3-dimensional Reconstruction Research Articles

Comparison of Using Intraoperative Computed Tomography–Based 3-Dimensional Navigation and Fluoroscopy in Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion for Cervical Spondylosis

Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a highly successful procedure to treat spinal cord or nerve root compression; however, complications can still occur. With advancements in imaging, 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction allows real-time instrument tracking in a surgical field relative to the patient's anatomy. Here, we compare plate positioning and short-term outcomes when using 3D navigation to fluoroscopy in ACDF for degenerative spine disease. All ACDFs for cervical spondylosis performed by 6 surgeons at a single center between 2010 and 2018 were included. ACDFs were divided into those performed using 3D navigation or fluoroscopy. Records were assessed for patient demographics, American Society of Anesthesiology score, number of operated interspaces, operative time, length of stay, perioperative complications, and 90-day readmissions. Postoperative images were reviewed for lateral and angular plate deviations. A total of 193 ACDFs performed with 3D navigation and 728 performed with fluoroscopy were included. After controlling for demographics and surgical characteristics, using 3D navigation was associated with less lateral plate deviation (P= 0.048) and longer operative times per interspace (P < 0.001) but was not associated with angular plate deviation (P= 0.724), length of stay (P= 0.393), perioperative complications (P= 0.844), and 90-day readmissions (P= 0.539). Using 3D navigation in ACDF for degenerative disease is associated with slightly more midline plate positioning and comparable short-term outcomes as using fluoroscopy and can be a suitable alternative. Advantages of using this technology, such as improved visualization of anatomy, should be weighed against disadvantages, such as increased operative time, on a per-patient basis.

Three dimensional reconstruction of brain tumor along with space occupying in lesions

Three dimensional reconstruction of brain tumor along with space occupying in lesions

Factors affecting postoperative pulmonary function deterioration in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A prospective study using 3-dimensional image reconstruction by biplanar stereoradiography

This study aimed both to evaluate rib cage parameters in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction using biplanar stereoradiography (EOS) (EOS Imaging, Paris, France) and identify factors associated with postoperative pulmonary function deterioration (PFD). A total of 67 patients with Lenke type 1 or 2 AIS (59 females and 8 males; mean age, 14.4 years) undergoing posterior corrective fusion with a rod rotation maneuver based on segmental pedicle screw fixation were recruited. 3D images and pulmonary function test results were analyzed preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively. The following parameters were measured: maximum thickness, maximum width, thoracic index, rib hump, rib cage volume (RCV), spinal penetration index (SPI), endothoracic hump ratio (EHR), vertebra-sternum angle (VSA), rib-vertebra angle difference, vertebral lateral decentering (VLD), forced vital capacity (FVC), and percent predicted FVC (%FVC). PFD was defined as a postoperative %FVC decline of 5% or greater. Patients were divided into two groups, namely PFD and non-PFD. FVC increased from 2.62 L to 2.73 L, while %FVC decreased from 88.7% to 82.7%. The maximum width diminished postoperatively in the PFD group. Patients in the PFD group exhibited a significantly smaller increase in RCV and VLD as well as a significantly smaller decrease in SPI, EHR, and VSA than those in the non-PFD group. The rib cage parameters quantified on 3D images reconstructed using EOS are useful in identifying factors affecting PFD in patients with AIS.

Morphological and Hemodynamic Characteristics Associated With the Rupture of Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms.

Background and PurposeThe objective of this study was to identify the morphological and hemodynamic factors associated with the rupture of multiple intracranial aneurysms regardless of patient-related factors and establish a statistical model for aneurysm rupture risk assessment.MethodsThe digital subtraction angiography (DSA) data of 104 mirror intracranial aneurysms in 52 consecutive patients were retrospectively analyzed in this study. 21 morphological parameters and hemodynamic parameters were calculated by 3-dimensional reconstruction and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two groups were subsequently tested with the multivariate logistic regression to identify the independent risk factors. A prediction model was established based on the independent risk factors. The receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were generated to estimate the prediction performance. A cohort of patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms admitted in our institute from January 2021 to October 2021 was introduced to verify the value of the model.ResultsSignificant differences between the ruptured and unruptured aneurysms were found in 15 out of 19 parameters. Bleb formation, neck width, and size ratio were independent factors in the multivariate logistic regression. A prediction model based on the three independent risk factors was established: Odds = −1.495 – 0.707 × (Neckwidth) + 3.061 × (Blebformation) + 2.1 × (SR) (bleb formation: Yes = 1, No = 0). The area under the curve (AUC) value of the model was 0.901. In the validation cohort, the prediction model showed satisfying performance in assessing multiple aneurysm rupture risk with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 88.46%.ConclusionBleb formation, neck width, and size ratio were independently associated with aneurysm rupture status. The prediction model may help in identifying the aneurysm with high rupture risk.

