Dimensional Model Research Articles

Bouncing cosmology in 1+1 dimensions

In this paper, I construct a bouncing cosmology by considering the backreaction of the winding condensate on a 1+1 dimensional cosmological model with a periodic spatial coordinate. I based my work on previous results that considered the backreaction of the winding condensate on a 1+1 dimensional Euclidean black hole. This cosmological model is obtained as an analytic continuation of a Euclidean black hole. I solved the equations and obtained non-singular solutions at near-Hagedorn temperatures, both numerically and analytically. To remain within the weak coupling regime, it is necessary to connect two solutions; otherwise, the dilaton, which determines the string coupling, would grow quadratically. This connection is achieved through a smooth coordinate transformation, ensuring the model’s validity. As a result, the model becomes geodesically complete and non-singular. The connection is made at a time in which the curvature is small, thereby avoiding higher-order α′ corrections.

Polyglot entrainment for higher dimensional neuronal models

The entrainment of biological oscillators is a classic problem in the field of dynamical systems and synchronization. This paper explores a novel type of entrainment mechanism referred to as polyglot entrainment [Khan et al., “The emergence of polyglot entrainment responses to periodic inputs in vicinities of Hopf bifurcations in slow–fast systems,” Chaos 32, 063137 (2022)] (multiple disconnected 1:1 regions for a range of forcing amplitude) for higher dimensional nonlinear systems. Polyglot entrainment has been recently explored only in two-dimensional slow–fast models in the vicinity of Hopf bifurcations (HBs). Heading toward generality, in this research, we investigate the phenomenon of polyglot entrainment in higher-dimensional conductance-based models including the four-dimensional Hodgkin-Huxley model and its reduced three-dimensional version. We utilize dynamical systems tools to uncover the mechanism of entrainment and geometric structure of the null surfaces to explore the conditions for the existence of polyglot entrainment in these models. In light of our findings, in the vicinity of HB, when an unforced system acts as a damped oscillator and the fixed point is located near a cubic-like manifold, polyglot entrainment is observed.

A Krylov eigenvalue solver based on filtered time domain solutions

This paper introduces a method for computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a generalized Hermitian, matrix eigenvalue problem. The work is focused on large scale eigenvalue problems, where the application of a direct inverse is out of reach. Instead, an explicit time-domain integrator for the corresponding wave problem is combined with a proper filtering and a Krylov iteration in order to solve for eigenvalues within a given region of interest. We report results of small scale model problems to confirm the reliability of the method, as well as the computation of acoustic resonances in a three dimensional model of a hunting horn to demonstrate the efficiency.

Two dimensional computational model of calcium and IP3 interacting system dynamics in an obese hepatocyte cell

Abstract Calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling is crucial in regulating numerous cellular processes vital for preserving structural integrity and functional equilibrium across diverse cell types. Both the calcium stores and mitochondria play significant roles in this signaling pathway. The calcium source may be in the form of a blip or a puff depending on the various conditions of the cellular systems. The one dimensional model of calcium dynamics with IP3 gives crucial insight of feedback mechanisms influencing calcium homeostasis. In order to obtain deeper insights of local impacts of various mechanisms and feedbacks in hepatocyte cell, it is necessary to develop the models in higher dimensions. In order to get more deeper insights, two dimensional model is proposed assuming the phenomena to be uniform along z dimension. This research presents a two-dimensional computational model to analyse the interactive system dynamics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+, aiming to assess how these signaling patterns influence hepatocyte functionality which allows to incorporate puff type of calcium source under both obese and normal physiological states. It further examines the implications of calcium signaling on NADH synthesis, ATP production, and degradation rates. Numerical simulations are executed utilising the Crank-Nicolson method for temporal analysis and the Linear Finite Element Method for spatial analysis. Additionally, the study conducts a comparative analysis of calcium signaling between obese and normal hepatocyte. The findings offer enhanced insights into the interactive system dynamics of IP3 and Ca2+ in hepatocytes, elucidating the effects of various parameter alterations on cellular behaviour in both states.

