopic (dark) dimension of size ∼λΛ−1/4∼1μm. The Planck scale of the higher dimensional theory, MUV∼λ−1/3Λ1/12MPl2/3∼1010GeV, is tantalizingly close to the energy above which the Telescope Array (TA) and the Pierre Auger collaborations found conclusive evidence for a sharp cutoff of the flux of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). It was recently suggested that since physics becomes strongly coupled to gravity beyond MUV, universal features deep-rooted in the dark dimension could control the energy cutoff of the source spectra ∝E−γexp(−E/MUV), where E is the cosmic ray energy and γ a free parameter. Conversely, in the absence of phenomena inborn within the dark dimension, we would expect a high variance of the cosmic ray maximum energy Emax characterizing the source spectra ∝E−γexp(−E/Emax), reflecting the many different properties inherent to the most commonly assumed UHECR accelerators. The most recent analysis of Auger and TA data exposed strong evidence for a correlation between UHECRs and nearby starburst galaxies, with a global significance post-trial of 4.7σ. Since these galaxies are in our cosmic backyard, the flux attenuation factor due to cosmic ray interactions en route to Earth turns out to be negligible. This reasoning implies that for each source, the shape of the observed spectrum should roughly match the emission spectrum by the starburst, providing a unique testing ground for the dark dimension hypothesis. Using Auger data, we carry out a maximum likelihood analysis to characterize the shape of the UHECR emission from the galaxies dominating the anisotropy signal. We show that the observed spectra from these sources could be universal only if λ≲10−3.

A novel approach for quantitative characterization of aqueous in-situ foam dynamic structure based on fractal theory

In this study, a quantitative characterization method of in-situ foam microstructure is proposed based on fractal theory and the captured two dimension(2D) microstructure image for the study of its fractal characteristic, evolution law, sensitivity of temperature and concentration, as well as the relationship between average particle size and fractal dimension of in-situ foam. The results demonstrate that in-situ aqueous foam in the bulk phase exhibits fractal characteristics with a box-counting fractal dimension ranging from 1.4 to 2.0. Distinct from the “exponential” evolution law of conventional foam, in-situ foam displays the “check mark” evolution law, which can be precisely described by two items with clear physical meaning in our proposed fitting model. Additionally, the in-situ foam's evolutionary characteristic exhibits high adaptability towards temperature and foaming agent concentration. Elevated temperatures accelerate coalescence, resulting in shorter effective times, while higher concentrations of foaming agents prolong the overall stability of in-situ foam. Besides, the variation of average particle size of in-situ foam correspond closely with the evolution of fractal dimension under different temperatures and foaming agent concentrations, providing the potential for predicting changes in microstructure of in-situ foam by fractal dimension.

The effectiveness of item parceling to increase the model fit: A case study of PAPs

The impact of item parceling to improve model fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis has been on debate amongst psychometricians. In this study, the effectiveness of item parceling was examined using Tes Potensi Akademik Pascasarjana (PAPS) or Postgraduate Academic Potential Test in Universitas Gadjah Mada. Item parceling approach, second-order approach, and item-based approach of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for examination. Data were collected from a sample of 1374 postgraduate candidates in 2017. The result found that model fit indices such as the chi-squared test, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, and standardized root mean square residual were improved in the item parceling approach when compared to item based approach. Interestingly, the root mean square error of approximation were deteriorating in the item parceling approach. The finding of this study suggested that model dimensionality and sample size should be carefully considered when using the item parceling approach.

Uniform Droplet Spraying of Magnesium Alloys: Modeling of Apollonian Fractal Structures on Micrograph Sections

A variety of advanced manufacturing processes have been developed based on the concept of rapid solidification processing (RSP), such as uniform droplet spraying (UDS) for the additive manufacturing of metals and alloys. This article introduces a morphological simulation of fractal dendric structures deposited by UDS of magnesium (Mg) alloys on two-dimensional (2D) planar sections. The fractal structure evolution is modeled as Apollonian packs of generalized ellipsoidal domains growing out of nuclei and dendrite arm fragments. The model employs descriptions of the dynamic thermal field based on superposed Green’s/Rosenthal functions with source images for initial/boundary effects, along with alloy phase diagrams and the classical solidification theory for nucleation and fragmentation rates. The initiation of grains is followed by their free and constrained growth by adjacent domains, represented via potential fields of level-set methods, for the effective mapping of the solidified topology and its metrics (grain size and fractal dimension of densely packed domains). The model is validated by comparing modeling results against micrographs of three UDS-deposited Mg–Zn–Y alloys. The further evolution of this real-time computational model and its application as a process observer for feedback control in 3D printing, as well as for off-line material design and optimization, is discussed.