A Rolling Ball in the Eye

A 9-year-old girl presented to our hospital without a medical history. In the left eye, slit-lamp examination revealed that a dark brown spherical object (approximately 1.84 × 1.75 mm) was located at the inferior anterior chamber (Fig A). The 3-dimensional reconstruction showed that a free-floating “ball” could be clearly seen (Fig B). Anterior-segment OCT was performed to evaluate its position in relation to the iris (Fig C). She continues to be observed without further ocular sequela. Primary cysts of the iris pigment epithelium are uncommon, and stationary lesions rarely progress, which require no treatment (Magnified version of Fig A-C is available online at www.aaojournal.org).

Nuclear Fragility in Radiation-Induced Senescence: Blebs and Tubes Visualized by 3D Electron Microscopy.

Irreparable DNA damage following ionizing radiation (IR) triggers prolonged DNA damage response and induces premature senescence. Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell-cycle arrest characterized by chromatin restructuring, altered nuclear morphology and acquisition of secretory phenotype, which contributes to senescence-related inflammation. However, the mechanistic connections for radiation-induced DNA damage that trigger these senescence-associated hallmarks are poorly understood. In our in vitro model of radiation-induced senescence, mass spectrometry-based proteomics was combined with high-resolution imaging techniques to investigate the interrelations between altered chromatin compaction, nuclear envelope destabilization and nucleo-cytoplasmic chromatin blebbing. Our findings confirm the general pathophysiology of the senescence-response, with disruption of nuclear lamin organization leading to extensive chromatin restructuring and destabilization of the nuclear membrane with release of chromatin fragments into the cytosol, thereby activating cGAS-STING-dependent interferon signaling. By serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) whole-cell datasets were acquired to investigate the morphological organization of senescent fibroblasts. High-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the complex nuclear shape allows us to precisely visualize the segregation of nuclear blebs from the main nucleus and their fusion with lysosomes. By multi-view 3D electron microscopy, we identified nanotubular channels formed in lamin-perturbed nuclei of senescent fibroblasts; the potential role of these nucleo-cytoplasmic nanotubes for expulsion of damaged chromatin has to be examined.

Micro-computed tomography for assessing the internal and external voids of bulk-fill composite restorations: A technical report.

PurposeThis technical report aims to describe and detail the use of micro-computed tomography for a reliable evaluation of the bulk-fill composite/tooth interface.Materials and MethodsBulk-fill composite restorations in tooth cavities were scanned using micro-computed tomography to obtain qualitatively and quantitatively valuable information. Two-dimensional information was processed using specific algorithms, and ultimately a 3-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstruction was generated. The 3D rendering allowed the visualization of voids inside bulk-fill composite materials and provided quantitative measurements. The 3D analysis software VG Studio MAX was used to perform image analysis and assess gap formation within the tooth-restoration interface. In particular, to evaluate internal adaptation, the Defect Analysis add-on module of VG Studio Max was used.ResultsThe data, obtained with the processing software, highlighted the presence and the shape of gaps in different colours, representing the volume of porosity within a chromatic scale in which each colour quantitatively represents a well-defined volume.ConclusionMicro-computed tomography makes it possible to obtain several quantitative parameters, providing fundamental information on defect shape and complexity. However, this technique has the limit of not discriminating materials without radiopacity and with low or no filler content, such as dental adhesives, and hence, they are difficult to visualise through software reconstruction.

MDCT Evaluation of Celiac Axis Compression SyndromeA Rare Case Series

Celiac axis compression syndrome is an uncommon entity of abdominal vascular compression syndrome which results from the compression of the proximal celiac artery by the hypertrophied median arcuate ligament. The patients present clinically with postprandial abdominal pain predominantly in the epigastric region and weight loss. The use of thin-section Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) and 3-Dimensional (3D) image reconstruction has greatly improved the ability to obtain detailed images and helped to assess the abdominal vascular system non invasively. Five cases of celiac axis compression syndrome with its characteristic MDCT imaging features like hooked appearance, thickened median arcuate ligament more than 4 mm, poststenotic dilatation and posterior and inferior displacement of celiac artery with indentation on aorta have been described in the present case series and the imaging findings described by other authors in their reported studies have also been compared.