Development of a Mathematical Model for Palm Fruit Digester Design: Integrating Dimensional Analysis and Process Optimization

This investigation delineates a thorough methodology for the formulation of a parametric model about a palm fruit digester apparatus, employing the tenets of dimensional analysis. The palm fruit digester, an essential component within the palm oil manufacturing processes, encompasses intricate interactions among various parameters that influence its operational efficiency and throughput. A palm fruit digester was conceptualised and fabricated locally to attain a more profound comprehension of these interrelationships. The performance parameter was scrutinized as data were amassed during the apparatus's testing, and the Buckingham Pi theorem was utilized to derive dimensionless Pi terms from pertinent parameters. The results of our analysis indicated that R2 values of 0.9956 for both throughput and machine efficiency were achieved. Consequently, the model can forecast the efficiency and throughput of the palm fruit digester. This helps researchers understand that the palm fruit digester's operational efficiency and throughput are essential to the industry's sustainability, financial stability, and quality standards. In addition to helping to optimise these procedures, the dimensional analysis modelling approach advances strategic ideas that have the potential to reshape operational capabilities in the processing of palm oil.

Porous Metal Backing for High-Temperature Ultrasonic Transducers

Improving the performance of high-temperature ultrasonic transducers is a goal of major importance in many industrial applications. To this aim, we propose to use porous metals that support high temperatures as backings. Thus, the acoustic properties of stainless steel and porous stainless steel with porosity of 25% and 35% are determined at ambient temperature and up to 400 °C. Over the temperature range, the longitudinal wave velocity variation is comprised between 5% and 6% in the porous metals. We find that temperature does not significantly affect the attenuation in the material. The pulse-echo response and frequency response of a LiNbO3-based transducer with a porous backing are simulated using a one dimensional electroacoustic model. These simulations, compared to those of a reference transducer, show that the axial resolution with such a design allows these transducers to be used for imaging and/or Non-Destructive Testing and evaluation at high temperature.

5d 2-Chern-Simons Theory and 3d Integrable Field Theories

The 4-dimensional semi-holomorphic Chern-Simons theory of Costello and Yamazaki provides a gauge-theoretic origin for the Lax connection of 2-dimensional integrable field theories. The purpose of this paper is to extend this framework to the setting of 3-dimensional integrable field theories by considering a 5-dimensional semi-holomorphic higher Chern-Simons theory for a higher connection (A, B) on R3×CP1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {R}^3 \ imes \\mathbb {C}P^1$$\\end{document}. The input data for this theory are the choice of a meromorphic 1-form ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document} on CP1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {C}P^1$$\\end{document} and a strict Lie 2-group with cyclic structure on its underlying Lie 2-algebra. Integrable field theories on R3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {R}^3$$\\end{document} are constructed by imposing suitable boundary conditions on the connection (A, B) at the 3-dimensional defects located at the poles of ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document} and choosing certain admissible meromorphic solutions of the bulk equations of motion. The latter provides a natural notion of higher Lax connection for 3-dimensional integrable field theories, including a 2-form component B which can be integrated over Cauchy surfaces to produce conserved charges. As a first application of this approach, we show how to construct a generalization of Ward’s (2+1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(2+1)$$\\end{document}-dimensional integrable chiral model from a suitable choice of data in the 5-dimensional theory.

Early Exposure to Deprivation or Threat Moderates Expected Associations Between Neural Structure and Age in Adolescent Girls.

