Dimensional Measurements Research Articles

Performance Tests of HX340 Microalloyed Steel Sheets Joined Using Clinch-Rivet Technology.

This paper presents the possibility of forming a pressed joint between two 1.5 mm thick sheets made of HX340 steel. The joint was formed using an additional deformable steel rivet with a hardness of 400HV1. Different distances of rivet pressing below the initial surface of the upper sheet were chosen: 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 (in mm). For the mentioned rivet-pressing distances, forming tests were performed using an "SKB" die with three die depths: 1.45, 1.60 and 1.75 (in mm). Observations and measurements of the characteristic geometric dimensions of the interlock were made. Furthermore, the strength of the clinch-riveted joints was analysed. Changing the depth of the die by 20%, i.e., from hd = 1.45 mm to hd = 1.75 mm for the same rivet press-in depth (of = 0%), resulted in a 12% reduction in the forming-force value. The maximum load capacity of the joint in the shear test decreased by 3.5% for the mentioned joint variant. The greater the rivet press-in depth used in the joint (of), the greater the value of the interlock size (tu). Increasing the value of rivet-pressing depth below the initial surface of the upper sheet from 0 mm to 0.6 mm resulted in an increase in the size of the interlock (tu) by 136% (for hd = 1.45 mm), by 128% (for hd = 1.60 mm) and by 85% (for hd = 1.75 mm).

Handheld lidar as a tool for characterizing wood‐rich river corridors

AbstractWood accumulations influence geomorphic, hydraulic, and ecologic functions within a river corridor, but characterizing these accumulations presents challenges across a range of field and remote sensing methodologies. We evaluate the ability of handheld lidar scanners, specifically lidar‐scanning capabilities of a fourth‐generation iPad Pro, to collect three‐dimensional wood accumulation data, which can be used to inform measurements of wood volume, porosity, complexity, and roughness. We discuss the potential and limitations of this novel methodology for river research and management. We found that handheld lidar presents a cost‐effective input for data‐processing workflows that field measurements of wood accumulation dimensions cannot as easily replicate including (1) a user‐friendly means of data collection and visualization; (2) accurate comparisons of wood volume over time; (3) integration into workflows to measure porosity parameters; and (4) potential use in informing hydraulic and morphodynamic models. Consideration of study area constraints and intended use of scans are prerequisites to using handheld lidar as an effective tool. We identified some specific limitations of using handheld lidar scanners in wood‐rich river corridors, including (1) scanners perform poorly when wood is under water or surrounded by dense vegetation; (2) scanners require physical access to areas of interest at distances less than 5 m; (3) scans need to be manually georeferenced; and (4) scans require manual measurements for any dimensional data, which still have associated user time and error. Handheld lidar as a scientific tool is rapidly developing and there is substantial room for expansion of applications, utilization, and advances in the use of this tool in river research and management.

Fabrication and Characterization of Pneumatic Unit Cell Actuators

In the realm of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) and teleoperation applications, haptic feedback plays a role in enhancing task performance. One of the main goals of this study is to simplify haptic device hardware while improving its capacity to provide various stimuli at different intensities. In response to these challenges, this research introduces the Pneumatic Unit Cell (PUC), a soft pneumatically driven device—a hollow silicone cylinder with the ability to provide both static-pressure and vibrotactile feedback. Furthermore, the Pneumatic Unit Cell’s design simplicity has the potential for scalability, modularity, and the flexibility to mount the device on any part of the human body. The focus of the current paper is to study PUCs as actuators and lay the foundation for future perceptual studies. The characterization studies encompass the fabrication and verification of the fabrication accuracy through dimensional measurements, characterizing PUCs under static-pressure conditions (measuring the free deflection and blocking force) and frequency conditions (measuring the free deflection). In the static-pressure conditions, we applied pressures ranging from 0 to 40 kPa to measure the free deflection and from 0 to 30 kPa to measure the blocking force. In the frequency conditions, we applied pressures of 10, 20, and 30 kPa with inflation/deflation rates varying between 0.5 Hz and 100 Hz. The measurements of free deflection under static-pressure conditions revealed that 0.9 mm and 1.2 mm PUCs exhibit a linear increase in free deflection with an increase in inflation pressure. The results of free-deflection measurements under the frequency conditions indicate a direct relationship between the free-deflection magnitude and applied pressure. The results also demonstrate an inverse relationship to the frequency of inflation/deflation. The characterization results demonstrate a broad range of free deflection observed under both static-pressure and frequency conditions, encouraging the potential application of Pneumatic Unit Cell actuators as haptic devices.