Comparison of Electrophysiological and Radiological Subthalamic Nucleus Length and Volume.

To investigate the surgical value of MER recordings and improve surgical technique by demonstrating the consistency between preoperative radiological STN volume and intraoperative neurophysiological STN length. Sixty-one patients with PD were enrolled. The volumes of the STN were measured using magnetic resonance images 3-dimensional volume reconstructions of stereotactic magnetic resonance images. MER were performed in all patient and the maximal electrophysiologic length of the STN was recorded each patient. In the postoperative period, the permanent electrode was modeled and reconstructed in 3D, and the longest distance traveled in the STN was calculated. A total of 61 patients who underwent surgery between 2012-2022 were included in the study. Thirty-six (59%) of the patients were male, and 25 (41%) were female. A total of 122 STNs were performed with 166 electrodes. The most common end alignment used was center with 86. STN length averaged 4.9 mm (0-10.5 mm). The mean STN volume was 0.11 cm3. The STN Volume of men were significantly higher than women. The STN Length, Volume, and the target MER length showed a positive correlation significantly. With radiological advances, it is possible to better visualize the target points and define the boundaries better, and direct methods can be used more in making targeting plans. MER records obtained during surgery and STN dimensions in presurgical planning show compatibility, and it is seen that there may be differences between the right and left sides because of brain shifting. Although radiology is increasingly providing better support, electrophysiological recordings provides real-time information on the electrodes? locations and give the opportunity to surgical team choosing alternative target.

2 Dimensional Graphical Reconstruction of Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) from Text File of a Radiotherapy Treatment Plan by High End Python Programming Language- a Novel Study

2 Dimensional Graphical Reconstruction of Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) from Text File of a Radiotherapy Treatment Plan by High End Python Programming Language- a Novel Study

Facial reconstruction: An art and science of making a face alive out of skeletal remains. - An overview

By the end of the 19th century, anatomists, anthropologists and forensic odontologists began to study the relationship between the facial soft tissues and the underlying bony structure of the skull. All the techniques of facial reconstruction rely upon this hypothesized relationship. The ultimate aim of all facial reconstructions for forensic purposes is to recreate an in vivo countenance of an individual, normally when no other identifying evidence is available, bearing a sufficient visual resemblance to the missing or deceased person, so that it may contribute to their recognition and lead to identification via the discovery of new evidence. Facial reconstruction can be achieved by two basic techniques. These are two dimensional (2D) and 3D facial reconstructions. Each of these techniques is further divided into (1) manual and (2) automated techniques. With the advancement in 3D technology, a rapid, efficient and cost effective computerized 3D forensic facial reconstruction method has been developed which has brought down the degree of error previously encountered. This article refers to the techniques of facial reconstruction and different imaging modalities used for computer-aided facial reconstruction.

High-throughput field crop phenotyping: current status and challenges.

In contrast to the rapid advances made in plant genotyping, plant phenotyping is considered a bottleneck in plant science. This has promoted high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTP) studies, resulting in an exponential increase in phenotyping-related publications. The development of HTP was originally intended for use as indoor HTP technologies for model plant species under controlled environments. However, this subsequently shifted to HTP for use in crops in fields. Although HTP in fields is much more difficult to conduct due to unstable environmental conditions compared to HTP in controlled environments, recent advances in HTP technology have allowed these difficulties to be overcome, allowing for rapid, efficient, non-destructive, non-invasive, quantitative, repeatable, and objective phenotyping. Recent HTP developments have been accelerated by the advances in data analysis, sensors, and robot technologies, including machine learning, image analysis, three dimensional (3D) reconstruction, image sensors, laser sensors, environmental sensors, and drones, along with high-speed computational resources. This article provides an overview of recent HTP technologies, focusing mainly on canopy-based phenotypes of major crops, such as canopy height, canopy coverage, canopy biomass, and canopy stressed appearance, in addition to crop organ detection and counting in the fields. Current topics in field HTP are also presented, followed by a discussion on the low rates of adoption of HTP in practical breeding programs.

A Computational Approach to 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Image of Diabetic Foot using the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) after Magnetic Field Intensity Stimulation: Preliminary Study

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Diabetes is a disease characterized by a high sugar level in the blood. The foot is considered as a distinct entity where most of the complication arises that often leads to lower extremity amputation. Recently, the Pulse Magnetic Field (PMF) devices that use magnetic field intensity as stimulants are being used to improve blood circulation among patients with peripheral vascular diseases (PVD). This study promotes the use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) devices in diagnosing and monitoring DM after the use of PMF devices by providing a piece of biomedical evidence through a simulation approach on how to reconstruct a 3-dimensional biological tissue shape models. The result showed that this simulation approach could be of use in the actual reconstruction of a diabetic foot showing the absorption coefficient. NIRS device and the biomedical images could be of use in places where radiographic imaging modalities are not accessible.