Childhood adversity (CA) is associated with increased risk of negative health outcomes. Research implicates brain structure following CA as a key mechanism of this risk, and recent models suggest different forms of adversity differentially impact neural structure as a function of development (accelerated or attenuated development). Employing the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, we examined whether deprivation and threat differentially impact age-related change in cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical structure volume, using whole-brain and region of interest analyses (N = 135). In youth without CA, age predicted less surface area across adolescence, consistent with normative data. However, for adolescents with more deprivation exposure, as age increased there was attenuated surface area decreases in the orbitofrontal and superior-parietal cortex, regions recruited for higher-order cognition. Further, for those with more threat exposure, as age increased surface area increased in the inferior-temporal and parietal cortex, regions recruited in socio-emotional tasks. These novel findings extend work examining the impact of dimensions of adversity at a single-age and broaden current conceptualizations of how adversity might impact developmental timing.

Contrast and content preserving HDMR-based color-to-gray conversion

Converting a color image into a grayscale image is a complex problem that is based on preserving color contrast, sharpness, and luminance. In this paper, a novel image decolorization algorithm is proposed using High Dimensional Model Representation (HDMR) with an optimization procedure that retains color content and contrast. In the proposed algorithm, a color image is first decomposed into HDMR components and then the components are categorized depending on whether they are colored or colorless. After that, the image is reconstructed by merging the weighted colored and colorless HDMR components. The weight coefficients are determined by an optimization process. The proposed algorithm both visually and quantitatively compared with state-of-the-art methods in the literature using various performance evaluation metrics. As regards all obtained results, the HDMR based image decolorization algorithm is more potent and has better performance in overall comparison. Most importantly, this algorithm has a flexible structure as it is able to produce various grayscale images for different thresholds of visible color contrast which makes this algorithm superior given that it is the only one that accomplishes this feat in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

New Soliton Solutions and Trajectory Equations of Soliton Collision to a (2+1)-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave Model

New Soliton Solutions and Trajectory Equations of Soliton Collision to a (2+1)-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave Model

The heat modulated infinite dimensional Heston model and its numerical approximation

The HEat modulated Infinite DImensional Heston (HEIDIH) is introduced as a concrete case of the general framework of infinite dimensional Heston stochastic volatility models of (F.E. Benth, I.C. Simonsen '18) for the pricing of forward contracts. It is supported by a comprehensive numerical analysis. The model consists of a one-dimensional stochastic advection equation coupled with a stochastic volatility process. This process is a Cholesky-type decomposition of the tensor product of a Hilbert-space valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, the solution to a stochastic heat equation on the real half-line. The advection and heat equations are driven by independent space-time Gaussian processes which are white in time and coloured in space, with the latter covariance structure expressed by two different kernels. First, a class of weight-stationary kernels are given, under which regularity results for the HEIDIH model in fractional Sobolev spaces are formulated. In particular, the class includes weighted Matérn kernels. Second, numerical approximation of the model is considered. An error decomposition formula, pointwise in space and time, for a finite-difference scheme is proven. For a special case, essentially sharp convergence rates are obtained when this is combined with a fully discrete finite element approximation of the stochastic heat equation. The analysis takes into account a localization error, a pointwise-in-space finite element discretization error and an error stemming from the noise being sampled pointwise in space. The rates obtained in the analysis are higher than what would be obtained using a standard Sobolev embedding technique. Numerical simulations illustrate the results.

Impact of minimal self disorders on naturalistic episodic memory in first-episode psychosis and parallels in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits.