Controlling the Activity and Selectivity of HZSM-5 Catalysts in the Conversion of Biomass-Derived Oxygenates Using Hierarchical Structures: The Effect of Crystalline Size and Intracrystalline Pore Dimensions on Olefins Selectivity and Catalyst Deactivation

The conversion of biomass-derived oxygenates over zeolite catalysts constitutes a challenge for the efficient production of bio-based chemicals and fuels due to difficulty in controlling the selectivity and high coke formation of such reactions. This is partly attributed to the microstructure of zeolite catalyst which affects the conversion and selectivity of products derived from biomass-derived oxygenates. In this study, the conversion and deactivation characteristics of three different model oxygenates found in biomass bio-oil (namely, acetol, furfural and guaiacol) over ZSM-5 zeolites of varying acidity, pore and crystal size prepared with bottom-up and top-down approaches were evaluated using a fixed bed microreactor at atmospheric pressure and a space velocity of 5 h−1 at a temperature range of 450–650 °C. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that the optimum temperature for such conversions is in the vicinity of 600 °C allowing for complete conversion of the compounds and high resistance to coking. The mechanisms of those conversions are discussed based on the obtained results. In general, crystal size and mesoporosity induce easier access to active sites improving mass transfer but also alter the location type, and strength of acid sites allowing for higher yields of primary and intermediate products such as olefins.

Comparative analysis of physicochemical characteristics, bioactive components, and volatile profile of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus)

This study provides a detailed report on the physicochemical, bioactive components, and volatile profiles of diverse sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus) cultivars to identify the cultivar(s) containing high health-promoting components. Physiological characteristics (fruit weight, size dimensions, moisture, color attributes, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, nutritional bioactive components (total phenolic, total anthocyanin content, and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity, and volatile profile of 10 sour-cherry cultivars, consisting of dark red Morello type and clear fruit flesh Amarelle type, were studied. The total phenolic content was in the range of 123.24–289.91 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g FW (fresh weight), total flavonoids (1340.23–2831.91 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g FW), and total anthocyanins (225.43–485.66 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (CGE)/100 g FW) in different sour-cherry cultivars, showing significant diversity in such health-promoting compounds. In vitro antioxidant activity assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant potential was observed in the range of 658.18–1483.37 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g FW and by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) at 384.36 and 931.85 mg TE/100 g FW. A total of 10 phenolic components, including five hydroxycinnamic acids, three flavonoids (flavanols), and one anthocyanin, have been identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydroxycinnamic acids represented 40%–60% of total phenolic components, while flavonoids and anthocyanins amounted to 20% each in total phenolic composition. The volatile profile of sour-cherry cultivars revealed that aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, monoterpenes, acids, sugars, and hydrocarbons were the predominant volatiles present in sour cherry.

Effect of pore structure on compressive strength and permeability of planting recycled concrete

The relationship between strength, permeability, and pore structure of planting recycled concrete (PRC) was investigated using industrial computed tomography non-destructive testing technology and image analysis methods. An increase in the aggregate particle size and porosity increased the pore size and fractal dimension, and the relationship between the compressive strength and porosity conformed to the Ryshkewitch model. The fractal dimension had a weaker influence on compressive strength and permeability than did aperture size and porosity. Although vegetation growth reduced the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of PRC, the rainwater infiltration and vegetation compatibility of PRC was confirmed.

Bidirectional recurrent learning of inverse dynamic models for robots with elastic joints: a real-time real-world implementation.