A rare case: Penetrating craneoencefalic trauma by knife

Background: Cranioencephalic penetrating trauma (CPT) is caused by a sharp or short- pointed object that passes through the bone, dura mater, brain and other structures. Its incidence is unknown and few cases are described; penetrating injuries represent 0.4%, therefore there is no protocolized management. Case report: A 24-year-old male patient suffered penetrating trauma at left parietal region with a "knife"; he was sutured and sent home with analgesics. Five days after the trauma, he was admitted for headache, disorientation and decreased visual acuity. X-ray (XR) of Cranium evidencing a foreign body, therefore it is sent to a reference hospital. Evolution: The diagnosis is confirmed by a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the skull with 3-dimensional reconstruction (3D) plus CT angiography (angio CT), which shows "knife" in the left parietal region without vascular compromise. Neurosurgeons perform removal of the foreign body plus a dura mater plasty. Patient stay 12 days hospitalized with a favorable evolution and improvement of neurological symptomatology. Conclusion: CPT due to a knife is an emergency and there is no protocolized management. The removal of the foreign body must be done in a hospital for the risk of lesions of large vessels.

Evaluation of the effects of locally applied rosuvastatin on bone formation in a three-dimensional reconstruction rabbit xenograft model

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is commonly performed to repair bone defects, and rigid occlusive titanium barriers play a vital role in bone formation in regions with no prior bone tissue. The statin, rosuvastatin (RSV), strongly affects bone apposition when applied locally. Here, we aimed to evaluate the anabolic effects of locally applied RSV with a xenograft placed on rabbit calvaria. Two rigid occlusive titanium caps were used in 16 rabbits after decorticating the calvarial bone. In the control group, the area under the cap was filled with a xenograft, while in the RSV group, a xenograft in combination with RSV (1 mg) was used. In both groups, at 6 and 12 weeks, new bone, residual graft, soft tissue areas, and histological and radiological bone volume were evaluated. At 12 weeks, histologically, the RSV group exhibited superior new bone proportion values, and radiologically, new bone and total bone volume in the RSV group were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences at 6 weeks (p > 0.05). According to our results, RSV applied locally under a titanium barrier on an area to be repaired with bone grafts increases new bone and total bone volume.

Biomechanical Evaluation and Factorial Analysis of the 3-Dimensional Printing Self-Designed Metallic Reconstruction Plate for Mandibular Segmental Defect

Reconstruction plates are frequently used to treat mandibular segmental defects. The aim of this study is to compare the biomechanical performance of a 3-dimensional-printed self-designed titanium alloy reconstruction plate with that of the traditional reconstruction plate in mandible reconstruction. The analyzed parameters of the self-designed reconstruction plate, including plate length (100mm and 125mm), plate thickness (2.1, 2.4, and 2.7mm), and bone mass (100, 75, and 50%), were also evaluated. An artificial mandible with anatomical geometry was used to develop the self-designed reconstructed plate. Both invitro experiments and finite element simulations were performed for the biomechanical comparison of the self-designed and traditional reconstruction plates. In finite element analysis, 3 major muscle forces of mandible movement were set as the loading condition, and the displacement of the condyle was fixed in all directions as the boundary condition. The biomechanical performances (stresses in the plate and strains in bone) of the self-designed reconstruction plate were superior to those of the traditional plate. Factorial analysis indicated that plate length and thickness had significant effects on decreasing stresses of the plate and mandibular bone. The self-designed reconstruction plate might have a benefit to reduce the stresses/strains in plate itself and surrounding bone.

Morphological change of the posterior pole following the horizontal strabismus surgery with swept source optical coherence tomography

Extraocular muscle movement during strabismus surgery causes changes in eyeball shape. Because extraocular muscle insertion is in front of the equator, it is thought that changes due to strabismus surgery mainly occur in the anterior segment. However, changes in the posterior segment of eye may also occur, which may also result in changes in refractive error after strabismus surgery. Using a 3-dimensional reconstruction technique (en face imaging) of the swept source optical coherence tomography, we determined and quantitatively measured the posterior polar change. The deepest interface between Bruch’s membrane and the choroid could be identified as the deepest point of the eyeball (DPE), and the location of the DPE relative to the optic disc and the fovea was measured. After lateral rectus muscle recession, the DPE moved away from the fovea, but after medial rectus muscle recession, the DPE moved toward the fovea. The amount of DPE movement differed by age and preoperative refractive error. Our findings suggest that the positional shift of the rectus muscle in horizontal strabismus surgery causes a structural change in the posterior segment of the eye, and the postoperative refractive changes may be related to this shift.