Self-disorders constitute a core feature of the schizophrenia spectrum, including early stages such as first-episode psychosis (FEP). These disorders impact the minimal Self, or bodily self-consciousness, which refers to the basic, pre-reflective sense of embodied experience. The minimal Self is intrinsically linked to episodic memory, which captures specific past experiences of the Self. However, research on this relationship in the schizophrenia spectrum remains scarce. This pilot study aimed to investigate how the minimal Self modulated episodic memory of naturalistic events in FEP, using immersive virtual reality. A secondary objective was to examine the relationships between sense of Self, embodiment, episodic memory, schizotypal personality traits in healthy participants (CTL), and psychopathology in FEP. A full-body illusion was induced in 10 FEP and 35 matched CTL, using a first-person avatar, with synchronous or asynchronous visuomotor stimulation (strong or weak embodiment conditions, respectively). Following embodiment induction, participants navigated a virtual city and encountered naturalistic daily life events, which were incidentally encoded. Episodic memory of these events was assessed through a comprehensive recognition task (factual and contextual information, retrieval phenomenology). Sense of Self, schizotypal personality traits, and psychopathology were assessed via self-reported questionnaires or clinical assessments. Synchronous visuomotor stimulation successfully induced a stronger sense of embodiment in both FEP and CTL. The strong embodiment condition was associated with reduced perceived virtual space occupation by the body in FEP. Under strong embodiment, FEP performed significantly worse than CTL in contextual information recognition, but their ratings for retrieval phenomenology were comparable to CTL. Conversely, under weak embodiment, FEP performed similarly to CTL in contextual information recognition, but they rated retrieval phenomenology significantly lower. For CTL, we observed a slight, though non-significant, enhancement in recognition memory under strong compared to weak embodiment. Additionally, higher schizotypy in CTL correlated with a diminished sense of Self and poorer episodic memory. Disturbances in the minimal Self in FEP are associated with episodic memory impairments. These findings emphasise the importance of targeting minimal Self-disorders in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, since episodic memory impairments may negatively affect patients' quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, they support a fully dimensional model of schizotypy.

Abstract 4114276: Identification of the heterogeneity in the risk of heart failure in those with left bundle branch block pattern using artificial intelligence

Introduction: The association between left bundle branch block (LBBB) and heart failure is well-established. However, the lack of a practical risk assessment tool for patients with LBBB poses a clinical challenge to the management despite the heterogeneity of the LBBB population. Hypothesis: Artificial intelligence (AI) can extract features to stratify the risk of heart failure (HF) within the heterogeneity of LBBB. Methods: All 12-lead ECGs diagnosed with LBBB recorded from 1/1/2015 to 12/31/2019 were identified in our institution. ECG data were analyzed as 2D matrices with a shape of 12×2500. The Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) was used to visualize the heterogeneity of LBBB ECG. Additionally, a 2-dimensional convolutional neural network model was trained to detect LBBB ECGs associated with past HF diagnosis. The model was then applied to ECGs from an external cohort of patients with LBBB but without a history of HF. Cumulative incidences of HF admission were compared by stratifying according to tertiles of the model output (low, intermediate and high AI score groups) Results: We identified 15,124 LBBB ECGs in our institution (training dataset) and 2,463 individuals with LBBB ECGs in the external cohort (external test dataset). The UMAP projection of the ECGs revealed distinct heterogeneity in the data ( Fig A ). This heterogeneity was not fully explained by patient demographics, ECG features, or institutions. When the external cohort was divided into 3 groups according to the tertile of AI prediction, patients with high AI scores had a higher risk of HF admission (high vs low AI score group: hazard ratio (HR), 2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.66-2.65; intermediate vs low AI score group: HR, 1.39; 95%CI, 1.08-1.78: log-rank p <0.0001; Fig 1B ). This finding was unchanged after adjusting for multiple clinical characteristics and ECG parameters, including QRS duration. Conclusion: We observed significant heterogeneity in ECGs presenting LBBB, and the AI model excellently stratified the risk of heart failure admission in patients with LBBB from a single recording of 12-lead ECG, suggesting great potential for clinical utility in managing patients with LBBB.

Advancing understanding of the relation between criterion a of the alternative model for personality disorders and hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: Insights from an external validity analysis.