Small random library method combined with local searching in optical critical dimension measurements.

The critical dimensions (CDs) of gratings significantly influence their optical performances and require high-resolution measurements. To avoid damaging the gratings, a model-based optical critical dimension (OCD) measurement method utilizing ellipsometry or scatterometry was applied by matching the simulated and experimental values. However, online CD measurements during grating fabrication require a bulky presimulated library containing the condition points with various CDs, making it time consuming and resource intensive to build with large dimension ranges to account for grating fabrication errors. In this study, we proposed a smaller random library with an unevenly distributed resolution, offering finer resolution when the grating to be measured is close to the reference grating. This approach, validated using a home-constructed spectroscopic ellipsometer, resulted in better results. Finally, a local search algorithm based on a random library was applied to further improve the measurement accuracy. This approach extraordinarily reduced the preparation time for OCD measurements and achieved better performance, significantly improving the efficiency of grating development and fabrication inspection.

Stomatal dimensions of Laguncularia racemosa leaves in restored and degraded mangrove ecosystems

ABSTRACT Mangrove leaves have adapted to effectively manage water conservation and regulate toxic saline conditions through the morphological characteristics of stomatal dimensions. The present study examines the stomatal dimensions of 120 Laguncularia racemosa leaves from both a degraded mangrove ecosystem and a restored mangrove ecosystem located along the Guyana coastline. Datasets were obtained during the wet and dry seasons using the nearest individual sampling method. The nail polish blotting technique, microscopy, and digital photography were used to obtain measurements of various stomatal dimensions, including guard cell length and width, pore length and width, circumference, surface area, stomatal frequency, density, index, and epidermal cell frequency. Our hypothesis is that there is significant variation in the stomatal dimensions of Laguncularia racemosa leaves as a function of mangrove ecosystem type and seasonal change. The results of this study confirmed this hypothesis as significant variations were observed in stomatal dimensions as a function of seasonal changes and mangrove ecosystem type. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, R > 0.70) were observed between the degraded ecosystem during the dry season and the restored ecosystem during the wet season, specifically regarding guard cell length and width, pore length and width, area, and circumference. Multiple regression analysis and PCA provide compelling evidence to support the existence of robust correlations between ecosystem types and stomatal dimensions. The results of our study indicate that the leaves of Laguncularia racemosa display certain small-scale adjustments that enable them to manage the stress factors present in different ecosystems and seasons.

Measurement method of hot forging dimension based on green laser depth information.

The application field of large forgings is extensive. Accurate dimensional measurement is an important factor to ensure the quality of the finished forging product when it is forged at high temperature. Therefore, this paper proposes a green laser scanning measurement method based on depth information. First, a geometric measurement model based on depth information is established by studying the relationship between green laser depth information and forging dimension. Then, based on the heat transfer theory, distribution of the temperature field around hot forgings is studied, and an error function caused by light refraction is established using a ray tracing algorithm. After that, the error function is used to modify the measurement model to obtain the accurate distance between the forging and background plane and then obtain the dimensional information of the forging. Finally, this measurement method was experimentally verified in the laboratory, and the experimental results show that the measurement error of this method meets the dimensional measurement requirements of large hot forgings.