Urologic Surgery in Digital Era: Foresights and Futuristic Approach.

The new scientific developments and technological opportunities that have led to significant changes all build up the digital era. In medicine, the use of new technologies in patient diagnosis and treatment processes has opened new horizons for physicians and patients. As considering for the medical training, 3-dimensional modeling opportunities, virtual reality, augmented reality, and various simulators offered by the new technologies of the digital era have become a new hope. The 3-dimensional scanning and modeling, 3-dimensional medical printing, virtual reality technologies applications and simulators in urology are very recent and valuable. Besides, the exoscope-assisted 3-dimensional open surgery provides high-resolution 3-dimensional images to surgeons with high comfort as compared with old-fashioned operating microscopes. New modalities that tried to be integrated in robotic surgery are 3-dimensional reconstruction, usage of indocyanine green, augmented reality, contrast ultrasound, haptic feedback, and availability of single port. Some new companies announced their new robotic systems in the market. The use of these new technological applications during medical training, especially at the beginning of the education curve for various surgical interventions, may be beneficial in terms of reducing possible complications that may be encountered due to inexperience at the beginning of the education process and increasing patient safety. Urology will also stay at the futuristic approach in medicine, while 3-dimensional technologies used more widely in this field.

Origins of the divergent evolution of mountain glaciers during deglaciation: Hofsdalur cirques, Northern Iceland

The aim of this work is to study the process of transformation of debris-free mountain glaciers into debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers, and to examine the factors driving diverging evolution in similar glacial systems. The study area is the Hofsdalur valley, in the Tröllaskagi peninsula (northern Iceland), where several cirques host a great diversity of glaciers and rock glaciers as well as various glacial landforms. Four adjacent cirques have been analysed through a multidisciplinary approach: geomorphological analysis, boulder surface displacement tracking, quantification of recent glacier changes, three dimensional palaeoglacier reconstruction, equilibrium-line altitude calculations and relative and direct dating methods applied to surface boulders. Dating methods included in situ36Cl cosmic-ray exposure dating, Schmidt hammer weathering measurements and lichenometric dating. The results confirm that glaciers in Hofsdalur followed an evolution pattern similar to that observed in other cirques in the Tröllaskagi peninsula. During the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka) many of those cirques hosted debris-free glaciers, whose retreat started in the early Holocene. Distinct retreat dynamics and cirque floor elevation conditioned the subsequent glacial evolution. In some Tröllaskagi cirques, the ice completely covered the headwalls, which consequently did not supply debris onto the glacier surface, which remained debris-free. In most of these cirques, however, glacier retreat enhanced paraglacial processes and the ice-free cirque walls generated a high debris supply onto the glacier surface. As a result, the glaciers evolved towards debris-covered glaciers or rock glaciers, depending on the local topographical setting. In the lower cirques they collapsed immediately after their formation. At higher altitudes, above the lower permafrost limit, these ice-cored landforms have survived until the present day, but they have been stagnant since the Holocene Thermal Maximum, while the heads of these cirques have hosted debris-free glaciers during the Late Holocene.

Understanding the Aortic Root Using Computed Tomographic Assessment: A Potential Pathway to Improved Customized Surgical Repair.

There is continued interest in surgical repair of both the congenitally malformed aortic valve, and the valve with acquired dysfunction. Aortic valvar repair based on a geometric approach has demonstrated improved durability and outcomes. Such an approach requires a thorough comprehension of the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of both the normal and congenitally malformed aortic root. In this review, we provide an understanding of this anatomy based on the features that can accurately be revealed by contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging. We highlight the complimentary role that such imaging, with multiplanar reformatting and 3-dimensional reconstructions, can play in selection of patients, and subsequent presurgical planning for valvar repair. The technique compliments other established techniques for perioperative imaging, with echocardiography maintaining its central role in assessment, and enhances direct surgical evaluation. This additive morphological and functional information holds the potential for improving selection of patients, surgical planning, subsequent surgical repair, and hopefully the subsequent outcomes.