Collaborative robots, or cobots, are designed to work alongside humans and to alleviate their physical burdens, such as lifting heavy objects or performing tedious tasks. Ensuring the safety of human-robot interaction (HRI) is paramount for effective collaboration. To achieve this, it is essential to have a reliable dynamic model of the cobot that enables the implementation of torque control strategies. These strategies aim to achieve accurate motion while minimizing the amount of torque exerted by the robot. However, modeling the complex non-linear dynamics of cobots with elastic actuators poses a challenge for traditional analytical modeling techniques. Instead, cobot dynamic modeling needs to be learned through data-driven approaches, rather than analytical equation-driven modeling. In this study, we propose and evaluate three machine learning (ML) approaches based on bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNNs) for learning the inverse dynamic model of a cobot equipped with elastic actuators. We also provide our ML approaches with a representative training dataset of the cobot's joint positions, velocities, and corresponding torque values. The first ML approach uses a non-parametric configuration, while the other two implement semi-parametric configurations. All three ML approaches outperform the rigid-bodied dynamic model provided by the cobot's manufacturer in terms of torque precision while maintaining their generalization capabilities and real-time operation due to the optimized sample dataset size and network dimensions. Despite the similarity in torque estimation of these three configurations, the non-parametric configuration was specifically designed for worst-case scenarios where the robot dynamics are completely unknown. Finally, we validate the applicability of our ML approaches by integrating the worst-case non-parametric configuration as a controller within a feedforward loop. We verify the accuracy of the learned inverse dynamic model by comparing it to the actual cobot performance. Our non-parametric architecture outperforms the robot's default factory position controller in terms of accuracy.

Sexual dimorphism in the badlands cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllinae, Gryllus personatus)

Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a common phenomenon in sexual species and can manifest in a variety of ways. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is commonly investigated, but it can be confounded with sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) if multivariate measures of size are not used. Univariate studies may also overestimate the prevalence or direction of SSD when the sexes are strikingly different in shape, which may be an issue in taxa such as Orthoptera and other terrestrial arthropods where maximum body size is strongly constrained. Here we tested for the occurrence of both SSD and SShD in the badlands cricket Gryllus personatus (Orthoptera, Gryllinae). We measured four body size dimensions—maxillae span, head width, pronotum length, and mean hind femur length—and used multivariate methods to test whether male and female adult badlands crickets were sexually dimorphic in size and/or shape. All the univariate dimensions were sexually dimorphic, with males having wider heads and maxillae than females and females having longer pronota and hind femora than males, which indicates SShD. However, multivariate methods failed to detect SSD, instead confirming that the sexes primarily differ in body shape. We show how a simple ratio of head width to pronotum length captures SShD in badlands crickets and apply it to iNaturalist, a citizen science platform, to broaden our findings. We propose that orthopterists studying SD minimally measure head width, pronotum length, and hind femur length as a standard that will allow a more repeatable and generalizable assessment of the prevalence and direction of both SSD and SShD.

Application of Cypermethrin-Coated ZnS and ZnO Nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus Ticks.

Rhipicephalus ticks are described as important ticks impacting the costs of livestock rearing and by-products sale. The prevalence and response of ticks towards cypermethrin sprays indicate the need to implement the rational use of acaricides. In our previous studies, ZnO nanoparticles were shown to inhibit the major life-cycle stages of Hyalomma ticks, indicative of promising application of nanomaterials against the hard ticks. The current study was designed to probe into one of alternative options to curtail Rhipicephalus ticks by employing cypermethrin-coated nanoparticles of ZnO (C-ZnO NPs) and ZnS (C-ZnS NPs). The nanocomposites showed a roughly spherical type of morphology and various size dimensions upon characterization using SEM and EDX. Female ovipositioning was declined up to only 48% in ZnS and up to 32% in ZnO NPs even after 28 days in vitro. Similarly, the larval hatching was also impacted, leading to a hatching percentage of 21% and 15% by application of C-ZnS NPs and C-ZnO NPs, respectively. The LC90 in female adult groups were 3.94 mg/L and 4.27 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups, respectively. Similarly, the larval groups had LC90 of 8.63 and 8.95 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups. The study is a proof of the concept for incorporating effective and safe nanocomposites as acaricides. The studies on the efficacy and spectrum of non-target effects of nanomaterial-based acaricides can further refine the research on finding novel alternatives for tick control.

Endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital.

Worldwide, intracranial aneurysms are associated with a high mortality rate. While endovascular management has proven to be the choice of treatment in selected patients, patient demographics and aneurysm characteristics differ between study populations. This study aimed to investigate the profile of patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent endovascular management in the Interventional Neuroradiology Unit at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. Patient demographics, risk factors, indications, aneurysm characteristics and intra-operative complications were studied. This was a 3-year retrospective study of all adult patients between 01 January 2018 and 31 January 2021. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. A total of 77 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 47 ± 11.6 with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8. Hypertension was the most reported risk factor in 27% of patients. There was no statistical correlation between the gender groups according to presentation, multiplicity, aneurysmal size dimensions and locations. According to the presentation, there was statistical significance in ruptured intracranial aneurysms (p = 0.020), neck size dimensions less than 4 mm (p = 0.010), and aneurysms located in the internal cerebral artery (ICA) circulation (p = 0.001). The study findings support known parameters including females and anterior circulation aneurysm preponderance, and the low complication risk of endovascular management. Interestingly, intracranial aneurysms presented with rupture at smaller size dimensions. This study provides valuable insights into intracranial aneurysm characteristics and endovascular management efficacy in a resource-limited setting.

Microparticles in One-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Rectangular Potential Holes

Behavior of microparticle in potential hole has been studied. One-dimensional, twodimensional and three-dimensional potential holes with infinitive deepness (with infinitively high walls) and flat bottom were observed. The stationary case was discussed. The wave function, describing the particle state, probabilities of the particle being in the given hole and its energy, depending on dimensional sizes were determined. For each case the dependencies of the wave function and its squared modulus were presented on one, two and three coordinates, respectively.

Efficient Multi-Identity Full Homomorphic Encryption Scheme on Lattice

Aiming at the problem that the fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on single identity cannot satisfy the homomorphic operation of ciphertext under different identities, as well as the inefficiency of trapdoor function and the complexity of sampling algorithm, an improved lattice MIBFHE scheme was proposed. Firstly, we combined MP12 trapdoor function with dual LWE algorithm to construct a new IBE scheme under the standard model, and prove that the scheme is IND-sID-CPA security under the selective identity. Secondly, we used the eigenvector method to eliminate the evaluation key, and transform the above efficient IBE scheme into a single identity IBFHE scheme to satisfy the homomorphic operation. Finally, we improved the ciphertext extension method of CM15 and constructed a new Link-mask system that supports the transformation of IBFHE scheme under the standard model, and then, converted the above IBFHE scheme into MIBFHE scheme based on this system. The comparative analysis results showed that the efficiency of this scheme is improved compared with similar schemes in the trapdoor generation and preimage sampling, and the dimension of lattice and ciphertext size are significantly shortened.

A recipe for an omnichannel warehouse storage system: Improving the storage efficiency by integrating block stacking and racking

Warehouses in multi-channel retailing are expected to possess storage capacity based on the purpose of operations. However, the inefficient use of storage capacity due to omnichannel retail restructuring, wherein mixed-storage items feature both online and offline, has prompted us to revisit the nature of existing storage systems (block stacking and racking). Most warehouses continue to improvise and undertake critical decision-making with regard to profiling balanced storage systems between block stacking and racking, including the efficient slotting of unit-load items across storage systems. This study aimed to establish a framework to systemically improve storage efficiency by achieving an optimum balance between block stacking and racking under inventory uncertainty – lot size and item dimensions. This study ingeniously proposes a two-stage stochastic programming model for robust optimisation during long-run profiling (redesign) and the multi-dimensional knapsack problem for achieving minimum space wastage during slotting (reshuffle). The study adopted a two-fold approach. First, the hypothetical directions for a balanced system, combining increases in buildings’ ceiling heights with its tendency to store low-volume, high-mix items, were examined. Second, the applicability of the two methods – redesign and reshuffle – was examined by considering a real-life case study and the life cycle of warehouse storage design. It was found that the reshuffling approach can resourcefully serve as a short-term solution for warehouses with imminent space issues. Redesigning also demonstrated a long-term space gain in floor space, thus minimising space wastage.