Special Issue on On-Machine and In-Process Measurement for Smart and Precision Manufacturing

The Internet of Things is playing an important role, organizing all things that use data and connecting them to the Internet. It has been made possible by the rapid progress in smart and real-time measurement technologies, the miniaturization and speeding up of sensor technologies as well as intelligent data processors, and by the spread of cloud technology, which accumulates huge amounts of data. To establish smart and precision manufacturing, not only the improvement of conventional ultraprecision machining techniques but also the development of the novel, high-performance machining techniques has been made. On-machine and in-process measurement are gaining in importance for emerging machining technologies as well as conventional ones. Advanced techniques of machining and metrology as well as feedback for compensation manufacturing have been required for plasticity to on-machine and in-process conditions. This special issue focuses on metrology and manufacturing measurement and instrumentation for the progress of state-of-the-art on-machine and in-process measurement systems and sensor technologies. It consists of contributions related to, but not limited to, the following topics: - On-machine, in-process measurement and process monitoring - Practical application of on-machine, in-process measurement - Machine tool metrology - Intelligent micro- and nano-metrology - Multi-sensor fusion and multi-sensor cooperation - Form and dimensional measurement and instrumentation - 3D-surface texture and its micro-characteristics - Machine learning, AI aided measurement We would like to sincerely thank all the authors for their contributions, and we sincerely hope that the papers in this special issue further contribute to the development of our future society from a new horizon of metrology.

Existing Performance of Cocoa Agroindustry: Learn From Pt. Indonesia Hijau, Polewali Mandar, Indonesia

PT. Indonesia Hijau carries out innovation in the form of a processing business made from fermented cocoa beans. Processing cocoa beans into several types of chocolate products creates added value and also sells buy order chocolate products. This research aims to analyze production performance and marketing mapping of processed chocolate products. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the production performance of PT. Green Indonesia from the productivity aspect is categorized as good (&gt;21,55 kg/HOK) and the capacity aspect is also categorized as good (&gt;0.7). From the aspect of raw material and product quality, PT Indonesia Hijau has SNI, P-IRT, Halal and BPOM status. Apart from that, the flexibility aspect is considered to be good because it meets 3 dimensional measurements and also has a relatively good process speed aspect. However, this research suggests that the use of e-commerce in marketing can be optimized. Apart from that, you need to think about product delivery, which currently still takes a long time (because you have to transit first) in several cities, before arriving at the final destination city by means of the local government making a port of delivery of goods.

AN EXTENSIVE INSPECTION OF THE FORKLIFT FB25-77 IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR BASED ON INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF LABOUR REGULATION

Workplace accidents can arise from various factors such as human elements, environmental conditions, equipment, machinery, work processes, the nature of tasks, and work methodologies. Forklifts which is classified under lifting and transporting equipment, are frequently utilized in industrial settings for material movement. To mitigate the risk of work-related accidents and ensure the safety and suitability of a forklift for operational use, a systematic inspection and testing process are essential. Typically conducted at regular intervals, every two years, and annually for regular use, this process assesses various aspects of lift and transport equipment, including forklifts. This study aims to evaluate the conformity of the examination results for a FB25-77 type forklift with the standards outlined in Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 8 of 2020. Employing a descriptive analysis method, the study involves comparing the actual condition of forklifts in the field against all the specified requirements in Permenaker No. 8 of 2020, encompassing visual inspection of construction, dimensional measurements, non-destructive testing (NDT), functional testing, and load testing. Based on the comprehensive inspection and testing procedures, it was ascertained that the equipment meets the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) requirements, thereby warranting the issuance of a certificate by the Provincial Manpower Service.

Silica-based ceramic cores for high-pressure turbine airfoil blades in aircraft engines

Ceramic cores for high-pressure turbine airfoil blades in aircraft engines are characterised by very complicated shapes and the presence of small diameter holes and thin long grooves. In this paper, eight starting powder mixtures having different contents of fused silica, zirconium silicate, alumina and borosilicate glass were used for preparation of core material. The composition, which satisfies every demand for core application in the investment casting of high-pressure turbine blades, contains 69.0wt.% fused silica, 13.0 wt.% zirconium silicate, 12.0wt.% alumina and 6.0wt.% borosilicate glass. This material was characterised by a mechanical strength of 33.1MPa, a coefficient of thermal expansion of 2.56 ? 10?6 1/K, surface roughness of 1.8 ?m, shrinkage of less than 0.8% and an average pore size diameter of 2.7 ?m. The thin-walled ceramic cores were formed by the high-pressure injection moulding method, which required the selection of a thermoplasticiser, feedstock formulation and determination of the optimal processing conditions protecting the injected cores from defects and deformation. The post-shaping process of the cores included both water and thermal debinding, sintering, precision machining and dimension measurements.