Increasing interest surrounds the relation between Level of Personality Functioning (LPF), as defined by Criterion A of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders, and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model. However, the integration of LPF within HiTOP remains unclear. Using bivariate correlation and linear regression analyses, this study assessed the associations between LPF and HiTOP spectra (externalizing antisocial, externalizing drug use, internalizing, antagonism, detachment, and psychoticism). A sample of 1,183 participants (46.2% female, Mage = 31.3 ± 14.8 years) from the Italian community completed various self-report measures to capture impairments in personality functioning, and several psychopathology symptoms. Bivariate correlations and regression analyses showed that the LPF facets were consistently associated with all HiTOP domains, even though the LPF measures used in this study appeared more reflective of internalizing symptoms than externalizing ones. The identity facet of LPF was uniquely associated with all outcome criteria, whereas no unique associations were evident for self-direction. Empathy facet had the highest association with antagonism while intimacy presented the highest relation with detachment. Overall, the evidence presented in this study partially supports the construct validity of Criterion A, highlighting its relevance across a wide range of psychopathological symptoms and its potential utility in clinical assessment beyond formal personality disorder diagnoses. Thus, this study may contribute to the understanding of LPF's role in the dimensional model of psychopathology and underscores the importance of considering personality functioning in the assessment and treatment of mental disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Targeting aerosol delivery to regions of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in three dimensional models of human intranasal airways using the BiVax intranasal atomizer

IntroductionWell-organized nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) has been identified in the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils of both adults and children, and diffuse NALT has been identified in the superior, middle and inferior turbinate regions of children. However, it is not clear how to target these NALT sites with aerosolized vaccines. We explored whether head position and/or angle and distance of device insertion could be used to target fluorescein aerosol to NALT sites in three-dimensional printed models of the intranasal airways of an 18- and a 5-year-old (yo).MethodsThree head positions (upright [Up], tilted back 45° [45] and supine [Su]), two angles of insertion (30° and 45°) and two distances of insertion (6 mm and 9 mm) were tested. Fluorescein aerosol was generated by an Aptar Pharma BiVax 200 µL intranasal atomizer. Percent fluorescein deposition was quantified in the anterior nose, the upper horizontal third of the model (superior turbinate region), middle third (middle turbinate), lower third (inferior turbinate and nasopharynx combined) and exit filter.ResultsMean percent deposition in both models was <0.5% in the upper third and on the exit filter for all test conditions. A multivariate analysis showed that deposition in either model was unaffected by the angles of insertion and distances of insertion. However, middle third deposition was significantly higher in the 5-yo than in the 18-yo (p = 0.01) and anterior nose deposition was higher in the 18-yo than in the 5-yo (p < 0.01). When data from both models were combined, middle third deposition was highest in the supine position with Up < 45 < Su (p < 0.01) and lower third deposition was highest in the upright position with Up > 45 > Su (p = 0.03).DiscussionThese results suggest that, in individuals with similar nasal airway dimensions as our models: 1) supine and upright head positions might be used to target delivery of aerosolized vaccines generated by the BiVax intranasal atomizer to NALT sites in the middle turbinate and the inferior turbinate and nasopharynx combined, respectively; 2) delivery to the middle turbinate may be higher in children ≤5-yo; and 3) deposition in the anterior nose may be higher in adults, for all head positions. In vivo tests are needed to confirm these findings.

A High dimensional and high sigma statistical model for SRAM read access yield estimation

A High dimensional and high sigma statistical model for SRAM read access yield estimation

Thermal stress in externally irradiated tubes of solar central receivers with a gas–particle fluidized dense suspension