Automated Binocular Vision Measurement of Food Dimensions and Volume for Dietary Evaluation

We propose a novel binocular vision technique to obtain food dimensions for dietary evaluation. A wearable device acquired images of food samples, which were segmented using the improved Chan-Vese model and compared with virtual objects. Results showed this method to be robust, achieving higher accuracy than conventional correspondence techniques.

Computerized metric assessment of glandular tissue volume within the peripheral zone of the prostate using combined magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology: Possible pathophysiological implications on prostate cancer development.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are prevalent urological ailments in elderly males. Numerous clinical studies have revealed an invert association between BPH/prostate size and PCa growth. This study investigates the association between prostate size and total glandular tissue volume of the peripheral zone (GVPZ) using a unique blend of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histo-anatomical imaging technique. Patients were selected who underwent both radical prostatectomy and preoperative MRI scans. MRI scans provided quantitative measurements of prostatic zone dimensions, while histo-anatomical slides yielded quantitative data on glandular density of the peripheral zone (PZ) using imaging software. Integration of MRI and histopathology enabled the assessment of the GVPZ. Statistical analysis identified relationships between total prostate volume (TPV) and GVPZ. Seventy-two patients were selected and 40 cc was determined to be the optimal cutoff for small-to-moderate versus large prostates. Once the two subgroups in TPV were formed, the relationship between TPV and GVPZ was found to be highly significant (p<0.001). The combination of MRI and histopathology offers a novel approach for precise quantification of glandular tissue within the prostatic PZ. This study corroborates the hypothesis of PZ compression via an enlarging transition zone in larger BPH prostates, resulting in PZ glandular atrophy. Given that most PCa originates in the PZ, these results shed light on the potential protective role of larger BPH prostates against PCa growth.

Evaluation the Aerodynamic Drag Force of CC201 and CC203 Locomotives by CFD Simulation

Trains are a very important mode of transportation for freight and passengers in Indonesia. This encourages PT KAI, which is a train operator in Indonesia, to improve its performance. Currently PT KAI uses several types of locomotives. CC201 locomotives made in 1977-1978 and CC203 made in 1995 are locomotives that are still widely operated. Fuel consumption is one of the components of train operating costs, the percentage of which reaches more than 30%. Railroad fuel consumption is strongly influenced by various factors, one of which is the aerodynamic performance of the locomotive. This study presents an evaluation of the aerodynamic performance of CC201 and CC203 locomotives. The research stages include direct measurement of locomotive geometry and dimensions, CAD drawing creation using SoildWorks and aerodynamic evaluation using ANSYS software. The simulation results show that the flat front design of the CC201 locomotive has greater aerodynamic resistance. This can be seen from the pressure contours and turbulence around the locomotive body. This causes the drag force of the CC201 locomotive to be 44% greater than that of the CC203 locomotive.

Three-dimensional aortic geometry mapping via registration of non-gated contrast-enhanced or gated and respiratory-navigated MR angiographies

BackgroundThe measurement of aortic dimensions and their evolution are key in the management of patients with aortic diseases. Manual assessment, the current guideline-recommended method and clinical standard, is subjective, poorly reproducible, and time-consuming, limiting the capacity to track aortic growth in everyday practice. Aortic geometry mapping (AGM) via image registration of serial computed tomography angiograms outperforms manual assessment, providing accurate and reproducible 3D maps of aortic diameter and growth rate. This observational study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of AGM on non-gated contrast-enhanced (CE-) and cardiac- and respiratory-gated (GN-) magnetic resonance angiographies (MRA). MethodsPatients with thoracic aortic disease followed with serial CE-MRA (n = 30) or GN-MRA (n = 15) acquired at least 1 year apart were retrospectively and consecutively identified. Two independent observers measured aortic diameters and growth rates (GR) manually at several thoracic aorta reference levels and with AGM. Agreement between manual and AGM measurements and their inter-observer reproducibility were compared. Reproducibility for aortic diameter and GR maps assessed with AGM was obtained. ResultsMean follow-up was 3.8 ± 2.3 years for CE- and 2.7 ± 1.6 years for GN-MRA. AGM was feasible in the 93% of CE-MRA pairs and in the 100% of GN-MRA pairs. Manual and AGM diameters showed excellent agreement and inter-observer reproducibility (ICC>0.9) at all anatomical levels. Agreement between manual and AGM GR was more limited, both in the aortic root by GN-MRA (ICC=0.47) and in the thoracic aorta, where higher accuracy was obtained with GN- than with CE-MRA (ICC=0.55 vs 0.43). The inter-observer reproducibility of GR by AGM was superior compared to manual assessment, both with CE- (thoracic: ICC= 0.91 vs 0.51) and GN-MRA (root: ICC=0.84 vs 0.52; thoracic: ICC=0.93 vs 0.60). AGM-based 3D aortic size and growth maps were highly reproducible (median ICC >0.9 for diameters and >0.80 for GR). ConclusionMapping aortic diameter and growth on MRA via 3D image registration is feasible, accurate and outperforms the current manual clinical standard. This technique could broaden the possibilities of clinical and research evaluation of patients with aortic thoracic diseases.

Biological Width around One- and Two-piece Implants: A Systematic Review

The concept of biological width (BW) around dental implants is crucial for the long-term success of implant placement. This systematic review aimed to investigate the differences in BW around one- and two-piece dental implants and to assess the impact of implant design on peri-implant soft tissues. To compare biological width around one-piece and two-piece implant in a population undergone implant treatment. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies that compared the BW around one- and two-piece dental implants. Eligibility criteria included published peer-reviewed studies that provided quantitative measurements of BW and related soft-tissue dimensions. Data extraction and synthesis were performed, and the findings were compared for consistency and relevance to the research question. The review included four studies that met the inclusion criteria. Two studies suggested that two-piece implants might lead to an adaptive change in BW and marginal bone levels over time. One study indicated that one-piece implants could maintain a BW and gingival margin position similar to that of natural teeth, while another found no significant long-term differences in soft-tissue volumetric stability between the one- and two-piece systems. The evidence pointed toward the microgap and implant design as influential factors in determining peri-implant soft-tissue dimensions. We found that implant design, particularly the presence of a microgap, plays a significant role in the establishment and maintenance of BW around dental implants. Two-piece implants may induce a greater adaptation in BW, whereas one-piece implants may better mimic the natural soft-tissue architecture. Long-term volumetric stability of the soft tissues appeared to be comparable between the two systems. These findings can inform clinical decision-making regarding the choice of implant systems for optimal soft-tissue health and integration.

Online measurement method for dimensions of disk parts based on machine vision.

Online measurement of disk part dimensions by the standard industrial camera features low cost, high efficiency and good universality, but the impact of projection distortion and end face chamfer on measurement is needed to overcome. Present work presents a measurement method to resolve above issues based on machine vision. To improve the measurement accuracy, lower end face of a disk part is determined as calibration plane and the upper end face is measurement plane. To reduce the impact of projection distortion and chamfer on measurement, the measurement points are reconstructed on the measurement plane by re-projection. Then, the inner and outer diameters of disk parts are measured by circle geometric fitting, and the thickness is calculated by the measurement plane position. The experimental results show that the method can online measure disk part dimensions just by a single image, and accuracy meets the requirements of universal grade disk parts.