One of the objectives of the new generation of concentrating solar power plants is to increase the actual temperature limit (565 °C) up to or near 1000 °C. An alternative heat transfer fluid that could help to reach this objective is the use of a fluidized dense gas–particle suspension ascending through a vertical tube. Since the predominant cause of rupture in solar receivers is the creep-fatigue damage process, which is mostly influenced by the maximum temperatures and stress experienced along the tube, the main objective of this work is to numerically study the thermomechanical behavior of a non-uniform externally irradiated tube where particles are fluidized and moves upwards. The heat transfer problem in the two media present (i.e. dense suspension of particles and tube wall) was solved separately: a Computational Particles Fluid Dynamic model solves the heat transfer in the particles, whereas a three dimensional Finite Volume model simulates the heat conduction through the tube wall to obtain the temperature profile, which serves as input to calculate the thermal stress of the tube with an analytical method. Higher thermal stresses were obtained for an absorbed power of 250 kW/m2 (σVM,max=219MPa) compared to that for an absorbed power of 500 kW/m2 (σVM,max=72MPa) due to the lower temperature difference between the front and rear sides of the tube caused by the more pronounced increase of the radiative losses in the front side of the tube compared to that at the rear side. The thermomechanical behavior of a particle receiver was compared to that of a molten salt receiver. For an incident solar flux of 500 kW/m2, the particle receiver reduced the maximum thermal stress by 73% compared to the molten salt receiver. However, the tube’s maximum temperature exceeded the working limit for stainless steel tubes. In order for the receiver to survive heat fluxes characteristic of solar power plants, research into technological solutions that allow to improve the effectiveness of the heat transfer rate from the tube to the particle flow is necessary.

Callous-unemotional traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing problems in a propensity-matched sample from the ABCD study.

Many studies show that both callous-unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., low empathy, lack of guilt) and cognitive difficulties increase risk for externalizing psychopathology across development. However, other work suggests that some aggression (e.g., relational, proactive) may rely on intact cognitive function, which could vary based on the presence of CU traits. Moreover, no prior research has adequately accounted for common risk factors shared by CU traits, cognitive difficulties, and externalizing problems, which confounds conclusions that can be drawn about their purported relationships. The current study addressed these knowledge gaps by leveraging rigorous propensity matching methods to isolate associations between CU traits and different dimensions of cognitive function and externalizing problems. Associations between CU traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing outcomes were tested within dimensional (n = 11,868) and propensity-matched group-based (n = 1,224) models using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®, with rigorous statistical control for shared sociodemographic risk factors. Cross-sectional outcomes were parent-reported symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Longitudinal outcomes were child-reported overt and relational aggression. CU traits were uniquely related to more parent-reported CD, ODD, ADHD symptoms, as well as more child-reported aggressive behaviors. Effects of cognitive difficulties were domain specific and were not consistent across dimensional and propensity matched models. There was minimal evidence for divergent associations between CU traits and externalizing outcomes as a function of cognition (i.e., no moderation). Rigorous control for sociodemographic factors within propensity-matched models establish CU traits as a robust and unique risk factor for externalizing psychopathology, over and above difficulties with cognitive functioning.

Quantum Entanglement to Extract a True Ground State from an Approximate Ground State

Abstract We propose a procedure to extract a true ground state from an approximate ground state by using quantum entanglement. We use plural ancilla qubits with hierarchical structure, intending to gradually improve the precision of the approximation. We demonstrate the procedure for quantum systems with a few qubits that derive from the (1+1)-dimensional Schwinger model by classically emulated digital quantum simulation. Although we use for simplicity an approximate ground state prepared by adiabatic quantum computation, our procedure is applicable to any approximate ground state that is a superposition of a true ground state and excited states. Our procedure is applicable for an $N$-qubits Hamiltonian with a nondegenerate ground state.

Discourse Analysis on The Perceptions of Homosexuality in Botswana: A Case of Kanye and Gaborone

Discourse analysis in perceiving homosexuality has a significant role in the general use of language within a particular society. The study aims to find out how Batswana perceived homosexuality by analysing the ways in which discourse was used in Gaborone and Kanye. Twenty (20) participants were sampled from both research sites and the sampling technique used was non-probability also known as convenience sampling. After collecting data, the interview results were coded in order to identify the themes of the study which were later used to present and analyse the results. The analysis employed Fairclough’s dimensional model. Most of the discourse analysed in the current research reveals both the negative and the positive results on the perceptions of homosexuality. Most of the Batswana who participated in this study thought homosexuality was not a good practice because it is against the Setswana culture. However, there were glimpses of some Batswana showing accommodation of the practice as it was viewed as “a new phenomenon”.