1066 Serial measurements of ultrasonic dimensions of gravid maternal anatomy and aspirated cervical stiffness

1066 Serial measurements of ultrasonic dimensions of gravid maternal anatomy and aspirated cervical stiffness

The Effect of Using the Reciprocal Teaching and Training Methods on Some Elements of Physical Fitness Among Female Physical Education Students at Palestine Technical University

The current study aimed to identify the effect of using the reciprocal and training methods of teaching on some elements of physical fitness among female physical education students at Palestine Technical University. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, three physical tests were applied. The study used the experimental approach to measure the level of some Elements of physical fitness (speed, muscular strength, and flexibility) according to the teaching method used. The study sample consisted of all (40) fourth-year female students in the Department of Physical Education at Kadoorie University in the first semester of the academic year 2021/2022. The results of the study showed that the students who studied by the reciprocal method obtained the lowest arithmetic mean (5.77 seconds) in the dimensional measurements of speed. This indicates that it is the most effective method in improving the runner's speed, followed by the students who studied the training method with an arithmetic mean of (6.14). As well as the same arrangement in the post-measurement of flexibility, where the average flexibility of the students who studied by the reciprocal method was (38.20). In light of theses results, a set of recommendations were put forward, the most prominent of which is that teaching methods in physical education have the highest probability of positively affecting a large number of female students. It is necessary to diversify the use of teaching methods in Physical education classes due to the specificity of each teaching method in the development of physical activity.

Public Art Design Practice under Visual Communication Design

Abstract The expansion of visual communication design in public art makes the scope of visual communication wide. This new art form reflects the cross and integration of disciplines but also makes the form of public art in our life richer, and people can get more beautiful enjoyment. Research on the fractal algorithm in the escape time algorithm studied the Julia set in different function conditions of the fractal graph of the change and the function of different indices of the joint. The fractal graph obtained a colorful, more tense structure. Subsequently, it is applied to public art design, and after testing its performance, the fractal design of visual communication is combined with the IPA model to explore the practical effect of the fractal design in public art design. The results show that the improved fractal algorithm proposed in this paper increases the pattern generation rate from 61.5% to 92.6%. The fractal dimension measurement of 15 typical batik patterns shows that more than 85% of the batik patterns have an average value of more than 15000.

Direct measurement of the ciliary sulcus diameter using optical coherence tomography: Inter‐rater variability

Aims/Purpose: To develop a method for measuring the exact dimensions of the ciliary sulcus in order to improve the predictability of accommodative intraocular lens sizing.Methods: Patients scheduled for cataract surgery have been pre‐operatively examined with the anterior segment optical coherence tomographer (AS‐OCT) CASIA2 (Tomey, Nagoya, Japan). Optimized scan protocols were defined to improve the image quality of the ciliary structures. The horizontal scan from 0° to 180° was taken to represent the space where a sulcus‐fixated accommodative intraocular lens (IOL), whose diameter must agree with that of the ciliary sulcus, may be placed. The images were corrected for the optical distortion induced by the cornea's refraction. The sulcus‐to‐sulcus (STS) size as well as the depth of the sulcus plane (SPD) was measured using the integrated software calliper by two independent raters. Inter‐rater variability and correlation were evaluated. In addition, STS measurements were compared to other ocular diameter measures, such as angle‐to‐angle (ATA) and anterior chamber width (ACW). Data were analysed by means of correlation coefficient R2 and Bland–Altmann analysis.Results: 55 eyes of 28 patients were included in the study. The optimized scan protocols improved overall image quality and subjective visibility of ciliary anatomy compared to the default protocol. STS ranged from 10.66 mm to 12.89 mm, ACW from 10.76 mm to 12.74 mm and ATA from 10.69 to 12.46 mm. SPD ranged from 3.73 mm to 5.0 mm, while ATA depth was between 2.74 mm and 3.95 mm. Readings of both raters were highly correlated (R2 &gt; 0.98). Manual readings of STS correlated poorly with automated ACW and ATA measurements (R2 &lt; 0.66). The mean difference was 0.018 mm for STS and −0.011 mm for SPD. The levels of agreement were within [−0.109; +0.145] mm for STS and [−0.112; +0.091] mm for SPD.Conclusions: Despite the absorption of light by the iris pigment, the infrared light from the AS‐OCT is able to penetrate the posterior chamber to some degree. Therefore, the new AS‐OCT method for sulcus‐to‐sulcus and ciliary dimensions measurements seems to be feasible, reliable and is less bothersome for the patients compared to ultrasound bio‐microscopy. This approach could be useful for sulcus fixated accommodative IOLs and for sizing determination of posterior chamber phakic IOLs.